TWENTIETH   CENTURY  TEXT-BOOKS 


CLASSICAL    SECTION 

EDITED    BY 

JOHN    HENRY   WRIGHT,        HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 
BERNADOTTE   PERRIN,  YALE  UNIVERSITY 

ANDREW  FLEMING  WEST,    PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY 


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TWENTIETH  CENTURY  TEXT-BOOKS 


SELECTED 

LIVES  OF  NEPOS 

WITH  NOTES  AND  VOCABULARY 


BY 

GEORGE*  DAVIS  CHASE,  PH.  D. 

ASSOCIATE    PROFESSOR   OF   LATIN 
IN   WESLEYAN    UNIVERSITY 


NEW  YORK 
D.   APPLETON    AND    COMPANY 

1902 


COPYRIGHT,  1902 
BY  D.   APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 


Published  October,  1902 


PREFACE 


IT  is  not  the  intention  in  the  present  work  to  prepare 
simply  a  new  edition  of  Nepos ;  there  are  already  good 
recent  editions  on  the  market.  But  there  is  no  good  edi- 
tion adapted  to  the-  wants  of  the  class  of  students  that  this 
book  is  intended  to  reach.  We  hear  college  men  too  often 
say  that  Caesar  is  dull  and  uninteresting.  That  is  a  great 
pity,  for  few  writers  are  in  reality  so  vigorous  and  enter- 
taining. The  trouble  lies  in  their  method  of  studying  him. 
They  read  him  so  slowly  and  painfully  that  all  interest  in 
the  progress  of  his  narrative  is  lost.  We  believe  it  would 
be  far  better  for  the  beginner  to  use  for  his  earliest  drill 
in  reading  a  work  in  which  the  lagging  interest  might  be 
revived  at  frequent  intervals.  For  this  purpose  Nepos  is 
admirably  adapted.  Each  life  is  a  complete  story  in  itself. 
After  a  number  of  these  have  been  read  it  may  fairly  be 
presumed  that  the  student  will  be  able  to  read  Caesar  with 
more  ease  and  appreciation.  The  language  of  Nepos  is 
usually  simple — if  studiedly  so,  no  matter — and  his  style  is 
never  difficult.  We  believe  no  classical  author  is  better 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  beginners  than  Nepos. 

In  the  present  work  the  shorter  lives  have  been  arranged 
first.  The  notes  to  them  are  very  full  and  simple,  and 
dwell  on  many  familiar  points  of  grammar.  It  is  hoped 

221786 


VI  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

that  the  young  student  will  be  assisted  and  not  puzzled  by 
them.  Later  on,  when  a  better  knowledge  of  the  elements 
may  be  presumed,  the  notes  are  briefer.  The  vocabulary 
is  prepared  especially  for  these  selections;  it  has  been 
made  as  brief  as  clearness  would  permit.  It  has  been,  in 
general,  the  aim  of  the  work  to  provide  only  such  material 
as  would  be  of  interest  and  use  to  the  young  student  of 
Latin. 

In  the  planning  of  this  book  I  owe  much  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Professor  A.  F.  West,  of  Princeton,  to  whom  I 
desire  here  to  express  my  thanks.  Q  -^  pHASE 

MlDDLETOWN,    CONN.,    IQO2. 


INTRODUCTION 


i.  LIFE  OF  NEPOS 

CORNELIUS  NEPOS  was  born  some  time  in  the  early  part 
of  the  last  century  B.  c. ;  the  exact  date  is  not  recorded. 
His  birthplace  was  a  town  (of  which  we  do  not  know  the 
name)  of  northern  Italy,  in  the  valley  of  the  Po.  He  early 
removed  to  Rome,  however,  where  he  spent  most  of  his 
life.  He  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  died  some  time  after 
27  B.  c.  These  are  brief  and  inexact  facts,  but  they  con- 
tain the  most  that  we  know  of  the  events  of  Nepos's  life. 
As  to  his  station  in  life,  we  are  told  that  he  was  an  eques. 
Since  this  rank  was  determined  upon  a  census  of  at  least 
400,000  sesterces  (about  $17,000),  we  know  that  Nepos  had 
sufficient  means  to  live  in  comfort  without  having  recourse 
to  business  or  public  or  professional  life.  He  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  the  greatest  literary  geniuses  of  his  age, 
particularly  Cicero,  Catullus  the  poet,  and  Atticus  the 
scholar  and  antiquary.  This,  together  with  what  we 
know  of  his  writings,  and  the  fact  that  he  is  never  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  any  office  or  public  event,  makes 
it  reasonably  certain  that  he  lived  the  life  of  a  cultivated 
man  of  letters,  withdrawn  from  the  active  pursuits  of  the 
world,  but  attached  to  that  which  was  highest  in  cultivated 
taste,  in  scholarship,  and  in  literature. 


viii  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 


2.  His  WRITINGS 

Nepos  was  a  student  of  antiquities  and  biography.  The 
most  of  his  writings  have  been  lost;  those  that  are  pre- 
served belong  to  the  field  of  biography.  They  include 
one  book  of  Lives  of  Eminent  Foreign  Leaders,  containing 
twenty-two  short  biographies,  to  which  is  appended  a  brief 
chapter  on  Kings,  and,  in  addition,  two  biographies  taken 
from  a  book  of  Lives  of  Roman  Historians.  We  know  from 
various  references  found  in  Latin  authors  that  these  two 
books  formed  part  of  a  considerable  series ;  that  he  wrote 
what  we  may  call  an  encyclopaedia  of  biography  in  as  many 
as  sixteen  books.  He  seems  to  have  divided  his  subjects 
into  eight  classes — kings,  generals,  statesmen,  orators, 
poets,  historians,  philosophers,  and  grammarians — and  to 
have  devoted  two  books  to  each  class.  Of  each  pair  of 
books,  the  first  contained  the  lives  of  foreigners,  particu- 
larly Greeks;  the  second  was  devoted  to  Roman  subjects. 

With  regard  to  his  other  writings,  we  have  little  infor- 
mation. We  learn  that  he  wrote  considerable  works  on 
Roman  antiquities,  a  book  on  geography,  lives  of  Cicero 
and  Cato,  and  some  love  poems.  Our  knowledge  of  these 
works  is  so  scanty  that  we  can  form  no  estimate  of  their 
quality. 

3.  His  RANK  AS  AN  AUTHOR 

Nepos  is  one  of  our  purest  Latin  prose  authors — that  is, 
his  works  date  from  the  period  when  the  Latin  of  the  edu- 
cated people  most  nearly  represented  what  we  are  pleased 
to  call  the  purest  and  most  classical  Latin — the  period  of 
Cicero  and  Caesar.  For  that  reason,  if  for  no  other,  he  is 


INTRODUCTION  ix 

worthy  of  our  study.  He  was  an  essayist,  and  as  such 
undertook  to  write  Lives  that  were  models  of  literary  form. 
The  result  was  that  he  paid  more  attention  to  form  .than 
to  matter.  As  an  historian  he  is  of  little  value.  He  drew 
the  most  of  his  facts  from  the  best  Greek  sources,  such  as 
Thucydides,  Xenophon,  and  Herodotus ;  but  he  used  them 
very  carelessly,  and  frequently  made  blunders  in  his  state- 
ments. It  is  therefore  as  a  writer  of  classical  Latin  and  an 
essayist  of  attractive  style  rather  than  as  an  historian  that 
we  are  interested  in  Nepos. 

His  Latin  is,  in  the  main,  that  of  Cicero  and  Caesar. 
He  shows,  however,  some  peculiarities  of  construction, 
which  will  be  pointed  out  in  the  notes,  and  which  may  be 
colloquial  forms  of  speech  that  he  learned  in  his  native  Po 
valley. 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION   .        .        .        .        ......  vii 

I.  TEXT  OF  NEPOS  : 

•  I.  Aristides               .                  .         .         .         •         •         •         •  I 

2.  Cimon          ...........  3 

3.  Chabrias 6 

4.  Iphicrates    .......•••  9 

•  5.  Themistocles        .         .         .         .         .         •         •         •         .11 

'  6.  Miltiades 19 

-7.  Alcibiades 26 

8.  Epaminondas       .........  35 

9.  Agesilaus     .         .         .'....         .         .         .         •         -43 

10.  Timoleon    .         .         .                  .         .         •         •         •  5° 

11.  Hamilcar 54 

'12.   Hannibal 57 

13.  Atticus 67 

II.  NOTES 85 

III.  VOCABULARY 159 


LIST   OF   FULL-PAGE   MAPS   AND 
ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 
PAGE 


The  Acropolis  (restored) Frontispiece 

Greece  and  the  Aegean  Sea  (colored  map)  ......       I 

Themistocles.     From  the  bust  in  the  Berlin  Museum          .         .         .11 

A  naval  battle 13 

Pericles.     From  the  bust  in  the  Vatican  at  Rome        .         .         .         .26 

Olympia  (restored)        ..........     30 

Italy  and  Spain  (colored  map)      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .50 

Hannibal  crossing  the  Rhone       ........     60 


CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LIBER  DE  EXCELLENTIBUS  DUCIBUS 
EXTERARUM   GENTIUM 


I.   ARISTIDES 

I.  Aristides,  Lysimachi  filius,  Atheniensis,  aequalis 
fere  fuit  Themistocli  atque  cum  eo  de  principatu  con- 
tendit;  namque  obtrectarunt  inter  se.  In  his  autem 
cognitum  est,  quanto  antistaret  eloquentia  innocentiae. 
5  Quamquam  enim  adeo  excellebat  Aristides  abstinentia, 
ut  unus  post  hominum  memoriam,  quern  quidem  nos 
audierimus,  cognomine  lustus  sit  appellatus,  tamen  a 
Themistocle  collabefactus  testula  ilia  exsilio  decem  an- 
norum  multatus  est.  Qui  quidem  cum  intellegeret  re- 

10  primi  concitatam  multitudinem  non  posse,  cedensque 
animadvertisset  quendam  scribentem  ut  patria  pellere- 
tur,  quaesisse  ab  eo  dicitur  quare  id  faceret  aut  quid 
Aristides  commlsisset,  cur  tanta  poena  dignus  ducere- 
tur.  Cui  ille  respondit  se  Tgnorare  Aristiden,  sed  sibi 

J5  non  placere,  quod  tarn  cupide  laborasset  ut  praeter  cete- 
ros  lustus  appellaretur.  Hie  decem  annorum  legitimam 
poenam  non  pertulit.  Nam  postquam  Xerxes  in  Grae- 
ciam  descendit,  sexto  fere  anno  quam  erat  expulsus, 
populi  scito  in  patriam  restitutus  est. 


2  •'   :       CJRNELII   NEPOTIS 

II.  Inteffujt  autem :  pugnae  navali  apud  Salamina, 
quae  facta  est  prius  quam  poena  liberaretur.      Idem 
praetor  fuit  Atheniensium  apud  Plataeas  in  proelio  quo 
fusus  barbarorum  exercitus  Mardoniusque  interfectus 
est.     Neque  aliud  est  ullum  huius  in  re  militari  illustre  5 
factum  quam  eius  imperil  memoria,  iustitiae  vero  et 
aequitatis  et  innocentiae  multa,  in  primis  quod  huius 
aequitate  factum  est,  cum  in  communi  classe  esset  Grae- 
ciae  simul  cum  Pausania — quo  duce  Mardonius  erat 
fugatus — ut  summa  imperil  maritimi  ab  Lacedaemoniis  10 
transferretur  ad  Athenienses;  namque  ante  id  tempus 

et  man  et  terra  duces  erant  Lacedaemonii.    Turn  autem 
et  intemperantia  Pausaniae  et  iustitia  factum  est  Aris- 
tidis,  ut  omnes  fere  civitates  Graeciae  ad  Atheniensium 
societatem  se  applicarent  et  adversus  barbaros  hos  duces  15 
deligerent  sibi. 

III.  Quos  quo  facilius  repellerent,  si  forte  bellum 
renovare  conarentur,  ad  classes  aedificandas  exercitus- 
que  comparandos  quantum  pecuniae  quaeque  civitas 
daret,  Aristides  delectus  est  qui  constitueret,  eiusque  20 
arbitrio  quadringena  et  sexagena  talenta  quotannis  De- 
lum  sunt  collata;  id  enim  commune  aerarium  esse  volu- 
erunt.     Quae  omnis  pecunia  postero  tempore  Athenas 
translata  est.     Hie  qua  fuerit  abstinentia,  nullum  est 
certius  indicium  quam  quod,  cum  tantis  rebus  prae-  25 
fuisset,  in  tanta  paupertate  decessit,  ut  qui  efferretur 
vix  reliquerit.     Quo  factum  est  ut  filiae  eius  publice 
alerentur  et  de  commum  aerario  dotibus  datis  collo- 
carentur.     Decessit  autem  fere  post  annum  quartum 
quam  Themistocles  Athenis  erat  expulsus.  30 


II.   CIMON 

I.  Cimon,  Miltiadis  filius,  Atheniensis,  duro  admo- 
dum  initio  usus  est  adulescentiae;  nam  cum  pater  eius 
Htem   aestimatam    populo    solvere    non    potuisset    ob 
eamque  causam  in  vinclis  publicis  decessisset,  Cimon 

5  eadem  custodia  tenebatur  neque  legibus  Atheniensium 
emitti  poterat,  nisi  pecuniam,  qua  pater  multatus  erat, 
solvisset.  Habebat  autem  in  matrimonio  sororem  ger- 
manam  suam,  nomine  Elpinicen,  non  magis  amore 
quam  more  ductus;  namque  Atheniensibus  licet  eodem 

10  patre  natas  uxores  ducere.  Huius  coniugii  cupidus 
Callias  quidam,  non  tarn  generosus  quam  pecuniosus, 
qui  magnas  pecunias  ex  metallis  fecerat,  egit  cum 
Cimone  ut  earn  sibi  uxorem  daret:  id  si  impetrasset,  se 
pro  illo  pecuniam  soluturum.  Is  cum  talem  condicio- 

15  nem  aspernaretur,  Elpinice  negavit  se  passuram  Mil- 
tiadis progeniem  in  vinclis  publicis  interire,  quoniam 
prohibere  posset,  seque  Calliae  nupturam,  si  ea  quae 
polliceretur  praestitisset. 

II.  Tali  modo  custodia  Hberatus  Cimon  celeriter  ad 
20  principatum  pervenit.   Habebat  enim  satis  elequentiae, 

summam  Hberalitatem,  magnam  prudentiam  cum  iuris 
civilis  turn  rei  militaris,  quod  cum  patre  a  puero  in 
exercitibus  fuerat  versatus.  Itaque  hie  et  populum  ur- 
banum  in  sua  tenuit  potestate  et  apud  exercitum  plu- 
25  rimum  valuit  auctoritate. 

3 


4  CORNELII 

Primum  imperator  apud  flumen  Strymona  magnas 
copias  Thraecum  fugavit,  oppidum  Amphipolim  con- 
stituit  eoque  decem  milia  Atheniensium  in  coloniam 
misit.  Idem  iterum  imperator  apud  Mycalen  Cyprio- 
rum  et  Phoenician!  ducentarum  navium  classem  devi  5 
tam  cepit  eodemque  die  par!  fortuna  in  terra  usus  est. 
Namque  hostium  navibus  captis  statim  ex  classe  copias 
suas  eduxit  barbarorumque  maximam  vim  uno  con- 
cursu  prostravit.  Qua  victoria  magna  praeda  potitus 
cum  domum  reverteretur,  quod  iam  nonnullae  insulae  10 
propter  acerbitatem  imperil  defecerant,  bene  animatas 
confirmavit,  alienatas  ad  officium  redire  coegit.  Scy- 
rum,  quam  eo  tempore  Dolopes  incolebant,  quod  con- 
tumacius  se  gesserant,  vacuefecit,  possessores  veteres 
urbe  insulaque  eiecit,  agros  civibus  divisit.  Thasios  15 
opulentia  fretos  suo  adventu  fregit.  His  ex  manubiis 
arx  Athenarum,  qua  ad  meridiem  vergit,  est  ornata. 

III.  Quibus  rebus  cum  unus  in  civitate  maxime  flo- 
reret,  incidit  in  eancfem  invidiam  quam  pater  suus  ce- 
terique  Atheniensium  principes;  nam  testarum  suffra-  20 
giis  decem  annorum  exsilio  multatus  est.     Cuius  fact! 
celerius  Athenienses  quam  ipsum  paenituit;  nam  cum 
ille  animo  forti  invidiae  ingratorum   civium   cessisset 
bellumque    Lacedaemonii    Atheniensibus    indixissent, 
confestim  notae  eius  virtutis  desiderium  consecutum  25 
est.     Itaque  post  annum  qulntum  quam  expulsus  erat, 
in  patriam  revocatus  est.     Ille,  quod  hospitio  Lacedae- 
moniorum  utebatur,   satius  exlstimans   Graeciae  civi- 
tates  de  controversiis  suis  inter  se  iure  disceptare  quam 
armis  contendere,  Lacedaemonem  sua  sponte  est  pro-  30 
fectus  pacemque  inter  duas  potentissimas  civitates  con- 
ciliavit.     Post,  neque  ita  multo,  Cyprum  cum  ducentis 


\ 


CIMON  5 

navibus  imperator  missus,  cum  eius  maiorem  partem 
insulae  devicisset,  in  morbum  implicitus  in  oppugnan- 
do  oppido  Citio  est  mortuus. 

IV.  Hunc  Athenienses  non  solum  in  bello,  sed 
5-etiam  in  pace  diu  desideraverunt.  Fuit  enim  tanta  li- 
beralitate,  cum  compluribus  locis  praedia  hortosque 
haberet,  ut  numquam  in  eis  custodem  posuerit  fructus 
servandi  gratia,  ne  quis  impediretur  quominus  eis  re- 
bus, quibus  quisque  vellet,  frueretur.  Semper  eum 

10  pedisequi  cum  nummis  sunt  secuti,  ut,  si  quis  opis 
eius  indigeret,  haberet  quod  statim  daret,  ne  differendo 
videretur  negare.  Saepe,  cum  aliquem  offensum  for- 
tunae  videret  minus  bene  vestitum,  suum  amiculum  de- 
dit.  Cottidie  sic  cena  ei  coquebatur,  ut,  quos  invoca- 

15  tos  vidisset  in  foro,  omnes  ad  se  vocaret,  quod  facere 
nullo  die  praetermittebat.  Null!  fides  eius,  null!  opera, 
null!  res  familiaris  defuit;  multos  locupletavit;  com- 
plures  pauperes  mortuos,  qm  unde  efferrentur  non  reli- 
quissent,  suo  sumptu  extulit.  Sic  se  gerendo  minime 

20  est  mirandum,  si  et  vita  eius  fuit  secura  et  mors  acerba. 


III.   CHABRIAS 

I.  Chabrias  Atheniensis.     Hie  quoque  in  summis 
habitus  est  ducibus  resque  multas  memoria  dignas  ges- 
sit.    Sed  ex  eis  elucet  maxime  inventum  eius  in  proelio 
quod  apud  Thebas  fecit,  cum  Boeotis  subsidio  venisset. 
Namque  in  eo  victoria  fidente  summo  duce  Agesilao,  5 
fugatis  iam  ab  eo  conducticiis  catenas,  reliquam  pha- 
langem  loco  vetuit  cedere  obmxoque  genu  scuto,  pro- 
iecta  hasta  impetum  excipere  hostium  docuit.     Id  no- 
vum  Agesilaus  contuens  progredi  non  est  ausus  suos- 
que  iam  incurrentes  tuba  revocavit.     Hoc  usque  eo  10 
tota  Graecia  fama  celebratum  est,  ut  illo  statu  Chabrias 
sibi  statuam  fieri  voluerit,  quae  publice  ei  ab  Athenien- 
sibus  in  foro  constituta  est.     Ex  quo  factum  est  ut 
postea  athletae  ceterique  artifices  eis  statibus  in  statuis 
ponendis  uterentur,  quibus  victoriam  essent  adept!.       15 

II.  Chabrias  autem  multa  in  Europa  bella  admini- 
stravit,  cum  dux  Atheniensium  esset;  in  Aegypto  sua 
sponte  gessit.   Nam  Nectenebin  adiutum  profectus  reg- 
num  ei  constituit.     Fecit  idem  Cypri,  sed  publice  ab 
Atheniensibus   Euagorae   adiutor   datus,   neque   prius  20 
inde  discessit  quam  totam  insulam  bello   devinceret; 
qua  ex  re  Athenienses  magnam  gloriam  sunt  adept!. 
Interim  bellum  inter  Aegyptios  et   Persas  conflatum 
est.    Athenienses  cum  Artaxerxe  societatem  habebant, 
Lacedaemonii  cum  Aegyptiis,  a  quibus  magnas  prae-  25 

6 


CHABRIAS  7 

das  Agesilaus,  rex  eorum,  faciebat.  Id  intuens  Cha- 
brias, cum  in  re  nulla  Agesilao  cederet,  sua  sponte  eos 
adiutum  profectus  Aegyptiae  class!  praefuit,  pedestri- 
bus  copiis  Agesilaus. 

5  III.  Turn  praefect!  regis  Persae  legates  miserunt 
Athenas  questum,  quod  Chabrias  adversum  regem  bel- 
lum  gereret  cum  Aegyptiis.  Athenienses  diem  certam 
Chabriae  praestituerunt,  quam  ante  domum  nisi  redis- 
set,  capitis  se  ilium  damnaturos  denuntiarunt.  Hoc 

10  ille  nuntio  Athenas  rediit,  neque  ibi  diutius  est  mora- 
tus  quam  fuit  necesse.  Non  enim  libenter  erat  ante 
oculos  suorum  civium,  quod  et  vivebat  laute  et  indul- 
gebat  sibi  liberalius  quam  ut  invidiam  vulgi  posset 
effugere.  Est  enim  hoc  commune  vitium  magnis  li- 

15  berisque  civitatibus,  ut  invidia  gloriae  comes  sit  et  liben- 
ter de  els  detrahant  quos  eminere  videant  altius,  neque 
animo  aequo  pauperes  alienam  opulentiam  intueantur. 
Itaque  Chabrias,  quoad  ei  licebat,  plurimum  aberat. 
Neque  vero  solus  ille  aberat  Athems  libenter,  sed  omnes 

20  fere  principes  fecerunt  idem,  quod  tantum  se  ab  invidia 
putabant  afuturos,  quantum  a  conspectu  suorum  reces- 
serint.  Itaque  Conon  plurimum  Cypri  vixit,  Iphicrates 
in  Thraecia,  Timotheus  Lesbi,  Chares  Sigei,  dissimilis 
quidem  Chares  horum  et  factis  et  moribus,  sed  tamen 

25  Athems  et  honoratus  et  potens. 

IV.  Chabrias  autem  periit  bello  social!  tal!  modo. 
Oppugnabant  Athenienses  Ch!um.  Erat  in  classe  Cha- 
brias privatus,  sed  omnes  qu!  in  magistratu  erant  auc- 
toritate  ante!bat,  eumque  magis  m!lites  quam  qu! 

30  praeerant  suspiciebant.  Quae  res  e!  maturavit  mortem. 
Nam  dum  primus  studet  portum  intrare  gubernatorem- 
que  iubet  eo  dirigere  navem,  ipse  sibi  pernicie!  fuit: 


8  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

cum  enim  eo  penetrasset,  ceterae  non  sunt  secutae. 
Quo  facto  circumfusus  hostium  concursu  cum  fortis- 
sime  pugnaret,  navis  rostro  percussa  coepit  sidere. 
Hinc  refugere  cum  posset,  si  se  in  mare  deiecisset,  quod 
suberat  classis  Atheniensium  quae  exciperet  natantes,  5 
perire  maluit  quam  armis  abiectis  navem  relinquere  in 
qua  fuerat  vectus.  Id  ceteri  facere  noluerunt,  qui  nan- 
do  in  tutum  pervenerunt.  At  ille,  praestare  honestam 
mortem  existimans  turpi  vitae,  comminus  pugnans  tells 
hostium  interfectus  est.  10 


IV.   IPHICRATES 

I.  Iphicrates  Atheniensis  non  tarn  magnitudine  re- 
rum  gestarum  quam  disciplma  militari  nobilitatus  est. 
Fuit  enim  talis  dux,  ut  non  solum  aetatis  suae  cum 
primis  compararetur,  sed  ne  de  maioribus  natu  quidem 

5  quisquam  anteponeretur.  Multum  vero  in  bello  est  ver- 
satus,  saepe  exercitibus  praefuit,  nusquam  culpa  male 
rem  gessit,  semper  consilio  vlcit  tantumque  eo  valuit, 
ut  multa  in  re  militari  partim  nova  attulerit,  partim 
meliora  fecerit.  Namque  ille  pedestria  arma  mvitavit. 

10  Cum  ante  ilium  imperatorem  maximis  clipeis,  brevibus 
hastis,  minutis  gladiis  uterentur,  ille  e  contrario  peltam 
pro  parma  fecit — a  quo  postea  peltastae  pedites  appella- 
bantur — ut  ad  motus  concursusque  essent  leviores,  has- 
tae  modum  duplicavit,  gladios  longiores  fecit.  Idem 

15  genus  loricarum  novum  instituit  et  pro  sertis  atque 
aeneis  linteas  dedit.  Quo  facto  expeditions  milites 
reddidit;  nam  pondere  detracto,  quod  aeque  corpus 
tegeret  et  leve  esset  curavit. 

II.  Bellum  cum  Thraecibus  gessit,   Seuthem,  so- 
20  cium  Atheniensium,  in  regnum  restituit.    Apud  Corin- 

thum  tanta  severitate  exercitui  praefuit,  ut  nullae  um- 
quam  in  Graecia  neque  exercitatiores  copiae  neque 
magis  dicto  audientes  fuerint  duel,  in  eamque  consue- 
tudinem  adduxit  ut,  cum  proelii  signum  ab  imperatore 
25  esset  .datum,  sine  ducis  opera  sic  ordinatae  consisterent, 
ut  singuli  a  pentissimo  imperatore  dispositT  viderentur. 

9 


10  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

Hoc  exercitu  moram  Lacedaemoniorum  interfecit, 
quod  maxime  tota  celebratum  est  Graecia.  Iterum 
eodem  bello  omnes  copias  eorum  fugavit,  quo  facto 
magnam  adeptus  est  gloriam.  Cum  Artaxerxes  Ae- 
gyptio  regi  bellum  mferre  voluit,  Iphicraten  ab  Athe-  5 
niensibus  ducem  petivit,  quern  praeficeret  exercitui 
conducticio,  cuius  numerus  duodecim  milium  fuit. 
Quern  quidem  sic  omni  disciplma  militari  erudivit,  ut 
quern  ad  modum  quondam  Fabiam  milites  Romae,  sic 
Iphicratenses  apud  Graecos  in  summa  laude  fuerint.  10 

Idem  subsidio  Lacedaemoniis  profectus  Epaminon- 
dae  retardavit  impetus;  nam  nisi  eius  adventus  appro- 
pinquasset,  non  prius  Thebani  Sparta  abscessissent, 
quam  captam  incendio  delessent. 

III.  Fuit  autem  et  animo  magno  et  corpore  impe-  15 
ratoriaque  forma,  ut  ipso  aspectu  cuivis  iniceret  admi- 
rationem  sui,  sed  in  labore  nimis  remissus  paruraque 
patiens,  ut  Theopompus  memoriae  prodidit,  bonus  vero 
civis  fideque  magna.     Quod  cum  in  aliis  rebus  declara- 
vit,  turn  maxime  in  Amyntae  Macedonis  liberis  tuendis.  20 
Namque  Eurydice,  mater  Perdiccae  et  Philippi,  cum 
his  duobus  pueris  Amynta  mortuo  ad  Iphicraten  con- 
fugit  eiusque  opibus  defensa  est.    Vixit  ad  senectutem 
placatis  in  se  suorum  civium  animis.     Causam  capitis 
semel  dixit,  bello  social!,  simul  cum  Timotheo,  eoque  25 
iudicio  est  absolutus. 

Menesthea  filium  reliquit  ex  Thraessa  natum,  Coti 
regis  filia.  Is  cum  interrogaretur,  utrum  pluris,  patrem 
matremne,  faceret,  "  Matrem,"  inquit.  Id  cum  omnibus 
mlrum  videretur,  at  ille  "  Merito,"  inquit,  "facio;  nam  30 
pater,  quantum  in  se  fuit,  Thraecem  me  genuit,  contra 
ea  mater  Atheniensem." 


THEMISTOCLES. 
From  the  bust  in  the  Berlin  Museum? 


V.   THEMISTOCLES 

I.  Themistocles,  Neocli  films,  Atheniensis.  Huius 
vitia  ineuntis  adulescentiae  magms  sunt  emendata  vir- 
tutibus,  adeo  ut  anteferatur  huic  nemo,  pauci  pares  pu- 
tentur.  Sed  ab  initio  est  ordiendus.  Pater  ems  Neocles 
5  generosus  fuit.  Is  uxorem  Acarnanam  civem  duxit,  ex 
qua  natus  est  Themistocles,  Qui  cum  minus  esset  pro- 
batus  parentibus,  quod  et  liberius  vivebat  et  rem  famili- 
arem  neglegebat,  a  patre  exheredatus  est.  Quae  con- 
tumelia  non  fregit  eum,  sed  erexit;  nam  cum  iudicasset 

10  sine  summa  industria  non  posse  earn  exstingui,  totum 
se  dedidit  rei  publicae,  diligentius  amicis  famaeque 
serviens.  Multum  in  iudiciis  privatis  versabatur,  saepe 
in  contionem  populi  prodibat;  nulla  res  maior  sine  eo 
gerebatur;  celeriter  quae  opus  erant  reperiebat,  facile 

15  eadem  oratione  explicabat,  neque  minus  in  rebus  geren- 
dis  promptus  quam  excogitandis  erat,  quod  et  de  Tn- 
stantibus,  ut  ait  Thucydides,  verissime  iudicabat  et  de 
futuris  callidissime  coniciebat.  Quo  factum  est  ut  brevl 
tempore  illustraretur. 

20  II.  Primus  autem  gradus  fuit  capessendae  rei  pub- 
licae bello  Corcyraeo;  ad  quod  gerendum  praetor  a  pop- 
ulo  factus  non  solum  praesenti  bello,  sed  etiam  reliquo 
tempore  ferociorem  reddiclit  civitatem.  Nam  cum  pe- 
cunia  publica,  quae  ex  metallis  reclibat,  largitione  ma- 

25  gistratuum  quotanms  interiret,  ille  persuasit  populo  ut 

ii 


12  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

ea  pecunia  classis  centum  navium  aedificaretur.  Qua 
celeriter  effecta  primum  Corcyraeos  fregit,  deinde  mari- 
timos  praedones  consectando  mare  tutum  reddidit.  In 
quo  cum  divitiis  ornavit,  turn  etiam  peritissimos  belli 
navalis  fecit  Athenienses.  Id  quantae  saluti  fuerit  uni-  5 
versae  Graeciae,  bello  cognitum  est  Persico.  Nam  cum 
Xerxes  et  man  et  terra  bellum  universae  inferret  Euro- 
pae,  cum  tantis  copiis  earn  invasit,  quantas  neque  ante 
nee  postea  habuit  quisquam:  huius  enim  classis  mille  et 
ducentarum  navium  longarum  fuit,  quam  duo  milia  10 
onerariarum  sequebantur;  terrestris  autem  exercitus 
septingenta  peditum,  equitum  quadringenta  milia  fue- 
runt.  Cuius  de  adventu  cum  fama  in  Graeciam  esset 
perlata  et  maxime  Athenienses  peti  dicerentur  propter 
pugnam  Marathoniam,  miserunt  Delphos  consultum,  15 
quidnam  facerent  de  rebus  suis.  Deliberantibus  Pythia 
respondit,  ut  moenibus  Hgneis  se  munirent.  Id  respon- 
sum  quo  valeret  cum  intellegeret  nemo,  Themistocles 
persuasit  consilium  esse  Apollinis,  ut  in  naves  se  suaque 
conferrent;  eum  enim  a  deo  significari  murum  ligneum.  20 
Tali  consilio  probato  addunt  ad  superiores  totidem 
naves  triremes  suaque  omnia  quae  moveri  poterant 
partim  Salamma,  partim  Troezena  deportant;  arcem 
sacerdotibus  paucisque  maioribus  natu  ad  sacra  procu- 
randa  tradunt,  reliquum  oppidum  relinquunt.  25 

III.  Huius  consilium  plerisque  civitatibus  displice- 
bat  et  in  terra  dimicari  magis  placebat.  Itaque  miss! 
sunt  delect!  cum  Leonida,  Lacedaemoniorum  rege,  qui 
Thermopylas  occuparent  longiusque  barbaros  progredi 
non  paterentur.  IT  vim  hostium  non  sustinuerunt  30 
eoque  loco  omnes  interierunt.  At  classis  communis 
Graeciae  trecentarum  navium,  in  qua  ducentae  erant 


_J 

i 


THEMISTOCLES  13 

Atheniensium,  primum  apud  Artemisium  inter  Eubo- 
eam  continentemque  terram  cum  classiariis  regiis  con- 
flixit.  Angustias  enim  Themistocles  quaerebat,  tie  mul- 
titudine  circumiretur.  Hinc  etsi  par!  proelio  discesse- 
5  rant,  tamen  eodem  loco  non  sunt  ausi  manere,  quod 
erat  periculum  ne,  si  pars  navium  adversariorum  Eu- 
boeam  superasset,  ancipiti  premerentur  periculo.  Quo 
factum  est  ut  ab  Artemisio  discederent  et  exadversum 
Athenas  apud  Salamma  classem  suam  constituerent. 

10  IV.  At  Xerxes  Thermopylis  expugnatis  protinus  ac- 
cessit  astu  idque  nullis  defendentibus,  interfectis  sacer- 
dotibus  quos  in  arce  invenerat,  incendio  delevit.  Cuius 
flamma  perterriti  classiarii  cum  manere  non  auderent 
et  plurimi  hortarentur  ut  domos  suas  discederent  moe- 

15  nibusque  se  defenderent,  Themistocles  unus  restitit  et 
universos  pares  esse  posse  aiebat,  disperses  testabatur 
perituros,  idque  Eurybiadi,  regi  Lacedaemoniorum,  qui 
turn  summae  imperil  praeerat,  fore  affirmabat.  Quern 
cum  minus  quam  vellet  moveret,  noctu  de  servis  suis 

20  quern  habuit  fidelissimum  ad  regem  misit,  ut  el  nun- 
tiaret  suis  verbis  adversarios  eius  in  fuga  esse;  qui  si 
discessissent,  maiore  cum  labore  et  longinquiore  tern- 
pore  bellum  confecturum,  cum  singulos  consectari  co- 
geretur;  quos  si  statim  aggrederetur,  brevi  universos 

25  oppressurum.  Hoc  eo  valebat,  ut  ingratiis  ad  depug- 
nandum  omnes  cogerentur.  Hac  re  audita  barbarus, 
nihil  doll  subesse  credens,  postridie  alienissimo  sibi  loco, 
contra  opportunissimo  hostibus,  adeo  angusto  marl 
conflixit,  ut  eius  multitude  navium  explicari  non  po- 

30  tuerit.  Victus  ergo  est  magis  etiam  consilio  Themis- 
tocli  quam  armis  Graeciae. 

V.  Hie  etsi  male  rem  gesserat,  tamen  tantas  habebat 


14  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

reliquias  copiarum,  ut  etiam  turn  els  opprimere  posset 
hostes.  Iterum  ab  eodem  gradu  depulsus  est.  Nam 
Themistocles,  verens  ne  bellare  perseveraret,  certiorem 
eum  fecit  id  agi,  ut  pons,  quern  ille  in  Hellesponto 
fecerat,  dissolveretur  ac  reditu  in  Asiam  excluderetur,  5 
idque  el  persuasit.  Itaque  qua  sex  mensibus  iter  fece- 
rat, eadem  minus  diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  reversus  est 
seque  a  Themistocle  non  superatum,  sed  conservatum 
iudicavit.  Sic  unius  viri  prudentia  Graecia  Hberata  est 
Europaeque  succubuit  Asia.  Haec  altera  victoria,  quae  10 
cum  Marathonio  possit  comparari  tropaeo.  Nam  par! 
modo  apud  Salamina  parvo  numero  navium  maxima 

^    post  hominum  memoriam  classis  est  devicta. 

^.         VI.  Magnus  hoc  bello  Themistocles  fuit  neque  mi- 
nor in  pace.    Cum  enim  Phalerico  portu  neque,  magno  15 
neque  bono  Athenienses  uterentur,  huius  consilio  tri- 
plex Piraei  portus  constitutus  est  eisque  moenibus  cir- 
cumdatus,  ut  ipsam  urbem  dignitate  aecfuiperafet,  utili- 
tate   superaret.      Idem   muros   Atheniensium   restituit 
;r»3£cipnn  siip^^rj^jjln,   Namque  Lacedaemonii  causam  20 
idoneaiti   nacti   propter   barbarorum    excursiones   qua 
negarent  oportere  extra  Peloponnesum  ullam  urbem 

f    'w\    O^-t  JJLtlA^1"^   V>^  Q^^a     yfi*~. *-€_jU»-    vJL-/V's-V^^v^^w*-V    ^~*~~A.    ^3t^*J*~ '^- 

muros  ,habere/ne  essent  loca  mumta  quae  hostes  possi- 
derent,  Athenienses_^£difii^it£s.prohibere  sunt  conati. 
Hoc  longe  alio  spectabat  atgiie  videri  volebant.    Athe-  25 
nienses  enim  cluabus  vict6riis,^larath6nia  et  Salaminia, 
tantam  Horiam  apud  omnes  srentes  erant  coiisecuti,  ut 

.     >*-"'     -         .      *ZL/ 

intellegerent  Lacedaemonii  de  principatu  sibi  cum  els 
certamen  fore.      Quare  eos   quam   infirmissimos   esse 
volebant.     Postquam  autem  audierunt  muros  strui,  le-  30 
gatos  Athenas  miserunt,  gui  id  fieri  vetarenj.     His 
praesentibus  desierunt  ac  se  de  ea  re  legatos  ad  eos 


THEMISTOCLES  15 

/ 

missuros  dixerunt.    Hanc  legationem  suscepit  Themis- 

tocles et  solus  primo  profectus  est^reliqui  legati  ut  tum 
exirent,  cum  satis  alti  t'uendo  muri  exstructi  viderentur, 
praecepit;  interim  omnes,  servi  atque  lib  en,  ^ 


5  j£nt  neque  ulli  Icrco  parcerent,  sive  sacer  sive  privatus 

esset  sive  publicus,  et  undique  quod  idoneum  ad  mu- 

niendum  putarent  congererent.      Quo  factum   est   ut 

Atheniensium  muri  ex  sacellis  sepulcrisque  constarent. 

VII.  Themistocles  autem,  ut  Lacedaemonem  venit, 

10  adire  ad  magistrates  nolurt  et  cledit  operam  ut  quam 
longissime  tempus  duceret,  causam  interponens  se  col- 
legas  exspectare.  Cum  Lacedaemonii  quererentur  opus 
nihilo  minus  fieri  eumque  in  ea  re  conari  fallere,  interim 
reliqui  -legati  sunt  cpnsecuti.  A  quibus  cum  audisset 

15  non  multum  superesse  munitionis,  ad  ephoros  Lacedae- 

*     f-iiL  -^•A"^r 

momorum  accessit,  "penes  quos  summum  erat  impe- 
rium,  atque  apud  eos  contepdit  falsa  eis  esse  delata; 
quare  aeqtfom  esse  ill  ok  viros  bonds  nobilesque  mittere^ 
quibus  fides  haberetur,,  ^ui  rem  explorarent;  interea  se 

20  obsidem  retinerent.  Gestus  est  ei  mos,  tresque  legati 
functi  summis  hbnorib'us  Athenas  missi  sunt.  Cum  his 
collegas  suos  Themistocles  iussit  proficisci  eisque  prae- 
dixit,  ut  ne  prius  Lacedaemoniorum  legatos  dimitte- 
rent  quam  ipse  esset  remissus.  \/ 

25  Hos  postquam  Athenas  pervenisse  ratus  est,  ad  ma- 
gistratus  senatumque  Lacedaemoniorum  adiit  et  apud 
eos  liberrime  professus  est:  Athenienses  suo  consilio, 
quod  commum  iure  gentium  facere  possent,  deos  pub- 
licos  suosque  patrios  ac  Penates,  quo  facilius  ab  hoste 

30  possent  defendere,  muris  saepsisse  neque  in  eo  quod 
inutile  esset  Graeciae  fecisse.  Nam  illorum  urbem  ut 
propugnaculum  oppositum  esse  barbaris,  apud  quam 


16  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

iam  bis  copias  regias  fecisse  naufragium.  Lacedaemo- 
nios  autem  male  et  iniuste  facere,  qui  id  potius  intue- 
rentur,  quod  ipsorum  domination!  quam  quod  univer- 
sae  Graeciae  utile  esset.  Quare,  si  suos  legatos  recipere 
vellent,  quos  Athenas  miserant,  se  remitterent,  cum  ali-  5 
ter  illos  numquam  in  patriam  essent  recepturi. 

VIII.  Tamen  non  effugit  civium  suorum  invidiam. 
Namque  ob  eundem  timorem,  quo  damnatus  erat  Mil- 
tiades,  testularum  suffragiis  e  civitate  eiectus  Argos 
habitatum  concessit.  Hie  cum  propter  multas  virtutes  10 
magna  cum  dignitate  viveret,  Lacedaemonii  legatos 
Athenas  miserunt,  qui  eum  absentem  accusarent,  quod 
societatem  cum  rege  Perse  ad  Graeciam  opprimendam 
fecisset.  Hoc  crimine  absens  damnatus  est. 

Id  ut  audivit,  quod  non  satis  tutum  se  Argis  videbat,  15 
Corcyram  demigravit.    Ibi  cum  principes  animadvertis- 
set  timere  ne  propter  se  bellum  eis  Lacedaemonii  et 
Athenienses  indicerent,  ad  Admetum,  Molossum  re- 
gem,  cum  quo  ei  hospitium  non  erat,  confugit.     Hue 
cum  venisset  et  in  praesentia  rex  abesset,  quo  maiore  20 
religione  se  receptum  tueretur,  filium  eius  parvulum 
arripuit  et  cum  eo  se  in  sacrarium  quod  summa  cole- 
batur  caerimonia  coniecit.    Inde  non  prius  egressus  est 
quam  rex  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem  reciperet,  quam 
praestitit.     Nam  cum  ab  Atheniensibus  et  Lacedaemo-  25 
nils  exposceretur  publice,  supplicem  non  prodidit  mo- 
nuitque  ut  consuleret  sibi;  difificile  enim  esse  in  tarn 
propinquo  loco  tuto  eum  versari.    Itaque  Pydnam  eum 
deduci  iussit  et  quod  satis  esset  praesidii  dedit.     Hie  in 
navem  omnibus  ignotus  nautis  escendit.     Quae  cum  30 
tempestate  maxima  Naxum  ferretur,  ubi  turn  Athe- 
niensium  erat  exercitus,  sensit  Themistocles,  si  eo  per- 


THEMISTOCLES  I/ 

venisset,  sibi  esse  pereundum.  Hac  necessitate  coac- 
tus  domino  navis  quis  sit  aperit,  multa  pollicens,  si  se 
conservasset.  At  ille  clarissimi  viri  captus  misericordia 
diem  noctemque  procul  ab  insula  in  salo  navem  tenuit 
5  in  ancoris  neque  quemquam  ex  ea  exire  passus  est. 
Inde  Ephesum  pervenit  ibique  Themistoclen  exponit. 
Cui  ille  pro  meritis  postea  gratiam  rettulit. 

IX.  Scio    plerosque    ita    scripsisse,    Themistoclen 
Xerxe  regnante  in  Asiam  transisse.     Sed  ego  potissi- 

10  mum  Thucydidi  credo,  quod  et  aetate  proximus  de  els, 
qui  illorum  temporum  historiam  reliquerunt,  et  eiusdem 
civitatis  fuit.  Is  autem  ait  ad  Artaxerxen  eum  venisse 
atque  his  verbis  epistulam  misisse:  u  Themistocles  veni 
ad  te,  qui  plurima  mala  omnium  Graiorum  in  domum 

15  tuam  intuli,  quam  diu  mihi  necesse  fuit  adversum  pa- 
trem  tuum  bellare  patriamque  meam  defendere.  Idem 
multo  plura  bona  feel,  postquam  in  tuto  ipse  et  ille  in 
periculo  esse  coepit;  nam  cum  in  Asiam  reverti  vellet, 
proelio  apud  Salamina  facto,  littens  eum  certiorem  feel 

20  id  agi  ut  pons,  quern  in  Hellesponto  fecerat,  dissolve- 
retur  atque  ab  hostibus  circumiretur;  quo  nuntio  ille 
periculo  est  Hberatus.  Nunc  autem  confugi  ad  te  exa- 
gitatus  a  cuncta  Graecia,  tuam  petens  amicitiam;  quam 
si  ero  adeptus,  non  minus  me  bonum  amicum  habebis, 

25  quam  fortem  inimicum  ille  expertus  est.  Te  autem 
rogo,  ut  de  els  rebus,  quas  tecum  colloqui  volo,  an- 
nuum  mihi  tempus  des  eoque  transacto  ad  te  venire 
patiaris." 

X.  Huius  rex  animi  magnitudinem  admirans  cupi- 
30  ensque  talem  virum  sibi  conciliari  veniam  dedit.     Ille 

omne-illud  tempus  litteris  sermomque  Persarum  dedit; 
quibus  adeo  eruditus  est,  ut  multo  comrnodius  dfcatur 


18  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

apud  regem  verba  fecisse,  quam  ii  poterant  qui  in  Per- 
side  erant  nati.  Hie  cum  multa  regi  esset  pollicitus 
gratissimumque  illud,  si  suis  uti  consiliis  vellet,  ilium 
Graeciam  bello  oppressurum,  magnis  muneribus  ab 
Artaxerxe  donatus  in  Asiam  rediit  domiciliumque  Mag-  5 
nesiae  sibi  constituit.  Namque  hanc  urbem  el  rex  dona- 
rat,  his  quidem  verbis,  quae  ei  panem  praeberet — ex 
qua  regione  qumquagena  talenta  quotannis  redibant — 
Lampsacum  autem,  unde  vinum  sumeret,  Myunta,  ex 
qua  obsonium  haberet.  10 

Huius  ad  nostram  memoriam  monumenta  manse- 
runt  duo;  sepulcrum  prope  oppidum,  in  quo  est  sepul- 
tus,  statua  in  foro  Magnesiae.  De  cuius  morte  multi- 
modis  apud  plerosque  scriptum  est,  sed  nos  eundem 
potissimum  Thucydidem  auctorem  probamus,  qui  ilium  15 
ait  Magnesiae  morbo  mortuum  neque  negat  fuisse  fa- 
mam,  venenum  sua  sponte  sumpsisse,  cum  se  quae  regi 
de  Graecia  opprimenda  pollicitus  esset  praestare  posse 
desperaret.  Idem  ossa  eius  clam  in  Attica  ab  amicis 
sepulta,  quoniam  legibus  non  concederetur,  quod  pro-  20 
ditionis  esset  damnatus,  memoriae  prodidit. 


VI.   MILTIADES 

I.  Miltiades,  Cimonis  filius,  Atheniensis,  cum  et  an- 
tiquitate  generis  et  gloria  maiorum  et  sua  modestia 
unus  omnium  maxime  floreret  eaque  esset  aetate  ut  non 
iam  solum  de  eo  bene  sperare,  sed  etiam  confidere  cives 

5  possent  sui  talem  eum  futurum  qualem  cognitum  iudi- 
carunt,  accidit  ut  Athenienses  Chersonesum  colonos 
vellent  mittere.  Cuius  generis  cum  magnus  numerus 
esset  et  multi  eius  demigrationis  peterent  societatem, 
ex  els  delect!  Delphos  deliberatum  missi  sunt,  quo  po- 

10  tissimum  duce  uterentur.  •  Namque  turn  Thraeces  eas 
regiones  tenebant,  cum  quibus  armis  erat  dimicandum. 
His  consulentibus  nominatim  Pythia  praecepit,  ut  Mil- 
tiadem  imperatorem  sibi  sumerent;  id  si  fecissent,  in- 
cepta  prospera  futura.  Hoc  oraculi  response  Miltiades 

15  cum  delecta  manu  classe  Chersonesum  profectus  cum 
accessisset  Lemnum  et  incolas  eius  insulae  sub  potes- 
tatem  redigere  vellet  Atheniensium,  idque  ut  Lemnii 
sua  sponte  facerent  postulasset,  ill!  irridentes  responde- 
runt  turn  id  se  facturos,  cum  ille  domo  navibus  profectus 

20  vento  aquilone  venisset  Lemnum.  Hie  enim  ventus  ab 
septentrionibus  oriens  adversum  tenet  Athenls  proficis- 
centibus.  Miltiades  morandi  tempus  non  habens  cur- 
sum  direxit  quo  tendebat,  pervenitque  Chersonesum. 

II.  -Ibi  brevi  tempore  barbarorum  copiis  disiectis, 
25  tota  regione  quam  petierat  potitus,  loca  castellis  idonea 

19 


20  CORNELII   NEfOTIS 

communiit,  multitudinem  quam  secum  duxerat  in  agris 
collocavit  crebrisque  excursionibus  locupletavit.     Ne- 
que  minus  in*ea  re  prudentia  quam  felicitate  adiutus 
est.  *  Nam  cum  virtute  militum  devicisset  hostium  ex- 
ercitus,  summa  aequitate  res  constituit  atque  ipse  ibi-  5 
dem  manere  decrevit.     Erat  enim  inter  eos  dignitate 
regia,  quamquam  carebat  nomine,  neque  id  magis  im- 
perio  quam  iustitia  consecutus;  neque  eo  setius  Athe- 
niensibus,  a  quibus  erat  profectus,  officia  praestabat. 
Quibus  rebus  fiebat  ut  non  minus  eorum  voluntate  per-  10 
petuum  imperium  obtineret  qui  miserant,  quam  illo- 
rum  cum  quibus  erat  profectus.     Chersoneso  tali  modo 
constituta  Lemnum  revertitur  et  ex  pacto  postulat  ut 
sibi  urbem  tradant — ill!  enim  dixerant,  cum  vento  borea 
domo  profectus  eo  pervenisset,  sese  dedituros — se  enim  15 
domum  Chersonesi  habere.     Cares,  qui  turn  Lemnum 
incolebant,  etsi  praeter  opinionem  res  ceciderat,  tamen 
non  dicto,   sed   secunda   fortuna  adversariorum   capti 
resistere  ausi  non  sunt  atque  ex  insula  demigrarunt.  » 
Par!  felicitate  ceteras  insulas,  quae  Cyclades  nominan-  20 
tur,  sub  Atheniensium  redegit  potestatem. 

III.  Eisdem  temporibus  Persarum  rex  Dareus  ex 
Asia  in  Europam  exercitu  traiecto  Scythis  bellum  in- 
ferre  decrevit.  Pontem  fecit  in  Histro  flumine,  qua 
copias  traduceret.  Eius  pontis,  dum  ipse  abesset,  cus-  25 
todes  reliquit  principes  quos  secum  ex  Ionia  et  Aeolicle 
duxerat;  quibus  singularum  urbium  perpetua  dederat 
imperia.  Sic  enim  facillime  putavit  se  Graeca  lingua 
loquentes  qui  Asiam  incolerent  sub  sua  retenturum  po- 
testate,  si  amicis  suis  oppida  tuenda  tradidisset;  quibus  30 
se  oppresso  nulla  spes  salutis  relinqueretur.  In  hoc 
fuit  turn  numero  Miltiades.  Hie  cum  crebri  afferrent 


MILTIADES  21 

nuntii  male  rem  gerere  Dareum  premique  a  Scythis, 
hortatus  est  pontis  custodes  ne  a  fortuna  datam  occa- 
sionem  liberandae  Graeciae  dimitterent.*  Nam  si  cum 
els  copiis,  quas  secum  transportarat,  interisset  Dareus, 
5  non  solum  Europam  fore  tutam,  sed  etiam  eos  qui 
Asiam  incolerent  Graecl  genere  Hberos  a  Pers^rum  fu- 
turos  dominatione  et  periculo.  Id  facile  effici  posse; 
ponte  enim  rescisso  regem  vel  hostium  ferro  vel  inopia 
paucis  diebus  interiturum.  Ad  hoc  consilium  cum  ple- 

10  rique  accederent,  Histiaeus  Milesius  ne  res  conficeretur 
obstitit,  dicens  non  idem  ipsis,  qui  summas  imperil 
tenerent,  expedire  et  multitudim,  quod  Dare!  regno  ip- 
sorum  mteretur  dominatio;  quo  exstmcto  ipsos  potes- 
tate  expulsos  civibus  suis  poenas  daturos.  Itaque  adeo 

15  se  abhorrere  a  ceterorum  consilio,  ut  nihil  putet  ipsis 
utilius  quam  confirmari  regnum  Persarum.  Huius  cum 
sententiam  plurimi  essent  secuti,  Miltiades,  non  dubi- 
tans  tarn  multis  consciis  ad  regis  aures  consilia  sua  per- 
ventura,  Chersonesum  reliquit  ac  rursus  Athenas  demi- 

20  gravit.  Cuius  ratio  etsi  non  valuit,  tamen  magno  opere 
est  laudanda,  cum  amicior  omnium  Hbertati  quam  suae 
fuerit  domination!. 

IV.  Dareus  autem,  cum  ex  Europa  in  Asiam  redis- 
set,  hortantibus  amicis  ut  Graeciam  redigeret  in  suam 

25  potestatem,  classem  quingentarum  navium  comparavit 
eique  Datim  praefecit  et  Artaphernem  eisque  ducenta 
peditum,  decem  equitum  milia  dedit,  causam  interse- 
rens  se  hostem  esse  Atheniensibus,  quod  eorum  auxilio 
lones  SardTs  expugnassent  suaque  praesidia  interfecis- 

30  sent.  111!  praefecti  regii  classe  ad  Euboeam  appulsa 
celeriter  Eretriam  ceperunt  omnesque  eius  gentis  elves 
abreptos  in  Asiam  ad  regem  miserunt,  Inde  ad  Atti- 


22  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

cam  accesserunt  ac  suas  copias  in  campum  Marathona 
deduxerunt;  is  abest  ab  oppido  circiter  milia  passuum 
decem. 

Hoc  tumultu  Athenienses  tarn  propinquo  tamque 
magno  permoti  auxilium  nusquam  nisi  a  Lacedaemo-  5 
nils  petivertmt  Phidippumque,  cursorem  eius  generis, 
qui  hemerodromoe  vocantur,  Lacedaemonem  miserunt, 
ut  nuntiaret  quam  celerrimo  opus  esse  auxilio.  *  Domi 
autem  creant  decem  praetores,  qui  exercitui  praeessent, 
in   els   Miltiadem;   inter   quos   magna   fuit   contentio,  10 
utrum  moenibus  se  defenderent  an  obviam  Trent  hosti- 
bus  acieque  decernerent.    Unus  Miltiades  maxime  nite- 
batur  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  castra  fierent;  id  si  fac- 
tum  esset,  et  civibus  animum  accessurum,  cum  viderent 
de  eorum  virtute  non  desperari,  et  hostes  eadem  re  15 
fore  tardiores,  si  animadverterent  auderi  adversus  se 
tarn  exiguis  copiis  dimicari.     " 

V.  Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  civitas  Atheniensibus  auxi- 
lio fuit  praeter  Plataeenses;   ea  mille   misit   militum. 
Itaque  horum  adventu  decem  milia  armatorum  com-  20 
pleta  sunt,  quae  manus  mirabili  flagrabat  pugnandi  cu- 
piditate;  quo  factum  est  ut  plus  quam  collegae  Miltiades 
valeret.     Eius  ergo  auctoritate  impulsi  Athenienses  co- 
pias ex  urbe  eduxerunt  locoque  idoneo  castra  fecerunt. 
Dein  postero  die  sub  montis  radicibus  acie  regione  in-  25 
structa  non  apertissima — namque  arbores  multis  locis 
erant  rarae — proelium  commiserunt  hoc  consilio,  ut  et 
montium  altitudine  tegerentur  et  arborum  tractu  equi- 
tatus  hostium  impediretur,  ne  multitudine  clauderen- 
tur.*  Datis,  etsi  non  aequum  locum  videbat  suis,  tamen  30 
fretus  numero  copiarum  suarum  confllgere  cupiebat, 
eoque  magis  quod,  priusquam  Lacedaempnii  sqbsiclio 


MILTIADES  23 

venirent,  dimicare  utile  arbitrabatur.  Itaque  in  aciem 
peditum  centum,  equitum  decem  milia  produxit  proe- 
liumque  commisit.  In  quo  tanto  plus  virtute  valuerunt 
Athenienses,  ut  decemplicem  numerum  hostium  pro- 
5  fligarint,  adeoque  eos  perterruerunt,  ut  Persae  non  cas- 
tra,  sed  naves  petierint.  Qua  pugna  nihil  adhuc  exstitit 
nobilius;  nulla  enim  umquam  tarn  exigua  manus  tantas 
opes  prostravit. 

VI.  Cuius  victoriae  non  alienum  videtur  quale  prae- 
10  mium  Miltiadi  sit  tributum  docere,  quo  facilius  intel- 

legi  possit  eandem  omnium  civitatum  esse  naturam. 
Ut  enim  populi  Roman!  honores  quondam  fuerunt 
ran  et  tenues  ob  eamque  causam  gloriosi,  nunc  autem 
effusi  atque  obsoleti,  sic  olim  apud  Athenienses  fuisse 

15  reperimus.  Namque  huic  Miltiadi,  qui  Athenas  totam- 
que  Graeciam  liberarat,  talis  honos  tributus  est,  in  por- 
ticu  quae  Poecile  voc^tur,  cum  pugna  depingeretur 
Marathonia,  ut  in  decem  praetorum  numero  prima  eius 
imago  poneretttr  isque  hortaretur  milites  proeliumque 

20  committeret.*  Idem  ille  populus,  posteaquam  maius  im- 
perium  est  nactus  et  largitione  magistratuum  corruptus 
est,  trecentas  statuas  Demetrio  Phalereo  decrevit. 

VII.  Post  hoc  proelium  classem  septuaginta  navium 
Athenienses  eidem  Miltiadi  dederunt,  ut  insulas  quae 

25  barbaros  adiuverant  bello  persequeretur.  Quo  in  im- 
perio  plerasque  ad  officium  redire  coegit,  nonnullas  vi 
expugnavit.  Ex  his  Parum  insulam  opibus  elatam  cum 
oratione  reconciliare  non  posset,  copias  e  navibus  edux- 
it,  urbem  operibus  clausit  omnique  commeatu  priva- 

30  vit;  clein  vineis  ac  testudinibus  constitutis  propiu9»mu- 
ros  accessit.  Cum  Jam  in  eo  esset  ut  oppido  potiretur, 
procul  in  continent!  lucus,  qui  ex  insula  conspiciebatur, 


24  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

nescio  quo  casu  nocturne  tempore  incensus  est.  Cuius 
flamma  ut  ab  oppidanis  et  oppugnatoribus  est  visa, 
utrisque  venit  in  opinionem  signum  a  classiariis  regiis 
datum.  Quo  factum  est  ut  et  Parii  a  deditione  deter- 
rerentur  et  Miltiades,  timens  ne  classis  regia  adventaret,  5 
incensis  operibus  quae  statuerat,  cum  totidem  navibus 
atque  erat  profectus  Athenas  magna  cum  offensione 
civium  suorum  rediret. 

Accusatus  ergo  est  proditionis,  quod,  cum  Parum 
expugnare  posset,  a  rege  corruptus  infectis  rebus  dis-  10 
cessisset.     Eo  tempore  aeger  erat  vulneribus,  quae  in 
oppugnando  oppido  acceperat.    Itaque  cum  ipse  pro  se 
dicere  non  posset,  verba  fecit  frater  eius  Stesagoras.   • 

Causa  cognita  capitis  absolutus  pecunia  multatus 
est,  eaque  Us  quinquaginta  talentis  aestimata  est,  quan-  15 
tus  in  classem  sumptus  factus  erat.     Hanc  pecuniam 
quod  solvere  in  praesentia  non  poterat,  in  vincla  pub- 
lica  coniectus  est  ibique  diem  obiit  supremum. 

VIII.  Hie  etsi  crimine  Pario  est  accusatus,  tamen 
alia  causa  fuit  damnationis.   Namque  Athenienses  prop-  20 
ter  Pisistrati  tyrannidem,  quae  paucis  annis  ante  fuerat, 
nimiam  civium  suorum  potentiam  extimescebant.    Mil- 
tiades, multum  in  imperils  magistratibusque  versatus, 
non  videbatur  posse  esse  privatus,  praesertim  cum  con- 
suetudine  ad  imperil  cupiditatem  trahi  videretur.    Nam  25 
in  Chersoneso  omnes  illos  quos  habitarat  annos  per- 
petuam  obtinuerat  dominationem  tyrannusque  fuerat 
appellatus,  sed  iustus.  Non  erat  enim  vi  consecutus,  sed 
suorum  voluntate,  eamque  potestatem  bonitate  retine- 
bat.     Omnes  autem  et  dicuntur  et  habentur  tyrannl,  30 
qui  potestate  sunt  perpetua  in  ea  civitate  (juae  libertate 
usa  est.    Sed  in  Miltiacle  erat  cum  summa  humanitas 


MILTIADES  25 

turn  mira  communitas,  ut  nemo  tarn  humilis  esset,  cui 
non  ad  eum  aditus  pateret;  magna  auctoritas  apud 
omnes  civitates,  nobile  nomen,  laus  rei  militaris  maxi- 
ma. Haec  populus  respiciens  maluit  ilium  innoxium 
5  plecti  quam  se  diutius  esse  in  timore. 


VII.   ALCIBIADES 

I.  Alcibiades,  Clmiae  filius,  Atheniensis.    In  hoc  na- 
tura  quid  efficere  possit  videtur  experta;  constat  enim 
inter  omnes,  qui  de  eo  memoriae  prodiderunt,  nihil  illo 
fuisse  excellentius  vel  in  vitiis  vel  in  virtutibus.     Natus 
in  amplissima  civitate  summo  genere,  omnium  aetatis  5 
suae  multo  formosissimus,  dives;  ad  omnes  res  aptus 
consiliique  plenus — namque  imperator  fuit  summus  et 
marl  et  terra — disertus,  ut  in  primis  dicendo  valeret, 
quod  tanta  erat  commendatio  oris  atque  orationis,  ut 
nemo  ei  posset  resistere;  cum  tempus  posceret,  labo-  10 
riosus,  patiens;  Hberalis,  splendidus  non  minus  in  vita 
quam  victu;  afifabilis,  blandus,  temporibus  callidissime 
serviens;  idem,  simul  ac  se  remiserat  nequ'e  causa  su- 
berat  quare  animi  laborem  perferret,  luxuriosus,  disso- 
lutus,  libidinosus,  intemperans  reperiebatur,  ut  omnes  15 
admirarentur  in  uno  homine  tantam  esse  dissimilitudi- 
nem  tamque  diversam  naturam. 

II.  Educatus  est  in  domo  Pericli — privignus  enim 
eius  fuisse  dicitur — eruditus  a  Socrate.     Socerum  ha- 
buit  Hipponicum,  omnium  Graeca  lingua  loquentium  20 
ditissimum;  ut,  si  ipse  fingere  vellet,  neque  plura  bona 
eminisci  neque  maiora  posset  consequi,  quam  vel  na- 
tura  vel  fortuna  tribuerat. 

III.  Bello  Peloponnesio  huius  consilio  atque  aucto- 
ritate  Athenienses  bellum  Syracusanis  indixerunt.    Ad  25 

26 


PERICLES. 
From  the  bust  in  the  Vatican  at  Rome. 


ALCIBIADES  2? 

quod  gerendum  ipse  dux  delectus  est,  duo  praeterea 
collegae  dati,  Nicias  et  Lamachus.  Id  cum  apparare- 
tur,  prius  quam  classis  exiret,  accidit  tit  una  nocte  om- 
nes  Hermae,  qui  in  oppido  erant  Athenis,  deicerentur 
5  praeter  unum,  qui  ante  ianuam  erat  Andocidi — itaque 
ille  postea  Mercurius  Andocidi  vocitatus  est.  Hoc  cum 
appareret  non  sine  magna  multorum  consensione  esse 
factum,  quae  non  ad  privatam,  sed  ad  publicam  rem 
pertineret,  magnus  multitudini  timor  est  iniectus  ne 

10  qua  repentina  vis  in  civitate  exsisteret,  quae  Hbertatem 
opprimeret  populi.  Hoc  maxime  convenire  in  Alcibia- 
dem  videbatur,  quod  et  potentior  et  maior  quam  pri- 
vatus  existimabatur;  multos  enim  Hberalitate  devinxe- 
rat,  plures  etiam  opera  forensi  suos  reddiderat.  Qua 

15  re  fiebat  tit  omnium  oculos,  quotienscumque  in  publi- 
cum  prodisset,  ad  se  converteret  neque  ei  par  quisquam 
in  civitate  poneretur.  Itaque  non  solum  spem  in  eo 
habebant  maximam,  sed  etiam  timorem,  quod  et  obesse 
plurimum  et  prodesse  poterat.  Aspergebatur  etiam  in- 

20  famia,  quod  in  domo  sua  facere  mysteria  dicebatur — 
quod  nefas  erat  more  Atheniensium — idque  non  ad  re- 
ligionem,  sed  ad  coniurationem  pertinere  existimaba- 
tur. 

IV.  Hoc  crimine  in  contione  ab  inimicis  compella- 

25  batur.  Sed  instabat  tempus  ad  bellum  proficiscendi. 
Id  ille  inttiens  neque  ignorans  civium  suorum  constie- 
tudinem  postulabat,  si  quid  de  se  agi  vellent,  potitis  de 
praesente  quaestio  haberetur,  quam  absens  invidiae  cri- 
mine accusaretur.  Inimici  vero  eius  quiescendum  in 

30  praesenti,  quia  noceri  ei  non  posse  intellegebant,  et 
illtid  tempus  exspectandum  decreverunt  quo  exisset,  ut 
absehtem  aggrederentur;  itaque  fecerunt.  Nam  post- 


28  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

quam  in  Sicilian!  eum  pervenisse  crediderunt,  absen- 
tem,  quod  sacra  violasset,  reum  fecerunt.  Qua  de  re 
cum  el  nuntius  a  magistratu  in  Siciliam  missus  esset,  ut 
domum  ad  causam  dicendam  rediret,  essetque  in  mag- 
na  spe  provinciae  bene  administrandae,  non  parere  no-  5 
luit  et  in  triremem,  quae  ad  eum  erat  deportandum 
missa,  ascendit.  Hac  Thurios  in  Italiam  pervectus, 
multa  secum  reputans  de  immoderata  civium  suorum 
licentia  crudelitateque  erga  nobiles,  utilissimum  ratus 
impendentem  evitare  tempestatem,  clam  se  ab  custodi-  10 
bus  subduxit  et  inde  primum  Elidem,  dein  Thebas 
venit.  Postquam  autem  se  capitis  damnatum  boms 
publicatis  audivit,  et,  id  quod  numquam  antea  usu  ve- 
nerat,  Eumolpidas  sacerdotes  a  populo  coactos  ut  se 
devoverent,  eiusque  devotionis  quo  testatior  esset  me-  15 
moria,  exemplum  in  pila  lapidea  incisum  esse  positum 
in  publico,  Lacedaemonem  demigravit.  Ibi,  ut  ipse 
praedicare  consuerat,  non  adversus  patriam,  sed  ini- 
micos  suos  bellum  gessit,  qui  iidem  hostes  essent  civi- 
tati;  nam  cum  intellegerent  se  plurimum  prodesse  posse  20 
rei  publicae,  ex  ea  eiecisse  plusque  Trae  suae  quam 
utilitati  communi  paruisse.  Itaque  huius  consilio 
Lacedaemonii  cum  Perse  rege  amicitiam  fecerunt,  dein 
Deceleam  in  Attica  munierunt  praesidioque  ibi  perpe- 
tuo  posito  in  obsidione  Athenas  tenuerunt.  Eiusdem  25 
opera  loniam  a  societate  averterunt  Atheniensium. 
Quo  facto  multo  superiores  bello  esse  coeperunt.  ^ 

V.  Neque  vero  his  rebus  tarn  amici  Alcibiadi  sunt 
fact!  quam  timore  ab  eo  alienati;  nam  cum  acerrimi  viri 
praestantem  prudentiam  in  omnibus  rebus  cognosce-  30 
rent,  pertimuerunt  ne  caritate  patriae  ductus^aliquando 
ab  ipsis  descisceret  et  cum  suis  in  gratiam  rediret.    Ita- 


ALCIBIADES  29 

que  tempus  eius  interficiundi  quaerere  instituerunt.  Id 
Alcibiades  diutius  celari  non  potuit;  erat  enim  ea  saga- 
citate,  ut  decipi  non  posset,  praesertim  cum  animum 
attendisset  ad  cavendum.  Itaque  ad  Tissaphernem, 
5  praefectum  regis  Darei,  se  contulit.  Cuius  cum  in  in- 
timam  amicitiam  pervenisset  et  Atheniensium  male 
gestis  in  Sicilia  rebus  opes  senescere,  contra  Lacedae- 
moniorum  crescere  videret,  initio  cum  Pisandro  prae- 
tore,  qui  apud  Samum  exercitum  habebat,  per  inter- 

10  nuntios  colloquitur  et  de  reditu  suo  facit  mentionem. 
Is  erat  enim  eodem  quo  Alcibiades  sensu,  populi  poten- 
tiae  non  amicus  et  optimatium  fautor.  Ab  hoc  desti- 
tutus  primum  per  Thrasybulum,  Lyci  filium,  ab  exer- 
citu  recipitur  praetorque  fit  apud  Samum;  post  suffra- 

15  gante  Theramene  populi  scito  restituitur  parique 
absens  imperio  praeficitur  simul  cum  Thrasybulo  et 
Theramene. 

Horum  in  imperio  tanta  commutatio  rerum  facta 
est,  ut  Lacedaemonii,  qui  paulo  ante  victores  vigue- 

20  rant,  perterriti  pacem  peterent.  Victi  enim  erant  quin- 
que  proeliis  terrestribus,  tribus  navalibus,  in  quibus 
ducentas  naves  triremes  amiserant,  quae  captae  in  hos- 
tium  venerant  potestatem.  Alcibiades  simul  cum  col- 
legis  receperat  loniam,  Hellespontum,  multas  praete- 

25  rea  urbes  Graecas,  quae  in  ora  sitae  sunt  Thraeciae, 
quarum  expugnarant  complures,  in  els  Byzantium, 
neque  minus  multas  consilio  ad  amicitiam  adiunxerant, 
quod  in  captos  dementia  fuerant  usi.  Ita  praeda  onus- 
tT,  locupletato  exercitu,  maximis  rebus  gestis  Athenas 

30  venerunt. 

VI.  His  cum  obviam  universa  civitas  in  Piraeum 
descendisset,   tanta   fuit   omnium    exspectatio   visendi 


30  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

Alcibiadis,  ut  ad  eius  triremem  vulgus  conflueret,  pro- 
inde  ac  si  solus  advenisset.  Sic  enim  populo  erat  per- 
suasum,  et  adversas  superiores  et  praesentes  secundas 
res  accidisse  eius  opera.  Itaque  et  exercitum  in 
Sicilia  amissum  et  Lacedaemoniorum  victorias  culpae  5 
suae  tribuebant,  quod  talem  virum  e  civitate  expulis- 
sent.  Neque  id  sine  causa  arbitrari  videbantur;  nam 
postquam  exercitui  praeesse  coeperat,  neque  terra 
neque  marl  hostes  pares  esse  potuerant.  Hie  ut  e  navi 
egressus  est,  quamquam  Theramenes  et  Thrasybulus  10 
eisdem  rebus  praefuerant  simulque  venerant  in  Pirae- 
um,  tamen  unum  omnes  ilium  prosequebantur,  et,  id 
quod  numquam  antea  usu  venerat  nisi  Olympiae  vic- 
toribus,  coronis  laurels  taeniisque  vulgo  donabatur. 
Ille  lacrimans  talem  benevolentiam  civium  suorum  ac-  15 
cipiebat,  remimscens  pristim  temporis  acerbitatem. 

Postquam  in  astu  venit,  contione  advocata  sic  verba 
fecit,  ut  nemo  tarn  ferus  fuerit  quin  eius  casui  illacri- 
marit  inimicumque  els  se  ostenderit  quorum  opera  pa- 
tria  pulsus  fuerat,  proinde  ac  si  alius  populus,  non  ille  20 
ipse  qui  turn  flebat,  eum  sacrilegii  damnasset.  Resti- 
tuta  ergo  huic  sunt  publice  bona,  eidemque  ill!  Eumol- 
pidae  sacerdotes  rursus  resacrare  sunt  coacti,  qui  eum 
devoverant,  pilaeque  illae,  in  quibus  devotio  fuerat 
scripta,  in  mare  praecipitatae.  25 

VII.  Haec  Alcibiadi  laetitia  non  nimis  fuit  diuturna. 
Nam  cum  ei  omnes  essent  honores  decreti  totaque  res 
publica  domi  bellique  tradita,  ut  umus  arbitrio  gere- 
retur,  et  ipse  postulasset  ut  duo  sibi  collegae  darentur, 
Thrasybulus  et  Adimantus,  neque  id  negatum  esset,  30 
classe  in  Asiam  profectus,  quod  apud  Cymen  minus  ex 
sententia  rem  gesserat,  in  invidiam  reccidit;  nihil  enim 


O 


ALCIBIADES  31 

eum  non  efficere  posse  ducebant.  Ex  quo  fiebat  ut 
omnia  minus  prospere  gesta  culpae  tribuerent,  cum  aut 
eum  neglegenter  aut  malitiose  fecisse  loquerentur, 
sicut  turn  accidit;  nam  corruptum  a  rege  capere  Cymen 
5  noluisse  arguebant.  Itaque  huic  maxime  putamus 
malo  fuisse  nimiam  opinionem  ingenii  atque  virtutis; 
timebatur  enim  non  minus  quam  diligebatur,  ne  secun- 
da  fortuna  magmsque  opibus  elatus  tyrannidem  con- 
cupisceret.  Quibus  rebus  factum  est  ut  absent!  magis- 

10  tratum  abrogarent  et  alium  in  eius  locum  substituerent. 

Id  ille  ut  audivit,  domum  reverti  noluit  et  se  Pac- 

tyen  contulit  ibique   tria   castella   communiit,    Ornos, 

Bizanthen,  Neontichos,  manuque  collecta  primus  Grae- 

cae  civitatis  in  Thraeciam  introiit,  gloriosius  existimans 

15  barbarorum  praeda  locupletari  quam  Graiorum.     Qua 

ex  re  creverat  cum  fama  turn  opibus,  magnamque  ami- 

citiam  sibi  cum  quibusdam  regibus  Thraeciae  pepererat. 

VIII.  Neque  tamen  a  caritate  patriae  potuit  rece- 

dere.    Nam  cum  apud  Aegos  flumen  Philocles,  praetor 

20  Atheniensium,  classem  constituisset  suam  neque  longe 
abesset  Lysander,  praetor  Lacedaemoniorum,  qui  in  eo 
erat  occupatus  ut  bellum  quam  diutissime  duceret, 
quod  ipsis  pecunia  a  rege  suppeditabatur,  contra  Athe- 
niensibus  exhaustis  praeter  arma  et  naves  nihil  erat 

25  super,  Alcibiades  ad  exercitum  venit  Atheniensium 
ibique  praesente  vulgo  agere  coepit:  si  vellent,  se  coac- 
turum  Lysandrum  dimicare  aut  pacem  petere;  Lace- 
daemonios  eo  nolle  classe  confligere,  quod  pedestribus 
copiis  plus  quam  navibus  valerent;  sibi  autem  esse  facile 

3o  Seuthem,  regem  Thraecum,  adducere  ut  eum  terra  de- 
pelleret;  quo  facto  necessario  aut  classe  conflicturum 
aut  bellum  compositurum.  Id  etsi  vere  dictum  Philo- 


32  .      CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

cles  animadvertebat,  tamen  postulata  facere  noluit, 
quod  sentiebat  se  Alcibiade  recepto  nullius  moment! 
apud  exercitum  futurum  et,  si  quid  secundi  evenisset, 
nullam  in  ea  re  suam  partem  fore,  contra  ea,  si  quid 
adversi  accidisset,  se  unum  eius  delicti  futurum  reum.  5 
Ab  hoc  discedens  Alcibiades  "  Quoniam,"  inquit,  "  vic- 
toriae  patriae  repugnas,  illud  moneo,  ne  iuxta  hostem 
castra  habeas  nautica;  periculum  est  enim,  ne  immodes- 
tia  militum  vestrorum  occasio  detur  Lysandro  vestri 
opprimendi  exercitus."  Neque  ea  res  ilium  fefellit;  10 
nam  Lysander  cum  per  speculatores  comperisset  vul- 
gum  Atheniensium  in  terram  praedatum  exisse  naves- 
que  paene  inanes  relictas,  tempus  rei  gerendae  non 
dimisit  eoque  impetu  bellum  totum  delevit. 

IX.  At  Alcibiades,  victis  Atheniensibus  non  satis  15 
tuta  eadem  loca  sibi  arbitrans,  penitus  in  Thraeciam  se 
supra  Propontidem  abdidit,  sperans  ibi  facillime  suam 
fortunam  occuli  posse.     Falso.     Nam  Thraeces,  post- 
quam  eum  cum  magna  pecunia  venisse  senserunt,  in- 
sidias  fecerunt  eaque  quae  apportarat  abstulerunt,  ip-  20 
sum  capere  non  potuerunt.    Ille  cernens  nullum  locum 
sibi  tutum  in  Graecia  propter  potentiam  Lacedaemo- 
niorum  ad  Pharnabazum  in  Asiam  transiit,  quern  qui- 
dem  adeo  sua  cepit  humanitate,  ut  eum  nemo  in  ami- 
citia   antecederet.      Namque   ei    Grynium   dederat,   in  25 
Phrygia  castrum,  ex  quo  qumquagena  talenta  vectiga- 
lis  capiebat.     Qua  fortuna  Alcibiades  non  erat  conten- 
tus  neque  Athenas  victas  Lacedaemoniis  servire  poterat 
patT.      Itaque  ad   patriam   liberandam   omm   ferebatur 
cogitatione.     Sed  videbat  id  sine  rege  Perse  non  posse  30 
fieri,  ideoque  eum  amicum  sibi  cupiebat  adiungi  neque 
dubitabat  facile  se  consecuturum,  si  modo  eius  conve- 


ALCIBIADES  33 

niundi  habuisset  potestatem.  Nam  Cyrum  fratrem  ei 
bellum  clam  parare  Lacedaemoniis  adiuvantibus  scie- 
bat;  id  si  aperuisset,  magnam  se  initurum  gratiam 
videbat. 

5  X.  Hoc  cum  moliretur  peteretque  a  Pharnabazo,  ut 
ad  regem  mitteretur,  eodem  tempore  Critias  ceterique 
tyranni  Atheniensium  certos  homines  ad  Lysandrum  in 
Asiam  miserant,  qui  eum  certiorem  facerent,  nisi  Alci- 
biadem  sustulisset,  nihil  earum  rerum  fore  ratum,  quas 

10  ipse  Athenis  constituisset;  quare,  si  suas  res  gestas  ma- 
nere  vellet,  ilium  persequeretur.  His  Laco  rebus  com- 
motus  statuit  accuratius  sibi  agendum  cum  Pharna- 
bazo. Huic  ergo  renuntiat  quae  regi  cum  Lacedaemo- 
niis convenissent,  nisi  Alcibiadem  vivum  aut  mortuum 

15  sibi  tradidisset.  Non  tulit  hoc  satrapes  et  violare  cle- 
mentiam  quam  regis  opes  minui  maluit. 

Itaque  misit  Susamithren  et  Bagaeum  ad  Alcibia- 
dem interficiendum,  cum  ille  esset  in  Phrygia  iterque 
ad  regem  compararet.  Missi  clam  vicmitati,  in  qua 

20  turn  Alcibiades  erat,  dant  negotium  ut  eum  interficiant. 
Illi  cum  ferro  aggredi  non  auderent,  noctu  ligna  con- 
tulerunt  circa  casam  earn,  in  qua  quiescebat,  eaque 
succenderunt,  ut  incendio  conficerent,  quern  manu 
superari  posse  diffidebant.  Ille  autem  ut  sonitu  flam- 

25  mae  est  excitatus,  etsi  gladius  ei  erat  subductus,  fami- 
liaris  sui  subalare  telum  eripuit.  Namque  erat  cum  eo 
quidam  ex  Arcadia  hospes,  qui  numquam  discedere 
voluerat.  Hunc  sequi  se  iubet  et  id  quod  in  praesentia 
vestimentorum  fuit  arripit.  His  in  Tgnem  coniectis 

3o  flammae  vim  transiit.  Quern  ut  barbari  incendium 
efTugisse  viderunt,  tells  eminus  missis  interfecerunt 
caputque  eius  ad  Pharnabazum  rettulerunt,  At  mulier, 


34  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

quae  cum  eo  vivere  consuerat,  muliebri  sua  veste  con- 
tectum  aedificii  incendio  mortuum  cremavit,  quod  ad 
vivum  interimendum  erat  comparatum.  Sic  Alcibiades 
annos  circiter  quadraginta  natus  diem  obiit  supremum. 

XL   Hunc  infamatum  a  plerisque  tres  gravissimi  5 
historic!  summis  laudibus  extulerunt:  Thucydides,  qui 
eiusdem  aetatis  fuit,  Theopompus,  post  aliquanto  natus, 
et  Timaeus;  qui  quidem  duo  maledicentissimi  nescio 
quo  modo  in  illo  uno  laudando  consentiunt.     Namque 
ea,  quae  supra  scripsimus,  de  eo  praedicarunt  atque  hoc  10 
amplius:  cum  Athems,  splendidissima  civitate,   natus 
esset,  omnes  splendore  ac  dignitate  superasse  vitae; 
postquam  inde  expulsus  Thebas  venerit,  adeo  studiis 
eorum  inservisse,  ut  nemo  eum  labore  corporisque  viri- 
bus   posset   aequiperare — omnes    enim    Boeoti    magis  15 
firmitati    corporis   quam    ingenii    acumini    serviunt; — 
eundem  apud  Lacedaemonios,  quorum  moribus  summa 
virtus  in  patientia  ponebatur,  sic  duritiae  se  dedisse,  ut 
parsimonia  victus  atque  cultus  omnes  Lacedaemonios 
vinceret;  fuisse  apud  Thraecas,  homines  vinolentos  re-  20 
busque  veneriis  deditos;  hos  quoque  in  his  rebus  ante- 
cessisse;  venisse  ad  Persas,  apud  quos  summa  laus  esset 
fortiter  venari,  luxuriose  vivere;  horum  sic  imitatum 
consuetudinem,  ut  illi  ipsi  eum  in  his  maxime  admi- 
rarentur.     Quibus  rebus  effecisse  ut,  apud  quoscumque  25 
esset,    princeps    poneretur    habereturque    carissimus. 
Sed  satis  de  hoc;  reliquos  ordiamur. 


VIII.   EPAMINONDAS 

I.  Epammondas,   Polymnii   filius,   Thebanus.      De 
hoc  priusquam  scribimus,  haec  praecipienda  videntur 
lectoribus,  ne  alienos  mores  ad  suos  referant,  neve  ea 
quae  ipsis  leviora  sunt,  pan  modo  apud  ceteros  fuisse 

5  arbitrentur.  Scimus  enim  musicen  nostris  moribus 
abesse  a  principis  persona,  saltare  vero  etiarn  in  vitiis 
pom;  quae  omnia  apud  Graecos  et  grata  et  laude  digna 
ducuntur.  Cum  autem  exprimere  imaginem  consue- 
tudinis  atque  vitae  velimus  Epaminondae,  nihil  vide- 

10  mur  debere  praetermittere,  quod  pertineat  ad  earn 
declarandam.  Quare  dicemus  primum  de  genere  eius, 
deinde  quibus  disciplims  et  a  quibus  sit  eruditus,  turn 
de  moribus  ingeniique  facultatibus  et  si  qua  alia  memo- 
ria  digna  erunt,  postremo  de  rebus  gestis,  quae  a  pluri- 

15  mis  animi  anteponuntur  virtutibus. 

II.  Natus  igitur  patre  quo  diximus,  genere  honesto, 
pauper  Jam  a  maioribus  relictus  est,  eruditus  autem  sic 
ut  nemo  Thebanus  magis.     Nam  et  citharizare  et  can- 
tare  ad  chordarum  sonum  doctus  est  a  Dionysio,  qui 

20  non  minore  fuit  in  musicis  gloria  quam  Damon  aut 
Lamprus,  quorum  pervulgata  sunt  nomina,  cantare 
tibils  ab  Olympiodoro,  saltare  a  Calliphrone.  At  philo- 
sophiae  praeceptorem  habuit  Lysim  Tarentinum,  Py- 
thagoreum;  cui  quidem  sic  fuit  cleditus,  ut  adulescens 
ac  severuni  senem  omnibus  aequalibus  suis  in 

35 


36  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

familiaritate  anteposuerit;  neque  prius  eum  a  se  dimisit, 
quam  in  doctrinis  tanto  antecessit  condiscipulos,  ut 
facile  intellegi  posset  pan  modo  superaturum  omnes  in 
ceteris  artibus.  Atque  haec  ad  nostram  consuetudinem 
sunt  levia  et  potius  contemnenda;  at  in  Graecia,  litique  5 
olim,  magnae  laudi  erant.  Postquam  ephebus  est  fac- 
tus  et  palaestrae  dare  operam  coepit,  non  tarn  magni- 
tudini  virium  servivit  quam  velocitati;  illam  enim  ad 
athletarum  usum,  hanc  ad  belli  existimabat  utilitatem 
pertinere.  Itaque  exercebatur  plurimum  currendo  et  10 
luctando  ad  eum  finem,  quoad  stans  complect!  posset 
atque  contendere.  In  armis  vero  plurimum  studii  con- 
sumebat. 

III.  Ad  hanc  corporis  firmitatem  plura  etiarn  animi 
bona  accesserant.     Erat  enim  modestus,  prudens,  gra-  15 
vis,   temporibus   sapienter   utens,    peritus   belli,    fortis 
manu,  animo  maximo,  adeo  veritatis  diligens,  ut  ne 
ioco  quidem  mentiretur.     Idem  continens,  clemens  pa- 
tiensque  admirandum  in  modum,  non  solum  populi, 
sed  etiam  amicorum  ferens  iniurias,  in  primis  commissa  20 
celans,   quodque   interdum  non  minus  prodest  quam 
diserte  dicere,  studiosus  audiendi;  ex  hoc  enim  facil- 
lime  disci  arbitrabatur.     Itaque  cum  in  circulum  venis- 
set,  in  quo  aut  de  re  publica  disputaretur  aut  de  philo- 
sophia  sermo  haberetur,  numquam  inde  prius  discessit  25 
quam  ad  finem  sermo  esset  adductus. 

Paupertatem  adeo  facile  perpessus  est,  ut  de  re  pub- 
lica nihil  praeter  gloriam  ceperit.  Amicorum  in  se 
tuendo  caruit  facultatibus,  fide  ad  alios  sublevandos 
saepe  sic  usus  est,  ut  iudicari  possit  omnia  ei  cum  ami-  30 
cis  fuisse  communia.  Nam  cum  aut  clvium  suorum 
aliquis  ab  hostibus  esset  captus  aut  virgo  nubilis  prop- 


EPAMINONDAS  37 

ter  paupertatem  collocari  non  posset,  amicorum  con- 
cilium habebat  et  quantum  quisque  daret  pro  faculta- 
tibus  imperabat.  Eamque  summam  cum  fecerat,  potius 
quam  ipse  acciperet  pecuniam,  adducebat  eum  qui 
5  quaerebat  ad  eos  qui  conferebant,  eique  ut  ipsi  nume- 
rarent  faciebat,  ut  ille  ad  quern  ea  perveniebat  sciret 
quantum  cuique  deberet. 

IV.  Temptata  autem  eius  est  abstinentia  a  Diome- 
donte  Cyziceno;  namque  is  rogatu  Artaxerxis  regis 

10  Epaminondam  pecunia  corrumpendum  susceperat. 
Hie  magno  cum  pondere  auri  Thebas  venit  et  Micy- 
thum  adulescentulum,  quern  turn  Epaminondas  pluri- 
mum  diligebat,  quinque  talentis  ad  suam  perduxit 
voluntatem.  Micythus  Epaminondam  convenit  et  cau- 

15  sam  adventus  Diomedontis  ostendit.  At  ille  Diome- 
donti  coram  "  Nihil/'  inquit,  "  opus  pecunia  est;  nam  si 
rex  ea  vult  quae  Thebanis  sunt  utilia,  gratiis  facere 
sum  paratus,  sin  autem  contraria,  non  habet  auri  atque 
argent!  satis.  Namque  orbis  terrarum  divitias  accipere 

20  nolo  pro  patriae  caritate.  Tu  quod  me  incognitum 
temptasti  tuique  similem  existimasti,  non  miror  tibique 
ignosco;  sed  egredere  propere,  ne  alios  corrumpas,  cum 
me  non  potueris.  Et  tu,  MTcythe,  argentum  huic 
redde,  aut,  nisi  id  confestim  facis,  ego  te  tradam  magis- 

25  tratui."  Hunc  Diomedon  cum  rogaret  ut  tuto  exire 
suaque,  quae  attulerat,  liceret  efferre,  "  Istud  quidem," 
inquit,  "  faciam,  neque  tua  causa,  sed  mea,  ne,  si  tibi 
sit  pecunia  adempta,  aliquis  dicat  id  ad  me  ereptum 
pervenisse,  quod  delatum  accipere  noluissem/'  A 

30  quo  cum  quaesisset,  quo  se  declucT  vellet,  et  ille  Athe- 
nas  dixisset,  praesidium  dedit,  ut  tuto  pervemret. 

Neque  vero  id  satis  habuit,  sed  etiam,  ut  inviolatus  in 
4 


38  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

navem  escenderet,  per  Chabriam  Atheniensem,  de  quo 
supra  mentionem  fecimus,  effecit.  Abstinentiae  erit  hoc 
satis  testimonium.  Plurima  quidem  proferre  possu- 
mus,  sed  modus  adhibendus  est,  quoniam  uno  hoc  volu- 
mine  vitam  excellentium  virorum  complurium  conclu-  5 
dere  constituimus,  quorum  res  separatim  multis  milibus 
versuum  complures  scriptores  ante  nos  explicarunt. 

V.  Fuit  etiam  disertus,  ut  nemo  ei  Thebanus  par 
esset  eloquentia,  neque  minus  concinnus  in  brevitate 
respondendi  quam  in  perpetua  oratione  ornatus.     Ha-  10 
buit    obtrectatorem     Menecliden    quendam,    indidem 
Thebis,   et  adversarium  in  administranda  re  publica, 
satis  exercitatum  in  dicendo,  ut  Thebanum  scilicet; 
namque  ill!  genti  plus  inest  virium  quam  ingenii.     Is 
quod  in  re  militari  florere  Epaminondam  videbat,  hor-  15 
tari  solebat  Thebanos  ut  pacem  bello  anteferrent,  ne 
illius  imperatoris  opera  desideraretur.     Huic  ille  "  Fal- 
lis,"  inquit,  "  verbo  elves  tuos,  quod  eos  a  bello  avocas; 
otii  enim  nomine  servitutem  concilias;  nam  paritur  pax 
bello.     Itaque  qui  ea  diutina  volunt  frui,  bello  exerci-  20 
tati  esse  debent.     Quare  si  principes  Graeciae  vultis 
esse,  castris  est  vobis  utendum,  non  palaestra." 

VI.  Idem  cum  in  conventum  venisset  Arcadum, 
petens  ut  societatem  cum  Thebanis  et  Argivis  facerent, 
contraque  Callistratus,  Atheniensium  legatus,  qui  elo-  25 
quentia  omnes  eo  praestabat  tempore,  postularet  ut 
potius  amicitiam  sequerentur  Atticorum,  et  in  oratione 
sua  multa  invectus  esset  in  Thebanos  et  Argivos  in 
eisque  hoc  posuisset,  animum  advertere  debere  Arcades 
quales  utraque  civitas  cives  procreasset,  ex  quibus  de  30 
ceteris  possent  iudicare,  Argivos  enim  fuisse  Orestem 

et  Alcmaeonem  matricidas,  Thebis  Oedipum  natum, 


EPAMINONDAS  39 

qui,  cum  patrem  suum  interfecisset,  ex  matre  Hberos 
procreasset;  huic  in  respondendo  Epaminondas,  cum 
de  ceteris  perorasset,  postquam  ad  ilia  duo  opprobria 
pervenit,  admirari  se  dixit  stultitiam  rhetoris  Attici,  qui 
5  non  animadverterit,  innocentes  illos  natos  domi,  scelere 
admisso  cum  patria  essent  expulsi,  receptos  esse  ab 
Atheniensibus. 

Sed  maxime  eius  eloquentia  eluxit  Spartae  legati 
ante  pugnam  Leuctricam.     Quo  cum  omnium  socio- 

10  rum  convenissent  legati,  coram  frequentissimo  con- 
ventu  sic  Lacedaemoniorum  tyrannidem  coarguit,  ut 
non  minus  ilia  oratione  opes  eorum  concusserit  quam 
Leuctrica  pugna.  Turn  enim  perfecit,  quod  post  appa- 
ruit,  ut  auxilio  Lacedaemonii  sociorum  privarentur. 

15  VII.  Fuisse  patientem  suorumque  iniurias  ferentem 
civium,  quod  se  patriae  irasci  nefas  esse  duceret,  haec 
sunt  testimonia.  Cum  eum  propter  invidiam  cives  sui 
praeficere  exercitui  noluissent  duxque  esset  delectus 
belli  imperitus,  cuius  errore  res  eo  esset  deducta,  ut 

20  omnes  de  salute  pertimescerent,  quod  locorum  angus- 
tiis  clausi  ab  hostibus  obsidebantur,  desiderari  coepta 
est  Epaminondae  diligentia;  erat  enim  ibi  privatus  nu- 
mero  militis.  A  quo  cum  peterent  opem,  nullam  adhi- 
buit  memoriam  contumeliae  et  exercitum  obsidione 

25  liberatum  domum  reduxit  incolumem.  Nee  vero  hoc 
semel  fecit,  sed  saepius.  Maxime  autem  fuit  illustre, 
cum  in  Peloponnesum  exercitum  duxisset  adversus 
Lacedaemonios  haberetque  collegas  duos,  quorum 
alter  erat  Pelopidas,  vir  fortis  ac  strenuus.  Hi  cum 

30  criminibus  adversariorum  omnes  in  invidiam  venissent 
ob  eamque  rem  imperium  els  esset  abrogatum  atque 
in  eorum  locum  alii  praetores  successissent,  Epaminon- 


40  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

das  populi  scito  non  paruit  idemque  tit  facerent  per- 
suasit  collegis,  et  bellum  quod  susceperat  gessit.  Nam- 
que  animadvertebat,  nisi  id  fecisset,  totum  exercitum 
propter  praetorum  imprudentiam  inscitiamque  belli 
periturum.  Lex  erat  Thebis,  quae  morte  multabat,  si  5 
quis  imperium  diutius  retinuisset  quam  lege  praefim- 
tum  foret.  Hanc  Epammondas  cum  rei  publicae  con- 
servandae  causa  latam  videret,  ad  perniciem  civitatis 
conferri  noluit  et  quattuor  mensibus  diutius  quam 
populus  iusserat  gessit  imperium.  10 

VIII.  Postquam  domum  reditum  est,  collegae  eius 
hoc  crimine  accusabantur.  Quibus  ille  permisit,  ut  om- 
nem  causam  in  se  transferrent  suaque  opera  factum 
contenderent,  ut  leg!  non  oboedirent.  Qua  defensione 
illis  periculo  liberatis,  nemo  Epaminondam  responsu-  15 
rum  putabat,  quod  quid  diceret  non  haberet.  At  ille 
in  iudicium  venit,  nihil  eorum  negavit  quae  adversarii 
crimini  dabant,  omniaque  quae  collegae  dixerant  con- 
fessus  est,  neque  recusavit  quominus  legis  poenam 
subiret,  sed  unum  ab  eis  petivit,  ut  in  sepulcro  suo  20 
inscriberent: 

"  Epammondas    a   Thebanis   morte    multatus    est, 
quod  eos  coegit  apud  Leuctra  superare  Lacedaemonios, 
quos  ante  se  imperatorem  nemo  Boeotorum  ausus  sit 
aspicere  in  acie,  quodque  uno  proelio  non  solum  The-  25 
bas  ab  interitu  retraxit,  sed  etiam  universam  Graeciam 
in  libertatem   vindicavit   eoque   res   utrorumque   per- 
duxit,  ut  Thebani  Spartam  oppugnarent,  Lacedaemo- 
nii  satis  haberent,  si  salvi  esse  possent,  neque  prius 
bellare  destitit  quam  Messene  restituta  urbem  eorum  30 
obsidione  clausit." 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  risus  omnium  cum  hilaritate 


EPAMINONDAS  4* 

coortus  est,  neqne  quisquam  index  atisus  est  de  eo 
ferre  suffragium.  Sic  a  iudicio  capitis  maxima  discessit 
gloria. 

IX.  Hie  extreme  tempore  imperator  apud  Manti- 
5  neam  cum  acie  mstructa  audacius  instaret  hostibus,  cog- 
nitus  a  Lacedaemoniis,  quod  in  unius  pernicie  eius 
patriae  sitam  putabant  salutem,  universi  in  unum  im- 
petum  fecerunt  neque  prius  abscesserunt,  quam  magna 
caede  edita  multisque  occisis  fortissime  ipsum  Epami- 

10  nondam  pugnantem,  sparo  eminus  percussum,  conci- 
dere  viderunt.  Huius  casu  aliquantum  retardati  sunt 
Boeoti,  neque  tamen  prius  pugna  excesserunt  quam 
repugnantes  profligarunt.  At  Epaminondas,  cum  ani- 
madverteret  mortiferum  se  vulnus  accepisse  simulque, 

15  si  ferrum,  quod  ex  hastili  in  corpore  remanserat,  ex- 
traxisset,  animam  statim  emissurum,  usque  eo  retinuit, 
quoad  renuntiatum  est  vicisse  Boeotos.  Id  postquam 
audivit,  "Satis,"  inquit,  "  vixi;  invictus  enim  morior." 
Turn  ferro  extracto  confestim  exanimatus  est. 

20  X.  Hie  uxorem  numquam  duxit.  In  quo  cum  rep- 
rehenderetur  a  Pelopida,  qui  filium  habebat  infamem, 
maleque  eum  in  eo  patriae  consulere  diceret,  quod 
Hberos  non  relinqueret,  "  Vide,"  inquit,  "  ne  tu  peius 
consulas,  qui  talem  ex  te  natum  relicturus  sis.  Neque 

25  vero  stirps  potest  mihi  deesse;  namque  ex  me  natam 
relinquo  pugnam  Leuctricam,  quae  non  modo  mihi 
superstes,  sed  etiam  immortalis  sit  necesse  est."  Quo 
tempore  duce  Pelopida  exsules  Thebas  occuparunt  et 
praesidium  Lacedaemoniorum  ex  arce  expulerunt, 

30  Epaminondas,  quam  diu  facta  est  caedes  civium,  domo 
se  tenuit,  quod  neque  defendere  malos  volebat  neque 
impugnare,  ne  mantis  suorum  sanguine  cruentaret; 


42  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

namque  omnem  civilem  victoriam  funestam  putabat. 
Idem,  postquam  apud  Cadmeam  cum  Lacedaemoniis 
pugnari  coeptum  est,  in  primis  stetit. 

Huius  de  virtutibus  vitaque  satis  erit  dictum,  si  hoc 
unum  adiunxero,  quod  nemo  ibit  infitias,  Thebas  et  5 
ante  Epaminondam  natum  et  post  eiusdem  interitum 
perpetuo  alieno  paruisse  imperio,  contra  ea,  quam  diu 
ille  praefuerit  rei  publicae,  caput  fuisse  totius  Grae- 
ciae.  Ex  quo  intellegi  potest  unum  hominem  pluris 
quam  civitatem  fuisse.  10 


IX.   AGESILAUS 

I.  Agesilaus  Lacedaemonius  cum  a  ceteris  scripto- 
ribus  turn  eximie  a  Xenophonte  Socratico  collaudatus 
est;  eo  enim  usus  est  familiarissime.     Hie  primum  de 
regno  cum  Leotychide,  fratris  filio,  habuit  contentio- 

5  nem.  Mos  erat  enim  Lacedaemoniis  a  maioribus  tra- 
ditus,  ut  binds  haberent  semper  reges,  nomine  magis 
quam  imperio,  ex  duabus  familiis  Procli  et  Eurysthe- 
nis,  qui  principes  ex  progenie  Herculis  Spartae  reges 
fuerunt.  Horum  ex  altera  in  alterius  familiae  locum 

10  fieri  non  licebat;  ita  suum  utraque  retinebat  ordinem. 
Primum  ratio  habebatur,  qui  maximus  natu  esset  ex 
Hberis  eius,  qui  regnans  decessisset;  sin  is  virile  secus 
non  reliquisset,  turn  deligebatur,  qui  proximus  esset 
propinquitate.  Mortuus  erat  Agis  rex,  frater  Agesilai; 

15  filium  reliquerat  Leotychidem.  Quern  ille  natum  non 
agnorat,  eundem  moriens  suum  esse  dlxerat.  Is  de 
honore  regni  cum  Agesilao,  patruo  suo,  contendit 
neque  id  quod  petivit  consecutus  est;  nam  Lysandro 
suffragante,  homine,  ut  ostendimus  supra,  factioso  et 

20  eis  temporibus  potente,  Agesilaus  antelatus  est. 

II.  Hie  simulatque  imperil  potitus  est,   persuasit 
Lacedaemoniis  ut  cum  exercitu  se  mitterent  in  Asiam 
bellumque  regi  facerent,   docens  satius   esse  in  Asia 
quanl  in  Europa  dimican.     Namque  fama  exierat  Ar- 

25  taxerxen    comparare    classes    pedestresque    exercitus, 

43 


44  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

quos  in  Graeciam  mitteret.  Data  potestate  tanta  cele- 
ritate  usus  est,  ut  prius  in  Asiam  cum  copiis  pervenerit 
quam  regii  satrapae  eum  scirent  profectum.  Quo  fac- 
tum  est  ut  omnes  imparatos  imprudentesque  offenderet. 
Id  ut  cognovit  Tissaphernes,  qui  summum  imperium  5 
turn  inter  praefectos  habebat  regios,  indutias  a  Lacone 
petivit,  simulans  se  dare  operam,  ut  Lacedaemoniis 
cum  rege  conveniret,  re  autem  vera  ad  copias  com- 
parandas,  easque  impetravit  trimenstres.  luravit  autem 
uterque  se  sine  dolo  indutias  conservaturum.  In  qua  10 
pactione  summa  fide  mansit  Agesilaus;  contra  ea  Tissa- 
phernes nihil  aliud  quam  bellum  comparavit.  Id  etsi 
sentiebat  Laco,  tamen  iusiurandum  servabat  multum- 
que  in  eo  se  consequi  dicebat,  quod  Tissaphernes  per- 
iurio  suo  et  homines  suis  rebus  abalienaret  et  deos  sibi  15 
iratos  redderet,  se  autem  conservata  religione  con- 
firmare  exercitum,  cum  animadverteret  deum  numen 
facere  secum,  hominesque  sibi  conciliare  amiciores, 
quod  eis  studere  consuessent,  quos  conservare  fidem 
viderent.  20 

III.  Postquam  indutiarum  praeteriit  dies,  barbarus 
non  dubitans,  quod  ipsius  erant  plurima  domicilia  in 
Caria  et  ea  regio  eis  temporibus  multo  putabatur  locu- 
pletissima,  eo  potissimum  hostes  impetum  facturos, 
omnes  suas  copias  eo  contraxerat.  At  Agesilaus  in  25 
Phrygian!  se  convertit  eamque  prius  depopulatus  est 
quam  Tissaphernes  usquam  se  moveret. 

Magna    praeda    militibus     locupletatls     Ephesum 
hiematum  exercitum  reduxit  atque  ibi  ofificlnis  armo- 
rum  institutis  magna  industria  bellum  apparavit.     Et  30 
quo    studiosius    armarentur   Jnsigniusque  -ornarentur, 
praemia  proposuit,  quibus  donarentur,  quorum  egregia 


AGESILAUS  45 

in  ea  re  fuisset  industria.  Fecit  idem  in  exercitationum 
generibtis,  ut,  qui  ceteris  praestitissent,  eos  magnis  affi- 
ceret  muneribus.  His  igitur  rebus  effecit  ut  et  orna- 
tissimum  et  exercitatissimum  haberet  exercitum. 
5  Huic  cum  tempus  esset  visum  copias  extrahere  ex 
hibernaculis,  vidit,  si,  quo  esset  iter  facturus,  palam 
pronuntiasset,  hostes  non  credituros  aliasque  regiones 
praesidiis  occupaturos  neque  dubitaturos  aliud  eum 
facturum  ac  pronuntiasset.  Itaque  cum  ille  Sardis  itu- 

10  rum  se  dixisset,  Tissaphernes  eandem  Cariam  defen- 
dendam  putavit.  In  quo  cum  eum  opinio  fefellisset 
victumque  se  vidisset  consilio,  sero  suis  praesidio  pro- 
fectus  est;  nam  cum  illo  venisset,  iam  Agesilaus  multis 
locis  expugnatis  magna  erat  praeda,  potitus.  Laco 

15  autem  cum  videret  hostes  equitatu  superare,  numquam 
in  campo  sui  fecit  potestatem  et  eis  locis  manum  con- 
seruit,  quibus  plus  pedestres  copiae  valerent.  Pepulit 
ergo,  quotienscumque  congressus  est,  multo  maiores 
adversariorum  copias  et  sic  in  Asia  versatus  est,  ut  om- 

20  nium  opinione  victor  duceretur. 

IV.  Hie  cum  iam  animo  meditaretur  proficisci  in 
Persas  et  ipsum  regem  adoriri,  nuntius  ei  domo  venit 
ephororum  missu,  bellum  Athenienses  et  Boeotos  in- 
dixisse  LacedaemoniTs;  quare  venire  ne  dubitaret.  In 

25  hoc  non  minus  eius  pietas  suspicienda  est  quam  virtus 
bellica;  qui  cum  victor!  praeesset  exercitui  maximam- 
que  haberet  fiduciam  regni  Persarum  potiundi,  tanta 
modestia  dicto  audiens  fuit  iussis  absentium  magistra- 
tuum,  ut  si  privatus  in  comitio  esset  Spartae.  Ciiius 

30  exemplum  utinam  imperatores  nostri  sequi  voluissent! 
Sed  illuc  redeamus.  Agesilaus  opulentissimo  regno 
praeposuit  bonam  existimationem  multoque  gloriosius 


46  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

duxit,  si  institutis  patriae  paruisset,  quam  si  bello  supe- 
rasset  Asiam.  Hac  igitur  mente  Hellespontum  copias 
traiecit  tantaque  usus  est  celeritate,  ut,  quod  iter 
Xerxes  anno  vertente  confecerat,  hie  transient  triginta 
diebus.  Cum  iam  haud  ita  longe  abesset  a  Pelopon-  5 
neso,  obsistere  ei  conati  sunt  Athenienses  et  Boeoti 
ceterique  eorum  socii  apud  Coroneam;  quos  omnes 
gravi  proelio  vicit.  Huius  victoriae  vel  maxima  fuit 
laus,  quod,  cum  plerique  ex  fuga  se  in  templum  Mi- 
nervae  coniecissent  quaerereturque  ab  eo,  quid  els  vel-  10 
let  fieri,  etsi  aliquot  vulnera  acceperat  eo  proelio  et 
iratus  videbatur  omnibus  qui  adversus  arma  tulerant, 
tamen  antetulit  Trae  religionem  et  eos  vetuit  violari. 

Neque  vero  hoc  solum  in  Graecia  fecit,  ut  templa 
deorum  sancta  haberet,  sed  etiam  apud  barbaros  sum-  15 
ma  religione  omnia  simulacra  arasque  conservavit. 
Itaque  praedicabat  mirari  se,  non  sacfilegorum  numero 
haberi  qui  supplicibus  deorum  nocuissent,  aut  non 
gravioribus  poems  affici  qui  religionem  minuerent, 
quam  qui  fana  spoliarent.  20 

V.  Post  hoc  proelium  collatum  omne  bellum  est 
circa  Corinthum  ideoque  Corinthium  est  appellatum. 
Hie  cum  una  pugna  decem  milia  hostium  Agesilao 
duce  cecidissent  eoque  facto  opes  adversariorum  debili- 
tatae  viderentur,  tantum  afuit  ab  insolentia  gloriae,  ut  25 
commiseratus  sit  fortunam  Graeciae,  quod  tarn  multi  a 
se  victi  vitio  adversariorum  concidissent;  namque  ilia 
multitudine,  si  sana  mens  esset,  Graeciae  supplicium 
Persas  dare  potuisse.  Idem  cum  adversarios  intra 
moenia  compulisset  et  ut  Corinthum  oppugnaret  multi  30 
hortarentur,  negavit  id  suae  virtuti  convemre;  se  enim 
eum  esse  qui  ad  officium  peccantes  redire  cogeret,  non 


AGESILAUS  47 

qui  urbes  nobilissimas  expugnaret  Graeciae.  "  Nam 
si,"  inquit,  "  eos  exstinguere  voluerimus,  qui  nobiscum 
adversus  barbaros  steterunt,  nosmet  ipsi  nos  expug- 
naverimus  illis  quiescentibus.  Quo  facto  sine  negotio, 
5  cum  voluerint,  nos  oppriment." 

VI.  Interim   accidit   ilia   calamitas   apud    Leuctra 
Lacedaemoniis.    Quo  ne  proficisceretur,  cum  a  pleris- 
que  ad  exeundum  impelleretur,  ut  si  de  exitu  divinaret, 
exciisavit  senectutem.    Idem,  cum  Epaminondas  Spar- 

10  tarn  oppugnaret  essetque  sine  muris  oppidum,  talem  se 
imperatorem  praebuit,  ut  eo  tempore  omnibus  appa- 
ruerit,  nisi  ille  fuisset,  Spartam  futuram  non  fuisse.  In 
quo  quidem  discrimine  celeritas  eius  consilii  saluti  fuit 
universis.  Nam  cum  quidam  adulescentuli  hostium  ad- 

15  ventu  perterriti  ad  Thebanos  transfugere  vellent  et 
locum  extra  urbem  editum  cepissent,  Agesilaus,  qui 
perniciosissimum  fore  videret,  si  animadversum  esset 
quemquam  ad  hostes  transfugere  conari,  cum  suis  eo 
venit  atque,  ut  si  bond  animo  fecissent,  laudavit  con- 

20  silium  eorum,  quod  eum  locum  occupassent;  id  se 
quoque  fieri  debere  animadvertisse.  Sic  adulescentes 
simulata  laudatione  recuperavit  et  adiunctis  de  suis 
comitibus  locum  tutum  reliquit.  Namque  illi,  adiecto 
numero  eorum  qui  expertes  erant  consilii,  commovere 

25  se  non  sunt  ausi  eoque  libentius,  quod  latere  arbitra- 
bantur  quae  cogitaverant. 

VII.  Sine  dubio  post  Leuctricam  pugnam  Lacedae- 
monii  se  numquam  refecerunt  neque  pristinum  impe- 
rium  recuperarunt,  cum  interim  numquam  Agesilaus 

30  destitit  quibuscumque  rebus  posset  patriam  iuvare. 
Nam  cum  praecipue  Lacedaemonii  indigerent  pecunia, 
ille  omnibus  qui  a  rege  defecerant  praesidio  fuit;  a 


48  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

quibus  magna  donatus  pecunia  patriam  sublevavit. 
Atque  in  hoc  illud  imprimis  fuit  admirabile,  cum  max- 
ima munera  el  ab  regibus  ac  dynastis  civitatibusque 
conferrentur,  quod  nihil  umquam  domum  suam  contu- 
lit,  nihil  de  victu,  nihil  de  vestitu  Laconum  mutavit.  5 
Domo  eadem  fuit  contentus,  qua  Eurysthenes,  proge- 
nitor maiorum  suorum,  fuerat  usus;  quam  qui  intrarat, 
nullum  signum  libidinis,  nullum  luxuriae  videre  pote- 
rat;  contra  ea  plurima  patientiae  atque  abstinentiae. 
Sic  enim  erat  instructa,  ut  in  nulla  re  differret  a  cuius-  10 
vis  inopis  atque  privati. 

VIII.  Atque  hie  tantus  vir  ut  naturam  fautricem 
habuerat  in  tribuendis  animi  virtutibus,  sic  maleficam 
nactus  est  in  corpore  fingendo;  nam  et  statura  fuit 
humili  et  corpore  exiguo  et  claudus  altero  pede.  Quae  15 
res  etiam  nonnullam  afferebat  deformitatem,  atque 
ignoti,  faciem  eius  cum  intuerentur,  contemnebant;  qui 
autem  virtutes  noverant,  non  poterant  admirari  satis. 
Quod  ei  usu  venit,  cum  annorum  octoginta  subsidio 
Tacho  in  Aegyptum  missus  esset  et  in  acta  cum  suis  20 
accubuisset  sine  ullo  tecto  statumque  haberet  tale,  ut 
terra  tecta  esset  stramentis  neque  hue  amplius  quam 
pellis  esset  iniecta,  eodem  quo  comites  omnes  vestitu 
humili  atque  obsolete,  ut  eorum  ornatus  non  modo  in 
els  regem  neminem  significaret,  sed  homines  esse  non  25 
beatissimos  suspicionem  praeberet.  Huius  de  adventu 
fama  cum  ad  regios  esset  perlata,  celeriter  munera  eo 
cuiusque  generis  sunt  allata.  His  quaerentibus  Agesi- 
laum  vix  fides  facta  est,  unum  esse  ex  eis  qui  turn  accu- 
babant.  Qui  cum  regis  verbis  quae  attulerant  dedis-  30 
sent,  ille  praeter  vitulmam  et  eius  modi  genera  obsonii 
quae  praesens  tempus  desiderabat,  nihil  accepit;  un- 


AGESILAUS  49 

guenta,  coronas  secundamque  mensam  servis  dispertiit, 
cetera  referri  iussit.  Quo  facto  eum  barbari  magis 
etiam  contempserunt,  quod  eum  ignorantia  bonarum 
rerum  vilia  potissimum  sumpsisse  arbitrabantur. 
5  Hie  cum  ex  Aegypto  reverteretur,  donatus  a  rege 
Nectanabide  ducentis  viginti  talentis,  quae  ille  muneri 
populo  suo  daret,  venissetque  in  portum,  qui  Menelai 
vocatur,  iacens  inter  Cyrenas  et  Aegyptum,  in  morbum 
implicitus  decessit.  Ibi  eum  amici,  quo  Spartam  faci- 
10  lius  perferre  possent,  quod  mel  non  habebant,  cera  cir- 
cumfuderunt  atque  ita  domum  rettulerunt. 


X.   TIMOLEON 

I.  Timoleon  Corinthius.  Sine  dubio  magnus  om- 
nium iudicio  hie  vir  exstitit.  Namque  huic  uni  contigit, 
quod  nescio  an  nulli,  ut  et  patriam,  in  qua  erat  natus, 
oppressam  a  tyranno  liberaret,  et  a  Syracusams,  quibus 
auxilio  erat  missus,  iam  inveteratam  servitutem  depel-  5 
leret  totamque  Siciliam,  multos  annos  bello  vexatam  a 
barbarisque  oppressam,  suo  adventu  in  pristinum  resti- 
tueret.  Sed  in  his  rebus  non  simplici  fortuna  conflicta- 
tus  est  et,  id  quod  difficilius  putatur,  multo  sapientius 
tulit  secundam  quam  adversam  fortunam.  Nam  cum  10 
frater  eius  Timophanes,  dux  a  Corinthiis  delectus, 
tyrannidem  per  milites  mercennarios  occupasset  parti- 
cepsque  regni  ipse  posset  esse,  tantum  afuit  a  societate 
sceleris,  ut  antetulerit  civium  suorum  libertatem  fratris 
saluti  et  parere  legibus  quam  imperare  patriae  satius  15 
duxerit.  Hac  mente  per  haruspicem  communemque 
affinem,  cui  soror  ex  eisdem  parentibus  nata  nupta  erat, 
fratrem  tyrannum  interficiendum  curavit.  Ipse  non 
modo  manus  non  attulit,  sed  ne  aspicere  quidem  fra- 
ternum  sanguinem  voluit.  Nam  dum  res  conficeretur,  20 
procul  in  praesidio  fuit,  ne  quis  satelles  posset  suc- 
currere. 

Hoc  praeclarissimum  eius  factum  non  pan  modo 
probatum  est  ab  omnibus;  nonnulli  enim  laesam  ab  eo 
pietatem  putabant  et  invidia  laudem  virtutis  obtere-  25 
50 


TIMOLEON  SI 

bant.  Mater  vero  post  id  factum  neque  domum  ad  se 
filium  admisit  neque  aspexit,  qum  eum  fratricidam  im- 
piumque  detestans  compellaret.  Quibus  rebus  ille  adeo 
est  commotus,  ut  nonnumquam  vitae  finem  facere 
5  voluerit  atque  ex  ingratorum  hominum  conspectu 
morte  decedere.  *• 

II.  Interim  Dione  Syracusis  interfecto  Dionysius 
rursus  Syracusarum  potitus  est.    Cuius  adversarii  opem 
a  Corinthiis  petierunt  ducemque,  quo  in  bello  uteren- 

10  tur,  postularunt.  Hue  Timoleon  missus  incredibili 
felicitate  Dionysium  tota  Sicilia  depulit.  Cum  inter- 
ficere  posset,  noluit  tutoque  ut  Corinthum  pervemret 
effecit,  quod  utrorumque  Dionysiorum  opibus  Co- 
rinthii  saepe  adiuti  fuerant,  cuius  bemgnitatis  memo- 
is  riam  volebat  exstare,  eamque  praeclaram  victoriam 
ducebat  in  qua  plus  esset  clementiae  quam  crudelitatis; 
postremo  ut  non  solum  auribus  acciperetur,  sed  etiam 
oculis  cerneretur  quern  ex  quanto  regno  ad  quam  for- 
tunam  detulisset.  Post  Dionysii  decessum  cum  Hiceta 
20  bellavit,  qui  adversatus  erat  Dionysio;  quern  non  odio 
tyrannidis  dissensisse,  sed  cupiditate  indicio  fuit,  quod 
ipse  expulso  Dionysio  imperium  dimittere  noluit.  Hoc 
superato  Timoleon  maximas  copias  Carthaginiensium 
apud  Crinissum  flumen  fugavit  ac  satis  habere  coegit, 
25  si  liceret  Africam  obtinere,  qui  iam  complures  annos 
possessionem  Siciliae  tenebant.  Cepit  etiam  Mamer- 
cum,  Italicum  ducem,  hominem  bellicosum  et  poten- 
tem,  qui  tyrannos  adiutum  in  Siciliam  venerat. 

III.  Quibus  rebus  confectis  cum  propter  diuturni- 
30  tatem  belli  non  solum  regiones,  sed  etiam  urbes  de- 

sertas  videret,  conquisivit  quos  potuit,  primum  Siculos, 
dein  Corintho  arcessivit   colonos,  quod  ab  eis  initio 


52  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

Syracusae  erant  conditae.  Civibus  veteribus  sua  resti- 
tuit,  novis  bello  vacuefactas  possessiones  divisit,  urbium 
moenia  disiecta  fanaque  detecta  refecit,  civitatibus 
leges  libertatemque  reddidit;  ex  maximo  bello  tantum 
otium  totae  insulae  conciliavit,  ut  hie  conditor  urbium  5 
earum,  non  illi  qui  initio  deduxerant,  videretur.  Arcem 
Syracusis,  quam  munierat  Dionysius  ad  urbem  obsi- 
dendam,  a  fundamentis  disiecit,  cetera  tyannidis  pro- 
pugnacula  demolitus  est  deditque  operam,  ut  quam 
minime  multa  vestigia  servitutis  manerent.  Cum  tantis  10 
esset  opibus,  ut  etiam  invitis  imperare  posset,  tantum 
autem  amorem  haberet  omnium  Siculorum,  ut  nullo 
recusante  regnum  obtinere  liceret,  maluit  se  diligi 
quam  metui.  Itaque,  cum  primum  potuit,  imperium 
deposuit  ac  privatus  Syracusis,  quod  reliquum  vitae  fuit,  15 
vixit.  Neque  vero  id  imperite  fecit;  nam  quod  ceteri 
reges  imperio  potuerunt,  hie  benevolentia  tenuit.  Nul- 
lus  honos  huic  defuit,  neque  postea  res  ulla  Syracusis 
gesta  est  publice,  de  qua  prius  sit  decretum  quam  Ti- 
moleontis  sententia  cognita.  Nullius  umquam  consi-  20 
Hum  non  modo  antelatum,  sed  ne  comparatum  quidem 
est.  Neque  id  magis  eius  benevolentia  factum  est 
quam  prudentia. 

IV.  Hie  cum  aetate  iam  provectus  esset,  sine  ullo 
morbo  lumina  oculorum  amisit.     Quam  calamitatem  25 
ita  moderate  tulit,  ut  neque  eum  querentem  quisquam 
audierit  neque  eo  minus  privatis  publicisque  rebus  in- 
terfuerit.     Veniebat  autem  in  theatrum,  cum  ibi  con- 
cilium populi  haberetur,   propter  valetudinem  vectus 
iumentis  iunctis,  atque  ita  de  vehiculo  quae  viclebantur  30 
dicebat.     Neque  hoc  ill!  quisquam  tribuebat  superbiae; 
nihil  enim  umquam  neque  insolens  neque  gloriosum 


TIMOLEON  53 

ex  ore  eius  exiit.  Qui  quidem,  cum  suas  laudes  audiret 
praedicari,  numquam  aliud  dixit  quam  se  in  ea  re 
maxime  dis  agere  gratias  atque  habere,  quod,  cum 
Siciliam  recreare  constituissent,  turn  se  potissimum 
5  ducem  esse  voluissent.  Nihil  enim  rerum  humanarum 
sine  deorum  numine  geri  putabat;  itaque  suae  domi 
sacellum  Automatias  constituerat  idque  sanctissime 
colebat. 

V.  Ad  hanc  hominis  excellentem  bonitatem  mira- 

10  biles  accesserant  casus;  nam  proelia  maxima  natali  suo 
die  fecit  omnia,  quo  factum  est  ut  eius  diem  natalem 
festum  haberet  universa  Sicilia.  Huic  quidam  La- 
phystius,  homo  petulans  et  ingratus,  vadimonium  cum 
vellet  imponere,  quod  cum  illo  se  lege  agere  diceret, 

15  et  complures  concurrissent,  qui  procacitatem  hominis 
manibus  coercere  conarentur,  Timoleon  oravit  homi- 
nes ne  id  facerent.  Namque  id  ut  Laphystio  et  cuivis 
liceret,  se  maximos  labores  summaque  adiisse  pericula. 
Hanc  enim  speciem  Hbertatis  esse,  si  omnibus,  quod 

20  quisque  vellet,  legibus  experin  liceret.  Idem,  cum  qui- 
dam Laphystii  similis,  nomine  Demaenetus,  in  con- 
tione  populi  de  rebus  gestis  eius  detrahere  coepisset  ac 
nonnulla  inveheretur  in  Timoleonta,  dixit  nunc  demum 
se  voti  esse  damnatum;  namque  hoc  a  dis  immortalibus 

25  semper  precatum,  ut  talem  Hbertatem  restitueret  Sy- 
racusams,  in  qua  cuivis  liceret  de  quo  vellet  quod  vellet 
impune  dicere. 

Hie  cum  diem  supremum  obisset,  publice  a  Syra- 
cusanis  in  gymnasio,  quod  Timoleonteum  appellatur, 

30  tota  celebrante  Sicilia  sepultus  est. 


XL    HAMILCAR 

I.  Hamilcar,  Hannibalis  filius,  cognomine  Barca, 
Carthaginiensis,  primo  Poenico  bello,  sed  temporibus 
extremis,  admodum  adulescentulus  in  Sicilia  praeesse 
coepit  exercitui.  Cum  ante  eius  adventum  et  marl  et 
terra  male  res  gererentur  Carthaginiensium,  ipse  ubi  5 
affuit,  numquam  host!  cessit  neque  locum  nocendi 
dedit,  saepeque  e  contrario  occasione  data  lacessivit 
semperque  superior  discessit.  Quo  facto,  cum  paene 
omnia  in  Sicilia  Poem  amisissent,  ille  Erycem  sic  de- 
fendit,  ut  bellum  eo  loco  gestum  non  videretur.  In-  10 
terim  Carthaginienses  classe  apud  insulas  Aegates  a  C. 
Lutatio,  consule  Romanorum,  superati  statuerunt  belli 
facere  finem  eamque  rem  arbitrio  permiserunt  Hamil- 
caris.  Ille  etsi  flagrabat  bellandi  cupiditate,  tamen  paci 
serviendum  putavit,  quod  patriam  exhaustam  sumpti-  15 
bus  diutius  calamitates  belli  ferre  non  posse  intellege- 
bat,  sed  ita  ut  statim  mente  agitaret,  si  paulum  modo 
res  essent  refectae,  bellum  renovare  Romanosque  armis 
persequi,  donicum  aut  virtute  vicissent  aut  victi  manus 
dedissent.  Hoc  consilio  pacem  conciliavit,  in  quo  20 
tanta  fuit  ferocia,  cum  Catulus  negaret  bellum  com- 
positurum,  nisi  ille  cum  suis,  qui  Erycem  tenerent, 
armis  relictis  Sicilia  decederent,  ut  succumbente  patria 
ipse  periturum  se  potius  dixerit,  quam  cum  tanto  fla- 
gitio  domum  rediret;  non  enim  suae  esse  virtutis  arma  25 
54 


HAMILCAR  55 

a  patria  accepta  adversus  hostes  adversariis  tradere. 
Huius  pertinaciae  cessit  Catulus. 

II.  At  ille  ut  Carthaginem  venit,  multo  aliter  ac 
sperarat  rem  publicam  se  habentem  cognovit.     Nam- 

5  que  diuturnitate  extern!  mall  tantum  exarsit  intestmum 
bellum,  ut  numquam  in  pan  periculo  fuerit  Carthago 
nisi  cum  deleta  est.  Primo  mercennarii  milites,  quibus 
adversus  Romanos  usi  erant,  desciverunt,  quorum  nu- 
merus  erat  viginti  milium.  II  totam  abalienarunt  Afri- 
10  cam,  ipsam  Carthaginem  oppugnarunt.  Quibus  mails 
adeo  sunt  Poem  perterriti,  ut  etiam  auxilia  ab  Romanis 
petierint;  eaque  impetrarunt.  Sed  extreme,  cum  prope 
iam  ad  desperationem  pervenissent,  Hamilcarem  im- 
peratorem  fecerunt.  Is  non  solum  hostes  a  muris  Car- 
is  thaginis  removit,  cum  amplius  centum  milia  facta 
essent  armatorum,  sed  etiam  eo  compulit,  ut  locorum 
angustiis  clausi  plures  fame  quam  ferro  interirent.  Om- 
nia  oppida  abalienata,  in  eis  Uticam  atque  Hipponem, 
valentissima  totius  Africae,  restituit  patriae.  Neque  eo 
20  fuit  contentus,  sed  etiam  fines  imperil  propagavit,  tota 
Africa  tantum  otium  reddidit,  ut  nullum  in  ea  bellum 
videretur  multis  anms  fuisse. 

III.  Rebus  his  ex  sententia  peractis  fidenti  animo 
atque  infesto  Romanis,  quo  facilius  causam  bellandi  re- 

25  periret,  efifecit  ut  imperator  cum  exercitu  in  Hispa- 
niam  mitteretur,  eoque  secum  duxit  filium  Hannibalem 
annorum  novem. 

IV.  At  Hamilcar,  posteaquam  mare  transiit  in  Hi- 
spaniamque  venit,  magnas  res  secunda  gessit  fortuna; 

30  maximas  bellicosissimasque  gentes  subegit,  equis, 
armis,  viris,  pecunia  totam  locupletavit  Africam.  Hie 
cum  in  Italiam  bellum  Inferre  meditaretur,  nono  anno 


$6  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

postquam  in  Hispaniam  venerat,  in  proelio  pugnans 
adversus  Vettones  occisus  est.  Huius  perpetuum  odi- 
um erga  Romanes  maxime  concitasse  videtur  secun- 
dum  bellum  Poenicum;  namque  Hannibal,  filius  eius, 
assiduis  patris  obtestationibus  eo  est  perductus,  ut  in-  5 
terire  quam  Romanes  non  experiri  mallet. 


XII.   HANNIBAL 

I.  Hannibal,  Hamilcaris  films,  Carthaginiensis.     Si 
verum  est,  quod  nemo  dubitat,  ut  populus  Romanus 
omnes  gentes  virtute   superarit,   non  est  infitiandum 
Hannibalem    tanto    praestitisse    ceteros    imperatores 

5  prudentia,  quanto  populus  Romanus  antecedat  fortitu- 
dine  cunctas  nationes;  nam  quotienscumque  cum  eo 
congressus  est  in  Italia,  semper  discessit  superior. 
Quod  nisi  domi  civium  suorum  invidia  debilitatus 
esset,  Romanos  videtur  superare  potuisse.  Sed  mul- 

10  torum  obtrectatio  devicit  unius  virtutem. 

II.  Hie  autem  velut  hereditate  relictum  odium  pa- 
ternum  erga  Romanos  sic  conservavit,  ut  prius  animam 
quam   id  deposuerit,   qui  quidem,   cum   patria   pulsus 
esset  et  alienarum  opum  indigeret,  numquam  destiterit 

15  animo  bellare  cum  Romanis.  Nam  ut  omittam  Philip- 
pum,  quern  absens  hostem  reddidit  Romanis,  omnium 
els  temporibus  potentissimus  rex  Antiochus  fuit.  Hunc 
tanta  cupiditate  incendit  bellandl,  ut  usque  a  rubro 
marl  arma  conatus  sit  inferre  Italiae.  Ad  quern  cum 

20  legati  venissent  Roman!,  qui  de  eius  voluntate  explo- 
rarent  darentque  operam  consiliis  clandestmis  ut  Han- 
nibalem in  suspicionem  regi  adducerent,  tamquam  ab 
ipsis  corruptus  alia  atque  antea  sentiret.  neque  id  frustra 
fecissent  idque  Hannibal  comperissetlseque  ab  interi- 

25  oribus  consiliis  segregan  vidisset,  tempore  dato  adiit 

57 


58  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

ad  regem,  eique  cum  multa  de  fide  sua  et  odio  in  R6- 
manos  commemorasset,  hoc  adiunxit:  4t  Pater  meus," 
inquit,  "  Hamilcar,  puerulo  me,  utpote  non  amplius 
novem  annos  nato,  in  Hispaniam  imperator  proficis- 
cens  Carthagine  lovi  optimo"  maximo  hostias  immo-  5 
lavit.  .Quae  divina  res  dum  conficiebatur,  quaesivit  a 
me  vellemne  secum  in  castra  proficisci.  Id  cum  libenter 
accepissem  atque  ab  eo  petere  coepissem  ne  dubitaret 
ducere,  turn  ille,  '  Faciam/  inquit,  '  si  mihi  fidem  quam 
postulo  dederis/  Simul  me  ad  aram  adduxit,  apud  10 
quam  sacrificare  instituerat,  eamque  ceteris  remotis 
tenentem  iurare  iussit  numquam  me  in  amicitia  cum 
Romanis  fore.  Id  ego  iusiurandum  patri  datum  usque 
ad  hanc  aetatem  ita  conservavi,  ut  nemini  dubium  esse 
debeat,  quin  reliquo  tempore  eadem  mente  sim  futu-  15 
rus.  Quare  si  quid  amice  de  Romanis  cogitabis,  non 
imprudenter  feceris,  si  me  celaris;  cum  quidem  bellum 
parabis,  te  ipsum  frustraberis,  si  non  me  in  eo  princi- 
pem  posueris." 

III.  Hac  igitur  qua  diximus  aetate  cum  patre  in  20 
Hispaniam  profectus  est,  cuius  post  obitum,  Hasdru- 
bale  imperatore  suffecto,  equitatui  omni  praefuit.    Hoc 
quoque  interfecto  exercitus  summam  imperil  ad  eum 
detulit.     Id  Carthaginem  delatum  publice  comproba- 
tum  est.     Sic  Hannibal  minor  quinque  et  viginti  annis  25 
natus  imperator  factus  proximo  triennio  omnes  gentes 
Hispaniae  bello  subegit,  Saguntum,  foederatam  civita- 
tem,  vi  expugnavit,  tres  exercitus  maximos  compara- 
vit.    Ex  his  unum  in  Africam  misit,  alterum  cum  Has- 
drubale  fratre  in  Hispania  reliquit,  tertium  in  Italiam  30 
secum  duxit.     Ut  saltum  Pyrenaeum  transiit,  quacum- 
que  iter  fecit,  cum  omnibus  incolis  conflixit;  neminem 


HANNIBAL  59 

nisi  victum  dimisit.  Ad  Alpes  posteaquam  venit,  qua 
Italiam  ab  Gallia  seiungunt,  quas  nemo  umquam  cum 
exercitu  ante  eum  praeter  Herculem  Graium  transierat 
— quo  facto  is  hodie  saltus  Graius  appellatur — Alpicos 
5  conantes  prohibere  transitu  concidit,  loca  patefecit, 
itinera  muniit,  effecit  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus  ire 
posset,  qua  antea  unus  homo  inermis  vix  poterat  re- 
pere.  Hac  copias  traduxit  in  Ttaliamque  pervenit. 

IV.  Conflixerat  apud  Rhodanum  cum  P.  Cornelio 
10  Scipione  consule  eumque  pepulerat.     Cum  hoc  eodem 

Clastidii  apud  Padum  decernit'  sauciumque  inde  ac 
fugatum  dimittit.  Tertio  idem  Scipio  cum  collega  Ti. 
Longo  apud  Trebiam  adversus  eum  venit.  Cum  els 
manum  conseruit,  utrosque  profligavit.  Inde  per  Li- 

15  gures  Appenninum  transiit,  petens  Etruriam.  Hoc  in 
itinere  adeo  gravi  morbo  afficitur  oculorum,  ut  postea 
numquam  dextro  aeque  bene  usus  sit.  Qua  valetu- 
dine  cum  etiamnum  premeretur  lecticaque  ferretur,  C. 
Flaminium  consulem  apud  Trasumenum  cum  exercitu 

20  insidiis  circumventum  occidit,  neque  multo  post  C. 
Centenium  praetorem  cum  delecta  manu  saltus  occu- 
pantem.  Hinc  in  Apuliam  pervenit.  Ibi  obviam  ei 
venerunt  duo  consules,  C.  Terentius  et  L.  Aemilius. 
Utriusque  exercitus  uno  proelio  fugavit,  Paulum  con- 

25  sulem  occidit  et  aliquot  praeterea  consulares,  in  els  Cn. 
Servilium  Geminum,  qui  superiore  anno  fuerat  consul. 

V.  Hac  pugna  pugnata  Romam  profectus  nullo  re- 

0**  '"*  '  I 

sistente  in  propinquis  urbi  montibus  moratus  est.    Cum 

aliquot  ibi  dies  castra  habuisset  et  Capuam  revertere- 

30  tur,  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  dictator  Romanus,  in  agro 

Falerno  ei  se  obiecit.     Hie  clausus  locorum  angustiTs 

noctii  sine  ullo  detrimento  exercitus  se  expedivit  Fa- 
* 


60  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

bioque,  callidissimo  imperatori,  dedit  verba;  namqtie 
obducta  nocte  sarmenta  in  cornibus  iuvencorum  deli- 
gata  incendit  eiusque  generis  multitudinem  magnam 
dispalatam  immisit.  Quo  repentino  visu  obiecto  tan- 
turn  terrorem  iniecit  exercitui  Ronjanorum,  ut  egredi  5 
extra  vallum  nemo  sit  ausus.  Hanc  post  rem  gestam 
non  ita  multis  diebus  M.  Minucium  Rufum,  magistrum 
equitum  par!  ac  dictatorem  imperio,  dolo  productum 
in,  proelium  fugavit.  Ti.  Sempronium  Gracchum,  ite- 
^rum  consulem,  ia.,Lucamg  absens  in  insidias  inductum  10 
sustulit.  M.  Claudium  Marcellum,  quinquiens  consu- 
lem, apud  Venusiam  pan  modo'Snterfecit.  Longum 
est  omnia  enumerare  proelia.  Quare  hoc  unum  satis 
erit  dictum,  ex  quo  intellegi  possit  quantus  ille  fuerit; 
quam  diu  in  Italia  fuit,  nemo  el  in  acie  restitit,  nemo  15 
adversus  eum  post  Cannensem  pugnam  in  campo  castra 
posuit. 

VI.  Hinc  invictus  patriam  defensum  revocatus  bel- 
lum  gessit  adversus  P.  Scipionem,  filium  eius  Scipionis 
quern  ipse  primo  apud  Rhodanum,  iterum  apud  Pa-  20 
dum,  tertio  apud  Trebiam  fugarat.    Cum  hoc  exhaustis 
iam  patriae  facultatibus  cupivit  impraesentiarum  bel- 
lum  componere,  quo  valentior  postea  congrederetur. 
Inde  colloquium  convenit,  condiciones  non  convene- 
runt.     Post  id  factum  panels  diebus  apud  Zamam  cum  25 
eodem   conflixit;   pulsus — incredibile   dictu — biduo   et> 
duabus  noctibus  Hadrumetum  pervenit,  quod  abest  ab 
Zama  circiter  milia  passuum  trecenta.      In   hac  fuga 
Numidae,  qui  simul  cum  eo  ex  acie  excesserant,  insi- 
diati  sunt  ei,  quos  non  solum  effugit,  sed  etiam  ipsos  30 
oppressit.     Hadrumeti  reliquos  e  fuga  cojlegit,  novis 
dilectibus  paucis  diebus  multos  contraxit. 


m 


O 

ffi 


HANNIBAL  6l 

VII.  Cum  in  apparando  acerrime  esset  occupatus, 
Carthaginienses  bellum  cum  Romanis  composuerunt. 
Ille  nihilo  setius  exercitui  postea  praefuit  resque  in 
Africa  gessit  usque  ad  P.  Sulpicium  C.  Aurelium  con- 
5  sules.  His  enim  magistratibus  legati  Carthaginienses 
Romam  venerunt,  qui  senatui  populoque  Romano 
gratias  agerent,  quod  cum  eis  pacem  fecissent,  ob 
eamque  rem  corona  aurea  eos  donarent  simulque  pe- 
terent  ut  obsides  eorum  Fregellis  essent  captivique 

10  redderentur.  His  ex  senatus  consulto  responsum  est: 
munus  eorum  gratum  acceptumque  esse;  obsides,  quo 
loco  rogarent,  futuros;  captivos  non  remissuros,  quod 
Hannibalem,  cuius  opera  susceptum  bellum  foret,  ini- 
micissimum  nomini  Romano,  etiamnum  cum  imperio 

15  apud  exercitum  haberent  itemque  fratrem  eius  Mago- 
nem.  Hoc  response  Carthaginienses  cognito  Hanni- 
balem domum  et  Magonem  revocarunt.  Hue  ut  rediit, 
rex  factus  est,  postquam  imperator  fuerat  anno  secundo 
et  vicesimo — ut  enim  Romae  consules,  sic  Carthagine 

20  quotannis  annul  bin!  reges  creabantur.  In  eo  magivS- 
tratu  pan  diligentia  se  Hannibal  praebuit  ac  fuerat  in 
bello.  Namque  effecit  ex  novis  vectigalibus  non  solum 
ut  esset  pecunia,  quae  Romams  ex  foedere  penderetur, 
sed  etiam  superesset,  quae  in  aerario  reponeretur. 

25  Deinde  M.  Claudio  L.  Furio  consulibus  Roma  legati 
Carthaginem  venerunt.  Hos  Hannibal  ratus  sui  ex- 
poscendi  gratia  missos,  priusquam  eis  senatus  daretur, 
navem  ascendit  clam  atque  in  Syriam  ad  Antiochum 
perfugit.  Hac  re  palam  facta  Poem  naves  duas,  quae 

30  eum  comprehenderent,  si  possent  consequi,  miserunt, 
bona  eius  publicarunt,  domum  a  fundamentis  disiece- 
runt,  ipsum  exsulem  iudicarunt. 


62  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

VIII.  At  Hannibal  anno  quarto  postquam  dcfrno 
profugerat,  L.  Cornelio  Q.  Minucio  consulibus,  cum 
qumque  navibus  Africam  accessit  in  finibus  Cyrenaeo- 
rum,  si  forte  Carthaginienses  ad  bellum  inducere  posset 
Antiochi  spe  fiduciaque,  cui  iam  persuaserat  ut  cum  5 
exercitibus  in  Italiam  proficisceretur.     Hue  Magonem 
fratrem  excivit.     Id  ubi  Poem  resciverunt,  Magonem 
eadem  qua  fratrem  absentem  affecerunt  poena.     111! 
desperatis  rebus  cum  solvissent  naves  ac  vela  ventis 
dedissent,  Hannibal  ad  Antiochum  per-venit.     De  Ma-  10 
gonis   interitu   duplex   memoria   prodita   est;   namque 
alii  naufragio,  alii  a  servulis  ipsius  interfectum   eum 
scriptum    reliquerunt.      Antiochus    autem    si    tarn    in 
gerendo  bello  consiliis  eius  parere  voluisset,  quam  in 
suscipiendo  instituerat,  propius  Tiber!  quam  Thermo-  15 
pylis  de  summa  imperil  dimicasset.     Quern  etsi  multa 
stulte  conari  videbat,  tamen  nulla  deseruit  in  re.    Prae- 
fuit  paucis  navibus,  quas  ex  Syria  iussus  erat  in  Asiam 
ducere,  eisque  adversus  Rhodiorum  classem  in  Pam- 
phylio  marl  conflixit.     In  quo  cum  multitudine  adver-  20 
sariorum  sui  superarentur,  ipse  quo  cornu  rem  gessit 
fuit  superior. 

IX.  Antiocho  fugato  verens  ne  dederetur,  quod  sine 
dubio  accidisset,  si  sui  fecisset  potestatem,  Crefam  ad 
Gortynios  venit,  ut  ibi  quo  se  conferret  conskleraret.  25 
Vidrt  autem  vif  omnium  callidissimiis  in  magno  se  fore 
periculo,  nisi  quid  providisset,  propter  avaritiam  Cre- 

-"-X-^VV^^»«^x^V 

tensium;  magnam  enim  secum  pecuniam  portabat,  de 
qua  sciebat  exisse  famam.     Itaque  capit  tale  consilium. 
Amphoras  complures  complet  plumbo,  summas  operit  30 
auro  et  argento.    Has  praesentibus  principibus  deponit 
in  templo  Dianae,  simulans  se  suas  fortunas  illorum 


HANNIBAL  63 

fidei  credere.  His  in  errorem  inductis  statuas  aeneas, 
quas  secum  portabat,  omm  sua  pecunia  complet  easque 
in  propatulo  domi  abicit.  Gortynii  templum  magna 
cura  custodiunt,  non  tarn  a  ceteris  quam  ab  Hannibale, 
5  ne  ille  inscientibus  els  tolleret  sua  secumque  duceret 

X.  Sic  coriservatis  suis  rebus  omnibus  Poenus  illfi- 
sis  Cretensibus  ad  Prusiam  in  Pontum  pervenit.  Apud 
quern  eodem  animo  fuit  erga  Italiam  neque  aliud  quic- 
quam  egit  quam  regem  armavit  et  exkcuit  adversus 

10  Romanes.  Quern  cum  videret  domesticis  opibus  minus 
esse  robustum,  conciliabat  ceteros  rqges,  adiungebat 
bellicosas  nationes.  Dissidebat  ab  eo  Pergamenus  rex 
Eumenes,  Romams  amicissimus,  bellumque  inter  eos 
gerebatur  et  marl  et  terra;  sed  utrobique  Eumenes 

15  plus  valebat  propter  Romanorum  societatem.  Quo 
magis  cupiebat  eum  Hannibal  opprimi;  quern  si  remo- 
visset,  faciliora  sibi  cetera  fore  arbitrabatur.  Ad  hunc 
interficiunclum  talem  iniit  rationem.  Classe  paucis 
diebus  erant  decreturi.  t  Superabatur  navium  multitu- 

20  dine;  dolo  eraf  pugnandum,  cum  par  non  esset  armis. 

Imperavit   quam   plurirnas   venenatas   serpentes   vivas 

colligi  easque  in  vasa  fictilia  conici.     Harum  cum  efife- 

'  cisset  magnam  multitudinem,  die  ipso,   quo  facturus 

erat  navale  proelium,  classiarios  convocat  eisque  prae- 

25  cipit,  omnes  ut  in  unam  Eumenis  regis  concurrant.na^ 
vem,  a  ceteris  tantum  satis  habeant  se  defendere.  Id 
illos  facile  serpentium  multitudine  conse^uturos.  Rex 
autem  in  qua  nave  veheretur,  ut  scire.m  se  facturum; 
quern  si  aut  cepissent  aut  interfecissent,  magno  els  pol- 

30  licetur  praemio  fore. 

XL  Tali  cohortatione  militum  facta  classis  ab  utris- 
que  in  proelium  deducitur.  Quarum  acie  constituta, 


64  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

priusquam  signum  pugnae  daretur,  Hannibal,  ut  palam 
faceret  suis  quo  loco  Eumenes  .esset,  tabellarium  in 
scapha  cum  caduceo  mittit.  Qui  ubi  ad  naves  adver- 
sariorum  pervenit  epistulamque  ostendens  se  regem 
professus  est  quaerere,  statim  ad  Eumenem  deductus  5 
est,  quod  nemo  dubitabat  quin  aliquid  de  pace  esset 
scriptum.  Tabellarius  ducis  nave  declarata  suis  eodem, 
unde  erat  egressus,  se  recepit.  At  Eumenes  soluta 
epistula  nihil  in  ea  repperit  nisi  quaead  irridendum  eiim 
I  pertinerent.  Cuius  rei  etsi  causam  "miralpatur  neque  10 
reperiebat,  tamen  proelium  statim  committere  non  du- 
bitavit.  Horum  in  concursu  Bithynii  Hannibalis  prae- 

cepto  universi  navem  Eumenis  adoriuntur.     Quorum 

. 
vim  rex  cum  susjinere  non  posset,  fuga  salutem  petnt, 

quam  consecutus  non  esset,  nisi  intra  sua  prsresidia  se  15 
recepisset,  quae  in  proximo  litore  erant  collocata.     Re- 
liquae  Pergamenae  naves  cum  adversarios  premerent 
acrius,  repente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibus  supra  men- 
tionem  fecimus,  conici  coepta  sunt.     Quae  iacta  initio 
risum  pugnantibus  concitarunt,  neque  quare  id  fieret  20 
poterat  intellegi.     Postquam  autem  naves  suas  opple- 
tas  conspexerunt  serpentibus,  nova  re  perterriti,  cum 
quid  potissimum  vitarent  non  viderent,  puppes  verte- 
runt  seque  ad  sua  castra  nautica  rettulerunt.     Sic  Han- 
nibal consilio  arma   Pergamenorum  superavit,   neque  25 
turn  solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus  copiis  pan  pru- 
dentia  pepulit  adversarios. 

XII.  Quae  dum  in  Asia  geruntur,  accidit  casu  ut 
legati  Prusiae  Romae  apud  T.  Quinctium  Flamininum 
consularem  cenarent,  atque  ibi  de  Hannibale  mentione  30 
facta  ex  els  unus  diceret  eum  in  Prusiae  fegno  esse. 
Id  postero  die  Flamimnus  senatui  detulit.    Patres  con- 


HANNIBAL  65 

script!,  qui  Hannibale  vivo  numquam  se  sine  insidiis 
futures  existimarent,  legates  in  Bithyniani  miserunt, 
in  eis  Flamininum,  qui  ab  rege  peterent  ne  inimicissi- 
mum  suum  secum  haberet  sibique  dederet.  His  Prusia 
5  negare  ausus  non  est;  illud  recusavit,  ne  id  a  se  fieri 
postularent,  quod  adversus  ius  hospitii  esset;  ipsi,  si 
possent,  comprehenderent;  locum,  ubi  esset,  facile  in- 
venturos.  Hannibal  enim  uno  loco  se  tenebat,  in  cas- 
tello,  quod  ei  a  rege  datum  erat  muneri,  idque  sic 

10  aedificarat,  ut  in  omnibus  partibus  aedificii  exitus  habe- 
ret, scilicet  verens  ne  usu  vemret  quod  accidit. 

Hue  cum  legati  Romanorum  venissent  ac  multitu- 
dine  domum  eius  circumdedissent,  puer  ab  ianua  pros- 
piciens  Hannibal!  dixit  plures  praeter  consuetudinem 

15  armatos  apparere.  Qui  imperavit  ei,  ut  omnes  fores 
aedificii  circumiret  ac  propere  sibi  nuntiaret  num 
eodem  modo  undique  obsideretur.  Puer  cum  celeriter 
quid  vidisset  renuntiasset  omnesque  exitus  occupatos 
ostendisset,  sensit  id  non  fortuito  factum,  sed  se  peti 

20  neque  sibi  diutius  vitam  esse  retinendam.  Quam  ne 
alieno  arbitrio  dimitteret,  memor  pristinarum  virtutum 
venenum,  quod  semper  secum  habere  consuerat,  sump- 
sit. 

XIII.  Sic  vir  fortissimus,  multis  variisque  perfunc- 

25  tus  laboribus,  anno  acquievit  septuagesimo.  Quibus 
consulibus  interierit  non  convenit.  Namque  Atticus 
M.  Claudio  Marcello  Q.  Fabio  Labeone  consulibus 
mortuum  in  annali  suo  scriptum  reliquit,  at  Polybius 
L.  Aemilio  Paulo  Cn.  Baebio  Tamphilo,  Sulpicius  au- 

30  tern  Blitno  P.  Cornelio  Cethego  M.  Baebio  Tamphilo. 

\.-~> &.  CLJcO^O  I  **\s.  I  -f  Sl  i-.  '^f^-*X^[^9     fJf* 

Atque  hie  tantus  vir  tantisque  bellis  districtus  non  nihil 
temporis  tribuit  littens,      Namque  aliquo^eius_]ibn_ 


66  CORNELII    NEPO'TIS 

_^/j-a-«>_^  ^"/^2_ 

sunt,  Graced  sermone  confecti,  in  eis  ad  Rhodios  de  Cn. 

V^k-^A-O  -\_A)  OL^V*» ^    -— C-£2— -*x*v<.i   -<Q     fy*'    i*v   &—^4—Z— .^^ 

Manlii  Volsonis  in  Asia  rebus  gestis.  Huius  belli  gesta 
multi  memoriae  prodiderunt,  sed  ex  eis  duo,  qui  cum 
eo  in  castris  fuerunt  simulque  vixerunt,  quamdiu  for- 
tuna  passa  est,  Silenus  et  Sosilus  Lacedaemonius.  At-  5 
que  hoc  Sosilo  Hannibal  litterarunf  Graecarum  usus' 
est  doctore/ 

Sed  nos  tempus  est  huius  libri  facere  finem  et  R6- 
manorum   explicare  imperatores,  quo  facilius  collatis 
utrorumque    factis,    qui    viri    praeferendi    sint    possit  10 
iudicari. 


EX    LIBRO 

CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

DE  LATINIS   HISTORICIS 


XIII.  ATTICUS 

I.  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  ab  origine  ultima  stirpis 
Romanae  generatus,  perpetuo  a  maioribus  acceptam 
equestrem  obtinuit  dignitatem.  Patre  usus  est  diligente 
et,  ut  turn  erant  tempora,  diti  imprimisque  studioso 

5  litterarum.  Hie,  prout  ipse  amabat  litteras,  omnibus 
doctrims  quibus  puenlis  aetas  impertiri  debet  filium 
erudivit.  Erat  autem  in  puero  praeter  docilitatem  in- 
genii  summa  suavitas  oris  atque  vocis,  ut  non  solum 
celeriter  acciperet  quae  tradebantur,  sed  etiam  excel- 
10  lenter  pronuntiaret.  Qua  ex  re  in  pueritia  nobilis  inter 
aequales  ferebatur  clariusque  exsplendescebat  quam 
generosi  condiscipuli  animo  aequo  ferre  possent.  Ita- 
que  incitabat  omnes  studio  suo,  quo  in  numero  fuerunt 
L.  Torquatus,  C.  Marius  filius,  M.  Cicero;  quos  con- 
is  suetudine  sua  sic  devinxit,  ut  nemo  els  perpetua  vita 
fuerit  carior. 

II.  Pater    mature    decessit.      Ipse    adulescentulus 
propter  affinitatem  P.  Sulpicii,  qui  tribunus  plebei  in- 
terfectus  est,  non  expers  fuit  illius  periculi;  namque 

67 


68  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

Anicia,  Pomponii  consobrina,  nupserat  Servio,  fratri 
Sulpicii.  Itaque  interfecto  Sulpicio  posteaquam  vidit 
Cinnano  tumultu  civitatem  esse  perturbatam  neque  sibi 
clan  facultatem  pro  dignitate  Vivendi,  quin  alterutram 
partem  offenderet,  dissociatis  animis  civium,  cum  alii  5 
Sullams,  alii  Cinnams  faverent  partibus,  idoneum  tern- 
pus  ratus  studiis  obsequendi  suis  Athenas  se  contulit. 
Neque  eo  setius  adulescentem  Marium  hostem  iudica- 
tum  iuvit  opibus  suis,  cuius  fugam  pecunia  sublevavit. 
Ac  ne  ilia  peregrmatio  detrimentum  aliquod  afferret  10 
rei  familiari,  eodem  magnam  partem  fortunarum  traie- 
cit  suarum.  Hie  ita  vixit,  ut  universis  Atheniensibus 
merito  esset  carissimus;  nam  praeter  gratiam,  quae  iam 
in  adulescentulo  magna  erat,  saepe  suis  opibus  inopiam 
eorum  publicam  levavit.  Cum  enim  versuram  facere  15 
publice  necesse  esset  neque  eius  condicionem  aequam 
haberent,  semper  se  interposuit,  atque  ita,  ut  neque 
usuram  umquam  ab  els  acceperit  neque  longius  quam 
dictum  esset  debere  passus  sit.  Quod  utrumque  erat 
els  salutare;  nam  neque  indulgendo  inveterascere  eo-  20 
rum  aes  alienum  patiebatur  neque  multiplicandis  usuris 
crescere.  Auxit  hoc  officium  alia  quoque  Hberalitate; 
nam  universos  frumento  donavit,  ita  ut  singulis  sen! 
modii  tritici  darentur,  qui  modus  mensurae  medimnus 
Athenis  appellatur.  25 

III.  Hie  autem  sic  se  gerebat,  ut  communis  infimis, 
par  principibus  videretur.  Quo  factum  est  ut  huic 
omnes  honores,  quos  possent,  publice  haberent  civem- 
que  facere  studerent;  quo  beneficio  ille  uti  noluit. 
Quamdiu  affuit,  ne  qua  sibi  statua  poneretur  restitit,  30 
absens  prohibere  non  potuit.  Itaque  aliquot  ipsi  et 
Phidiae  locis  sanctissimis  posuerunt;  hunc  enim  in 


ATTICUS  69 

omni  procuratione  rei  publicae  actorem  auctoremque 
habebant  potissimum.  Igitur  primum  illud  munus  for- 
tunae,  quod  in  ea  urbe  natus  est,  in  qua  domicilium 
orbis  terrarum  esset  imperil,  ut  eandem  et  patriam 
5  haberet  et  domum;  hoc  specimen  prudentiae,  quod, 
cum  in  earn  se  civitatem  contulisset,  quae  antiquitate, 
humanitate  doctrinaque  praestaret  omnes,  unus  ei  fuit 
carissimus. 

IV.    Hue   ex  Asia   Sulla   decedens   cum   venisset, 

10  quamdiu  ibi  fuit,  secum  habuit  Pomponium,  captus 
adulescentis  et  humanitate  et  doctrina.  Sic  enim 
Graece  loquebatur,  ut  Athenis  natus  videretur;  tanta 
autem  suavitas  erat  sermonis  Latini,  ut  appareret  in 
eo  nativum  quemdam  leporem  esse,  non  ascitum. 

15  Idem  poemata  pronuntiabat  et  Graece  et  Latine  sic,  ut 
supra  nihil  posset  addi.  Quibus  rebus  factum  est  ut 
Sulla  nusquam  eum  ab  se  dimitteret  cuperetque  secum 
deducere.  Cui  cum  persuadere  temptaret,  "  Noli,  oro 
te,"  inquit  Pomponius,  "  adversum  eos  me  velle  du- 

20  cere,  cum  quibus  ne  contra  te  arma  ferrem,  Italiam 
reliqm."  At  Sulla  adulescentis  officio  collaudato  omnia 
munera  ei,  quae  Athenis  acceperat,  proficiscens  iussit 
deferri. 

Hie  complures  annos  moratus,  cum  et  rei  familiari 

25  tantum  operae  daret,  quantum  non  indiligens  deberet 
pater  familias,  et  omnia  reliqua  tempora  aut  litteris  aut 
Atheniensium  rei  publicae  tribueret,  nihilo  minus  amT- 
cis  urbana  officia  praestitit;  nam  et  ad  comitia  eorum 
ventitavit  et,  si  qua  res  maior  acta  est,  non  defuit.  STcut 

30  Ciceroni  in  omnibus  eius  periculis  singularem  fidem 
praebuit;  cui  ex  patria  fugienti  sestertium  ducenta  et 
qumquaginta  milia  donavit,    Tranquillatis  autem  rebus 
6 


70  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

Romanis  remigravit  Romam,  ut  opinor  L.  Cotta  L. 
Torquato  consulibus;  quern  discedentem  sic  universa 
civitas  Atheniensium  prosecuta  est,  ut  lacrimis  desiderii 
futuri  dolorem  indicaret. 

V.  Habebat  avunculum  Q.  Caecilium,  equitem  R6-  5 
manum,    familiarem    L.    Luculli,    divitem,    difficillima 
natura;   cuius   sic   asperitatem   veritus   est,    ut,   quern 
nemo  ferre  posset,  hums  sine  offensione  ad  summam 
senectutem  retinuerit  benevolentiam.     Quo  facto  tulit 
pietatis  fructum.     Caecilius  enim  moriens  testamento  10 
adoptavit  eum  heredemque  fecit  ex  dodrante;  ex  qua 
hereditate   accepit   circiter   centiens   sestertium.      Erat 
nupta  soror  Attici  Q.  Tullio  Ciceroni,  easque  nuptias 
M.  Cicero  conciliarat,  cum  quo  a  condiscipulatu  vive- 
bat  coniunctissime,  multo  etiam  familiarius  quam  cum  15 
Quinto;  ut  iudicari  possit  plus  in  amicitia  valere  simili- 
tudinem  morum  quam  affmitatem.     Utebatur  autem 
intime  Q.  Hortensio,  qui  eis  temporibus  principatum 
eloquentiae  tenebat,  ut  intellegi  non  posset  uter  eum 
plus  diligeret,  Cicero  an  Hortensius;  et,  id  quod  erat  20 
difficillimum,  efficiebat  ut,  inter  quos  tantae  laudis  esset 
aemulatio,  nulla  intercederet  obtrectatio   essetque  ta- 
lium  virorum  copula. 

VI.  In  re  publica  ita  est  versatus,  ut  semper  opti- 
marum  partium  et  esset  et  existimaretur,  neque  tamen  25 
se  cTvilibus  fluctibus  committeret,  quod  non  magis  eos 

in  sua  potestate  existimabat  esse,  qui  se  his  dedissent, 
quam  qui  maritimls  iactarentur.  Honores  non  petiit, 
cum  ei  paterent  propter  vel  gratiam  vel  dignitatem; 
quod  neque  peti  more  maiorum  neque  cap!  possent  30 
conservatis  legibus  in  tarn  efTusis  ambitus  largitionibus 
neque  geri  e  re  publica  sine  penculo  corruptis  civitatis 


ATTICUS  71 

moribus.  Ad  hastam  publicam  numquam  accessit. 
Nullius  rei  neque  praes  neque  manceps  factus  est.  Ne- 
minem  neque  suo  nomine  neque  subscribens  accusavit, 
in  ius  de  sua  re  numquam  iit,  iudicium  nullum  habuit. 
5  Multorum  consulum  praetorumque  praefecturas  dela- 
tas  sic  accepit,  ut  neminem  in  provinciam  sit  secutus, 
honore  fuerit  contentus,  rei  familiaris  despexerit  fruc- 
tum;  qui  ne  cum  Quinto  quidem  Cicerone  voluerit  ire 
in  Asiam,  cum  apud  eum  legati  locum  obtinere  posset. 

10  Non  enim  decere  se  arbitrabatur,  cum  praeturam 
gerere  noluisset,  asseclam  esse  praetoris.  Qua  in  re 
non  solum  dignitati  serviebat,  sed  etiam  tranquillitati, 
cum  suspiciones  quoque  vitaret  criminum.  Quo  fiebat 
ut  eius  observantia  omnibus  esset  carior,  cum  earn  offi- 

15  cio,  non  timori  neque  spei  tribui  viderent. 

VII.  Incidit  Caesarianum  civile  bellum.     Cum  ha- 

beret  annos  circiter  sexaginta,  usus  est  aetatis  vaca- 

tione  neque  se  quoquam  movit  ex  urbe.     Quae  amicis 

1  suis  opus  fuerant  ad  Pompeium  proficiscentibus,  omnia 

20  ex  sua  re  familiari  dedit,  ipsum  Pompeium  coniunctum 
non  offendit.  Nullum  ab  eo  habebat  ornamentum,  ut 
ceteri,  qui  per  eum  aut  honores  aut  divitias  ceperant; 
quorum  partim  invitissimi  castra  sunt  secuti,  partim 
summa  cum  eius  offensione  domi  remanserunt.  Caesari 

25  autem  Attici  quies  tanto  opere  fuit  grata,  ut  victor, 
cum  privatis  pecunias  per  epistulas  imperaret,  huic  non 
solum  molestus  non  fuerit,  sed  etiam  sororis  filium  et 
Q.  Ciceronem  ex  PompeT  castris  concesserit.  Sic 
vetere  instituto  vitae  effugit  nova  pericula. 

30  VIII.  Secutum  est  illud.  OccTso  Caesare  cum  res 
publica  penes  Brutos  videretur  esse  et  Cassium,  ac 
tota  civitas  se  ad  ^os  convertisset,  sic  M,  Bruto  usus 


72  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

est,  ut  nullo  ille  adulescens  aequali  familiarius  quam 
hoc  sene,  neque  solum  eum  principem  consilii  haberet, 
sed  etiam  in  convictu.  Excogitatum  est  a  quibusdam, 
ut  privatum  aerarium  Caesaris  interfectoribus  ab  equiti- 
bus  Romams  constitueretur.  Id  facile  effici  posse  arbi-  5 
trati  sunt,  si  principes  eius  ordinis  pecunias  contulis- 
sent.  Itaque  appellatus  est  a  C.  Flavio,  Bruti  famili- 
ari,  Atticus,  ut  eius  rei  princeps  esse  vellet. 

At  ille,  qui  officia  amicis  praestanda  sine  factione 
existimaret  semperque  a  talibus  se  consiliis  removisset,  10 
respondit:  si  quid  Brutus  de  suis  facultatibus  uti  volu- 
isset,  usurum,  quantum  eae  paterentur,  se  neque  cum 
quoquam  de  ea  re  collocuturum  neque  coiturum.     Sic 
ille  consensionis  globus  huius  unius  dissensione  disiec- 
tus  est.     Neque  multo  post  superior  esse  coepit  Anto-  15 
nius,  ita  ut  Brutus  et  Cassius  omissa  cura  provinciarum, 
quae  els  dicis  causa  datae  erant  a  consule,  desperatis 
rebus  in  exsilium  proficiscerentur.     Atticus,  qui  pecu- 
niam  simul  cum  ceteris  conferre  noluerat  florenti  illi 
parti,  abiecto  Bruto  Italiaque  cedenti  sestertium  cen-  20 
turn  milia  muneri  misit.     Eidem  in  Epiro  absens  tre- 
centa  iussit  dari,  neque  eo  magis  potent!  adulatus  est 
Antonio  neque  desperatos  reliquit. 

IX.  Secutum  est  bellum  gestum  apud  Mutinam.   In 
quo  si  tantum  eum  prudentem  dicam,  minus  quam  de-  25 
beam  praedicem,  cum  ille  potius  divinus  fuerit,  si  di- 
vinatio  appellanda  est  perpetua  naturalis  bonitas,  quae 
nullis  casibus  agitatur  neque  minuitur.     Hostis  Anto- 
nius  iudicatus  Italia  cesserat;  spes  restituendi  nulla  erat. 
Non  solum  inimlcl,  qui  turn  erant  potentissimi  et  plu-  30 
rimT,  sed  etiam  qui  adversariis  eius  se  vgnditabant  et 
in  eo  laed^ndo  aliquam  consecuturos  sperabant  com- 


ATTICUS  73 

moditatem,  Antonii  familiares  insequebantur,  uxorem 
Fulviarn  omnibus  rebus  spoliare  cupiebant,  Hberos 
etiam  exstinguere  parabant.  Atticus,  cum  Ciceronis 
intima  familiaritate  uteretur,  amicissimus  esset  Bruto, 
5  non  modo  nihil  eis  indulsit  ad  Antonium  violandum, 
sed  e  contrario  familiares  eius  ex  urbe  profugientes, 
quantum  potuit,  texit,  quibus  rebus  indiguerunt,  adiu- 
vit.  Public  vero  Volumnio  ea  tribuit,  ut  plura  a  pa- 
rente  proficisci  non  potuerint.  Ipsi  autem  Fulviae, 

10  cum  litibus  distineretur  magnisque  terroribus  vexare- 
tur,  tanta  diligentia  officium  suum  praestitit,  ut  nullum 
ilia  stiterit  vadimonium  sine  Attico,  Atticus  sponsor 
omnium  rerum  fuerit.  Quin  etiam,  cum  ilia  fundum 
secunda  fortuna  emisset  in  diem  neque  post  calamita- 

15  tern  versuram  facere  potuisset,  ille  se  interposuit  pecu- 
niamque  sine  faenore  sineque  ulla  stipulatione  credidit, 
maximum  existimans  quaestum,  memorem  gratumque 
cognosci,  simulque  aperiens  se  non  fortunae,  sed  homi- 
nibus  solere  esse  amicum. 

20  Quae  cum  faciebat,  nemo  eum  temporis  causa 
facere  poterat  existimare;  nemini  enim  in  opinionem 
veniebat  Antonium  rerum  potiturum.  Sed  sensus  eius 
a  nonnullis  optimatibus  reprehendebatur,  quod  parum 
odisse  malos  elves  videretur.  Ille  autem,  sui  iudicii, 

25  potius  quid  se  facere  par  esset  intuebatur  quam  quid 
alii  laudaturi  forent. 

_X.  Conversa  subito  fortuna  est.  Ut  Antonius  rediit 
in  Italiam,  nemo  non  magno  in  periculo  Atticum  puta- 
rat  propter  intimam  familiaritatem  Ciceronis  et  Bruti. 

30  Itaque  ad  adventum  imperatorum  de  foro  decesserat, 
timens  proscriptionem,  latebatque  apud  P.  Volum- 
nium,  cui,  ut  ostendimus,  paulo  ante  opem  tulerat — 


74  CORNELIl    NEPOTIS 

tanta  Varietas  els  temporibus  fuit  fortunae,  ut  modo  hi, 
modo  ill!  in  summo  essent  aut  fastigio  aut  penculo — 
habebatque  secum  Q.  Gellium  Canum,  aequalem  simil- 
limumque  sui.  Hoc  qtioque  Attici  bonitatis  exem- 
plum,  quod  cum  eo,  quern  puerum  in  ludo  cognorat,  5 
adeo  coniuncte  vixit,  ut  ad  extremam  aetatem  amicitia 
eorum  creverit.  Antonius  autem,  etsi  tanto  odio  fere- 
batur  in  Ciceronem,  ut  non  solum  ei,  sed  etiam  omnibus 
eius  amicis  esset  inimicus  eosque  vellet  proscribere 
multis  hortantibus,  tamen  Attici  memor  fuit  officii  et  10 
ei,  cum  requisisset  ubinam  esset,  sua  manu  scripsit,  ne 
timeret  statimque  ad  se  veniret:  se  eum  et  eius  causa 
Canum  de  proscriptorum  numero  exemisse.  Ac  ne 
quod  periculum  incideret,  quod  noctu  fiebat,  praesi- 
dium  ei  misit.  Sic  Atticus  in  summo  timore  non  solum  15 
sibi,  sed  etiam  ei  quern  carissimum  habebat,  praesidio 
fuit,  ut  appareret  nullam  seiunctam  sibi  ab  eo  velle 
fortunam.  Quod  si  gubernator  praecipua  laude  effer- 
tur,  qui  navem  ex  hieme  manque  scopuloso  servat,  cur 
non  singularis  eius  existimetur  prudentia,  qui  ex  tot  20 
tamque  gravibus  procellis  civilibus  ad  incolumitatem 
pervenit? 

XL  Quibus  ex  mails  ut  se  emersit,  nihil  aliud  egit 
quam   ut   quam   plurimis,   quibus   rebus   posset,   esset 
auxilio.     Cum  proscriptos  praemiis  imperatorum  vul-  25 
gus  conquireret,  nemo  in  Epirum  venit,  cui  res  ulla 
defuerit,   nemini   non   ibi   perpetuo   manendi   potestas 
facta  est;  quin  etiam  post  proelium  Philippense  interi- 
tumque  C.  Cassii  et  M.  Bruti  L.  lulium  Mocillam  prae- 
torium  et  filium  eius  Aulumque  Torquatum  ceterosque  30 
pan  fortuna  perculsos  instituit  tueri  atque  ex  Epiro 
els  omnia  Samothraciam  supportari  iussit.    Difficile  est 


ATTICUS  75 

omnia  persequi  et  non  necessarium.  Illud  unum  intel- 
legi  volumus,  illius  Hberalitatem  neque  temporariam 
neque  callidam  fuisse.  Id  ex  ipsis  rebus  ac  temporibus 
iudicari  potest,  quod  non  florentibus  se  venditavit,  sed 
5  afflictis  semper  succurrit;  qui  quidem  Serviliam,  Bruti 
matrem,  non  minus  post  mortem  eius  quam  florentem 
coluerit.  Sic  Hberalitate  utens  nullas  inimicitias  gessit, 
quod  neque  laedebat  quemquam  neque,  si  quam  inm- 
riam  acceperat,  non  malebat  oblivisci  quam  ulcisci. 
10  Idem  immortali  memoria  percepta  retinebat  beneficia; 
quae  autem  ipse  tribuerat,  tarn  diu  meminerat,  quoad 
ille  gratus  erat  qui  acceperat.  Itaque  hie  fecit  ut  vere 
dictum  videatur: 

Suf  cuique  mores  fingunt  fortunam  hominibus. 

15  Neque  tamen  ille  prius  fortunam  quam  se  ipse  finxit, 
qui  cavit  ne  qua  in  re  iure  plecteretur. 

XII.  His  igitur  rebus  effecit  ut  M.  Vipsanius 
Agrippa,  intima  familiaritate  coniunctus  adulesc.enti 
Caesari,  cum  propter  suam  gratiam  et  Caesaris  poten- 

20  tiam  nullius  condicionis  non  haberet  potestatem,  potis- 
simum  eius  deligeret  affinitatem  praeoptaretque  equitis 
Romani  filiam  generosarum  nuptiis.  Atque  haruni 
nuptiarum  conciliator  fuit — non  est  enim  celandum — 
M.  Antonius,  triumvirum  rei  publicae  constituendae. 

25  Cuius  gratia  cum  augere  possessiones  posset  suas,  tan- 
turn  afuit  a  cupiditate  pecuniae,  ut  nulla  in  re  iisus  sit 
ea  nisi  in  deprecandis  amicorum  aut  periculis  aut  in- 
commodis. 

Quod  quidem  sub  ipsa  proscriptione  perillustre  fuit. 

30  Nam  cum  L.  Saufei  equitis  Romani,  aequalis  suT,  qui 
complures  annos  studio  ductus  philosophiae  habitabat 


76"  CORNELII    NEP,OTIS 

Athenis  habebatque  in  Italia  pretiosas  possessiones, 
tresviri  bona  vendidissent  consuetudine  ea  qua  turn  res 
gerebantur,  Attici  labore  atque  industria  factum  est  ut 
eodem  nuntio  Saufeius  fieret  certior  se  patrimonium 
amisisse  et  recuperasse.  Idem  L.  lulium  Calidum,  5 
quern  post  Lucretii  Catullique  mortem  multo  elegan- 
tissimum  poetam  nostram  tulisse  aetatem  vere  videor 
posse  contendere,  neque  minus  virum  bonum  optimis- 
que  artibus  eruditum,  post  proscriptionem  equitum 
propter  magnas  eius  Africanas  possessiones  in  pros-  10 
criptorum  numerum  a  P.  Volumnio,  praefecto  fabrum 
Antonii,  absentem  relatum  expedivit.  Quod  in  prae- 
senti  utrum  el  laboriosius  an  gloriosius  fuerit,  difficile 
est  iudicare,  quod  in  eorum  periculis  non  secus  ab- 
sentes  quam  praesentes  amicos  Attico  esse  curae  cog-  15 
nitum  est. 

XIII.  Neque  vero  ille  minus  bonus  pater  familias 
habitus  est  quam  civis;  nam  cum  esset  pecuniosus, 
nemo  illo  minus  fuit  emax,  minus  aedificator.  Neque 
tamen  non  imprimis  bene  habitavit  omnibusque  opti-  20 
mis  rebus  usus  est;  nam  domum  habuit  in  colle  Quiri- 
nali  Tamphilianam,  ab  avunculo  hereditate  relictam, 
cuius  amoenitas  non  aedificio,  sed  silva  constabat — 
ipsum  enim  tectum  antiquitus  constitutum  plus  salis 
quam  sumptus  habebat — in  quo  nihil  commutavit,  nisi  25 
si  quid  vetustate  coactus  est.  Usus  est  familia,  si  utili- 
tate  iudicandum  est,  optima;  si  forma,  vix  mediocri. 
Namque  in  ea  erant  pueri  litteratissimi,  anagnostae  op- 
timi  et  plurimi  librarii,  ut  ne  pedisequus  quidem  quis- 
quam  esset  qui  non  utrumque  horum  pulchre  facere  30 
posset;  pan  modo  artifices  ceteri,  quos  cultus  domesti- 
cus  desiderat,  apprime  bom.  Neque  tamen  horum 


ATTICUS  77 

quemquam  nisi  clomi  natum  domique  factum  habuit; 
quod  est  signum  non  solum  continentiae,  sed  etiam 
diligentiae.  Nam  et  non  intemperanter  concupiscere, 
quod  a  plurimis  videas,  continents  debet  duel,  et  po- 
5  tius  industria  quam  pretio  parare  non  mediocris  est 
diligentiae.  Elegans,  non  magnificus,  splendidus,  non 
sumptuosus;  omnisque  diligentia  munditiam,  non  afflu- 
entiam  affectabat.  Supellex  modica,  non  multa,  ut  in 
neutram  partem  conspici  posset. 

10  Nee  praeteribo,  quamquam  nonnullis  leve  visum  in 
putem,  cum  imprimis  lautus  esset  eques  Romanus  et 
non  parum  Kberaliter  domum  suam  omnium  ordinum 
homines  invitaret,  non  amplius  quam  terna  milia  pe- 
raeque  in  singulos  menses  ex  ephemeride  eum  expen- 

15  sum  sumptui  ferre  solitum.  Atque  hoc  non  auditum, 
sed  cognitum  praedicamus;  saepe  enim  propter  fami- 
liaritatem  domesticis  rebus  interfuimus. 

XIV.  Nemo  in  convivio  eius  aliud  acroama  audivit 
quam  anagnosten,  quod  nos  quidem  iucundissimum  ar- 

20  bitramur;  neque  umquam  sine  aliqua  lectione  apud 
eum  cenatum  est,  ut  non  minus  animo  quam  ventre 
convivae  delectarentur.  Namque  eos  vocabat,  quorum 
mores  a  suis  non  abhorrerent.  Cum  tanta  pecuniae 
facta  esset  accessio,  nihil  de  cottidiano  cultu  mutavit, 

25  nihil  de  vitae  consuetudine,  tantaque  usus  est  modera- 
tione,  ut  neque  in  sestertio  viciens,  quod  a  patre  ac- 
ceperat,  parum  se  splendide  gesserit  neque  in  sestertio 
centiens  affluentius  vixerit,  quam  instituerat,  parique  , 
fastigio    steterit   in    utraque    fortuna.      Nullos    habuit 

30  hortos,  nullam  suburMnam  aut  maritimam  sumptu- 
osam  villam,  neque  in  Italia,  praeter  Arretinum  et  No- 
mentanum,  rusticum  praedium,  omnisque  eius  pecu- 


78  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

niae  reditus  constabat  in  Epiroticis  et  urbanis  posses- 
sionibus.  Ex  quo  cognosci  potest  usum  eum  pecuniae 
non  magnitudine,  sed  ratione  metiri  solitum. 

XV.  Mendacium  neque  dicebat  neque  pati  poterat. 
Itaque  eius  comitas  non  sine  severitate  erat  neque  gra-  5 
vitas  sine  facilitate,  ut  difficile  esset  intellectu  utrum 
eum  amici  magis  vererentur  an  amarent.     Quidquid 
rogabatur,   religiose  promittebat,   quod  non  liberates, 
sed  leves  arbitrabatur  polliceri  quod  praestare  non  pos- 
sent.    Idem  in  tenendo  quod  semel  aniiuisset  tanta  erat  10 
cura,  ut  non  mandatam,  sed  suam  rem  videretur  agere. 
Numquam  suscepti  negotii  eum  pertaesum  est;  suam 
enim  existimationem  in  ea  re  agi  putabat,  qua  nihil 
habebat  carius.     Quo  fiebat  ut  omnia  Ciceronum,  M. 
Catonis,  Q.  Hortensii,  A.  Torquati,  multorum  praeter-  15 
ea  equitum  Romanorum  negotia  procdraret.     Ex  quo 
iudican  potest  non  inertia,  sed  iudicio  fugisse  rei  publi- 
cae  procurationem. 

XVI.  Humanitatis  vero  nullum  afferre  maius  testi- 
monium   possum,    quam    quod    adulescens   idem    sen!  20 
Sullae  fuit  iucundissimus,  senex  adulescenti  M.  Bruto, 
cum  aequalibus  autem  suis  Q.  Hortensio  et  M.  Cice- 
rone sic  vixit,  ut  iudicare  difficile  sit  cui  aetati  fuerit 
aptissimus.     Quamquam  eum  praecipue  dilexit  Cicero, 
ut  ne  frater  quidem  ei  Quintus  carior  fuerit  aut  fami-  25 
liarior.     Ei  rei  sunt  indicio  praeter  eos  libros  in  quibus 
de  eo  facit  mentionem,  qui  in  vulgus  sunt  editi,  sedecim 
volumina  epistularum,  ab  consulatu  eius  usque  ad  ex- 
tremum  tempus  ad  Atticum  missarum;  quae  qui  legat, 
non  multum  desideret  historiam  contextam  eorum  tern-  30 
porum.     Sic  enim  omnia  de  studiis  principum,  vitiis 
ducum,  mutationibus  rei  publicae  perscripta  sunt,  ut 


ATTICUS  79 

nihil  in  eis  non  appareat  et  facile  existimari  possit  pru- 
dentiam  quodam  modo  esse  divinationem.  Non  enim 
Cicero  ea  solum,  quae  vivo  se  acciderunt,  futura  prae- 
dixit,  sed  etiam,  quae  nunc  usu  veniunt,  cecinit  ut  vates. 
5  XVII.  De  pietate  autem  Attici  quid  plura  com- 
memorem?  Cum  hoc  ipsum  vere  gloriantem  audierim 
in  funere  matris  suae,  quam  extulit  annorum  nonaginta, 
cum  ipse  esset  septem  et  sexaginta,  se  numquam  cum 
matre  in  gratiam  redisse,  numquam  cum  sorore  fuisse 

10  in  simultate,  quam  prope  aequalem  habebat.  Quod  est 
signum  aut  nullam  umquam  inter  eos  querimoniam  in- 
tercessisse,  aut  hunc  ea  fuisse  in  stios  indulgentia,  ut, 
quos  amare  deberet,  irasci  eis  nefas  duceret.  Neque  id 
fecit  natura  solum,  quamquam  omnes  ei  paremus,  sed 

15  etiam  doctrina;  nam  principum  philosophorum  ita  per- 
cepta  habuit  praecepta,  ut  eis  ad  vitam  agendam,  non 
ad  ostentationem  uteretur. 

XVIII.    Moris   etiam   maiorum   summus   imitator 
fuit  antiquitatisque  amator,  quam  adeo  diligenter  ha- 

20  buit  cognitam,  ut  earn  totam  in  eo  volumine  exposuerit, 
quo  magistrates  ordinavit.  Nulla  enim  lex  neque  pax 
neque  bellum  neque  res  illustris  est  populi  Romani, 
quae  non  in  eo  suo  tempore  sit  notata,  et,  quod  diffi- 
cillimum  fuit,  sic  familiarum  onginem  subtexuit,  ut  ex 

25  eo  clarorum  virorum  propagines  possimus  cognoscere. 
Fecit  hoc  idem  separatim  in  aliis  HbrTs,  ut  M.  Bruti 
rogatu  luniam  familiam  a  stirpe  ad  hanc  aetatem  ordine 
enumeraverit,  notans  quis  a  quo  ortus  quos  honores 
quibusque  temporibus  cepisset;  pan  modo  Marcelli 

30  Claudii  Marcellorum,  Scipionis  Cornelii  et  Fabii  Maxi- 
mi  Fabiorum  et  Aemiliorum.  Quibus  libris  nihil  potest 
esse  dulcius  eis  qui  aliquam  cupiditatem  habent  noti- 


80  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

tiae  clarorum  virorum.  Attigit  poeticen  quoque,  cre- 
dimus,  ne  eius  expers  esset  suavitatis.  Namque  versi- 
bus  de  els  qui  honore  rerumque  gestarum  amplitudine 
ceteros  populi  Roman!  praestiterunt  exposuit  ita,  ut 
sub  singulorum  imaginibus  facta  magistratusque  eo-  5 
rum  non  amplius  quaterms  quimsve  versibus  descrip- 
serit;  quod  vix  credendum  sit  tantas  res  tarn  breviter 
potuisse  declarari.  Est  etiam  unus  liber  Graece  con- 
fectus,  de  consulatu  Ciceronis. 

XIX.  Haec  hactenus  Attico  vivo  edita  a  nobis  sunt.  10 
Nunc,  quoniam  fortuna  nos  superstites  ei  esse  voluit, 
reliqua  persequemur  et,  quantum  potuerimus,  rerum 
exemplis  lectores  docebimus,   sicut  supra  significavi- 
mus,  suos  cuique  mores  plerumque  conciliare  fortunam. 
Namque  hie  contentus  ordine  equestri,  quo  erat  ortus,  15 
in  affinitatem  pervenit  imperatoris,  Divi  filii,  cum  iam 
ante  familiaritatem  eius  esset  consecutus  nulla  alia  re 
quam   elegantia  vitae,   qua  ceteros   ceperat   principes 
civitatis  dignitate  pan,  fortuna  humiliores.    Tanta  enim 
prosperitas  Caesarem  est  consecuta,  ut  nihil  ei  non  tri-  20 
buerit  fortuna  quod  cuiquam  ante  detulerat,  et  concili- 
arit,  quod  nemo  adhuc  civis  Romanus  quivit  consequi. 
Nata  est  autem  Attico  neptis  ex  Agrippa,  cui  virginem 
filiam  collocarat.    Hanc  Caesar  vix  anniculam  Ti.  Clau- 
dio   Nerom,   Drusilla  nato,   privigno   suo,   despondit;  25 
quae  coniunctio  necessitudinem  eorum  sanxit,  famili- 
aritatem reddidit  frequentiorem. 

XX.  Quamquam  ante  haec  sponsalia  non  solum, 
cum  ab  urbe  abesset,  numquam  ad  suorum  quemquam 
litteras  mlsit,  qmn  Attico  scriberet  quid  ageret,  im-  30 
primls  quid  legeret  quibusque   in  locis  et  quam   diu 
esset  moraturus,  sed  etiam,  cum  esset  in  urbe  et  propter 


ATTICUS  8l 

mfimtas  suas  occupationes  minus  saepe  quam  vellet  At- 
tico  frueretur,  nullus  dies  temere  intercessit  quo  non 
ad  eum  scriberet,  cum  modo  aliquid  de  antiquitate  ab 
eo  requireret,  modo  aliquam  quaestionem  poeticam  el 
5  proponeret,  interdum  iocans  eius  verbosiores  eliceret 
epistulas.  Ex  quo  accidit,  cum  aedis  lovis  Feretrii  in 
Capitolio,  ab  Romulo  constituta,  vetustate  atque  in- 
curia  detecta  prolaberetur,  ut  Attici  admonitu  Caesar 
earn  reficiendam  curaret.  Neque  vero  a  M.  Antonio 

10  minus  absens  litteris  colebatur,  adeo  ut  accurate  ille  ex 
ultimis  terns  quid  ageret  curae  sibi  haberet  certiorem 
facere  Atticum.  Hoc  quale  sit,  facilius  existimabit  is 
qui  iudicare  poterit  quantae  sit  sapientiae  eorum  reti- 
nere  usum  benevolentiamque,  inter  quos  maximarum 

15  rerum  non  solum  aemulatio,  sed  obtrectatio  tanta  in- 
tercedebat,  quantam  fuit  necesse  inter  Caesarem  atque 
Antonium,  cum  se  uterque  principem  non  solum  urbis 
Romae,  sed  orbis  terrarum  esse  cuperet. 

XXI.  Tali  modo  cum  septem  et  septuaginta  annos 

20  complesset  atque  ad  extremam  senectutem  non  minus 
dignitate  quam  gratia  fortunaque  crevisset — multas 
enim  hereditates  nulla  alia  re  quam  bonitate  consecu- 
tus  est — tantaque  prosperitate  usus  esset  valetudinis, 
ut  annis  triginta  medicina  non  indiguisset,  nactus  est 

25  morbum,  quern  initio  et  ipse  et  medici  contempserunt; 
nam  putarunt  esse  tenesmon,  cui  remedia  celeria  faci- 
liaque  proponebantur.  In  hoc  cum  tres  menses  sine 
ullis  doloribus,  praeterquam  quos  ex  curatione  capie- 
bat,  consumpsisset,  subito  tanta  vis  morbi  in  imum  in- 

30  testinum  prorupit,  ut  extremo  tempore  per  lumbos 
fistulae  puris  eruperint.  Atque  hoc  priusquam  ei  acci- 
deret,  postquam  in  dies  dolores  accrescere  febresque 


82  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

accessisse  sensit,  Agrippam  generum  ad  se  arcessi  iussit 
et  cum  eo  L.  Cornelium  Balbum  Sextumque  Peducae- 
um.  Hos  ut  venisse  vidit,  in  cubitum  innixus  "  Quan- 
tam,"  inquit,  "  curam  dlligentiamque  in  valetudine 
mea  tuenda  hoc  tempore  adhibuerim,  cum  vos  testes  5 
habeam,  nihil  necesse  est  pluribus  verbis  commemo- 
rare.  Quibus  quoniam,  ut  spero,  satisfeci,  me  nihil  re- 
liqui  fecisse,  quod  ad  sanandum  me  pertineret,  reli- 
quum  est  ut  egomet  mihi  consulam.  Id  vos  ignorare 
nolui;  nam  mihi  stat  alere  morbum  desinere.  Namque  10 
his  diebus,  quidquid  cibi  sumpsi,  ita  produxi  vitam,  ut 
auxerim  dolores  sine  spe  salutis.  Quare  a  vobis  peto, 
primum  ut  consilium  probetis  meum,  deinde  ne  frustra 
dehortando  impedire  conemim." 

XXII.  Hac  oratione  habita  tanta  constantia  vocis  15 
atque  vultus,  ut  non  ex  vita,  sed  ex  domo  in  domum 
videretur  migrare,  cum  quidem  Agrippa  eum  flens  at- 
que osculans  oraret  atque  obsecraret  ne  id  quod 
natura  cogeret  ipse  quoque  sibi  acceleraret,  et,  quo- 
niam turn  quoque  posset  temporibus  superesse,  se  sibi  20 
suisque  reservaret,  preces  eius  taciturna  sua  obstina- 
tione  depressit.  Sic  cum  biduum  cibo  se  abstinuisset, 
subito  febris  decessit  leviorque  morbus  esse  coepit. 
Tamen  propositum  nihilo  setius  peregit  itaque  die 
quinto  postquam  id  consilium  inierat,  pridie  Kal.  25 
Apriles  Cn.  Domitio  C.  Sosio  consulibus  decessit.  Ela- 
tus  est  in  lectlcula,  ut  ipse  praescripserat,  sine  ulla  pom- 
pa  funeris,  comitantibus  omnibus  boms,  maxima  vulgi 
frequentia.  Sepultus  est  iuxta  viam  Appiam  ad  quin- 
tum  lapidem  in  nioniimento  Q.  Caecilii,  avunculi  sui.  30 


NOTES 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  THE  NOTES  AND 
VOCABULARY 


abl.,  ablative. 
abs.,  absolute. 
ace.,  accusative. 
adj.,  adjective. 
adv.,  adverb. 

comp.  or  compar.,  comparative. 
cond.,  condition. 
conj.,  conjunction. 
dat.,  dative. 
decl.,  declension. 
def.,  defective. 
dem.,  demonstrative. 
dep.,  deponent. 
dim.,  diminutive. 
disc.,  discourse. 
distr. ,  distributive. 
f.,  feminine. 
freq.,  frequentative. 
fut,  future. 
gen.,  genitive. 
ger. ,  gerundive. 
Gk.,  6r^£. 
impers.,  impersonal. 
impf.,  imperfect. 
indecl.,  indeclinable. 
indef.,  indefinite. 
ind.,  indirect. 
84 


indie.,  indicative. 

inf.,  infinitive. 

intens.,  intensive. 

irr.,  irregular. 

lit.,  literally. 

loc.,  locative. 

m.,  masculine. 

n.  and  neut.,  nettter. 

nom.,  nominative. 

num.,  numeral. 

part.,  participle. 

pass.,  passive. 

pers.,  personal. 

pf.  or  perf.,  perfect. 

pi.  or  plur.,  plural. 

plup.,  pluperfect. 

prep.,  preposition. 

pres.,  present. 

pron.,  pronoun,  pronominal. 

quest.,  question. 

rel.,  relative. 

sc.,  understand. 

sing.,  singular. 

subj.,  subjunctive. 

superl.,  superlative. 

trans.,  transitive. 


N  OTES 

References  are  made  to  Latin  grammars  as  follows:  W.,  West  ;  B.,  Ben- 
nett ;  A.  G.,  Allen  and  Greenough  ;  H.,  Harkness. 

I.    ARISTIDES 
LINE  Page  i 

1.  I.  Aristides  ('ApioWSrjs).     The  date  of  his  birth  is  unknown.     He 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  in  490  B.  c.,  and  the  next  year,  489, 
was  elected  to  the  archonship,  the  highest  executive  office  at  Athens. 
He  was  ostracized  in  483  or  482.     He  is  supposed  to  have  died  in 
468  B.  c. 

2.  Themistocll,  as  far  as  its  form  goes,  may  be  either  gen.   or  dat. 

Parisyllabic  Greek  names  in  -es  form  their  gen.  in  either  -is  or  -I. 
aequalis,  when  used  as  a  noun  as  here,  usually  takes  the  possessive 
genitive,  and  so  Themistocll  is  probably  gen.  W.  352  ;  B.  238  ;  A.  G. 
234.  d.  i  ;  H.  451.  2.  N.  i. 

1.  aequalis  fere  :  "  nearly  of  equal  age  with." 

2.  atque  and    the  shorter  form  ac  are  used  in  Nepos  without  distinc- 

tion. Tn  earlier  Latin  atque  seems  to  have  stood  only  before  words 
beginning  with  a  vowel. 

3.  obtrectarunt  :   contracted  for  obtrectaverunt.     Nepos  regularly  con- 

tracts the  v  perfects  of  verbs. 

3.  in  his  :  "  in  the  case  of  these  two  men." 

4.  quanto  :  abl.  degree  of  difference.     W.  393  ;  B.  223  ;  A.  G.  250;  H. 

479- 

•  4.  antistaret :  subj.  of  ind.  quest.  It  is  a  secondary  tense,  depending 
upon  the  perf.  def.  cogmtum  est.  W.  467  ;  B.  268.  i  ;  A.  G.  287.  a  ; 
H.  546.  Translate  :  "  it  has  been  made  apparent  how  much  elo- 
quence has  the  advantage  over  uprightness." 

5.  adeo  .  .  .  ut  used  correlatively  :   "so  .  .  .  that." 

5.  abstinentia  :  abl.  of  specification.     W.  396  ;  B.  226  ;  A.  G.  253  ;  H. 

480.  3. 
7.  ut  .  .  .  appellatus  sit  :  a  result  clause.     Notice  that  the  perf.  subj. 

appelldtus  sit  is  a  primary  tense,  although  it  depends  on  a  secondary 
1  85 


86  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

tense  of  the  indie.  W.  469  ;  B.  268.  6  ;  A.  G.  287.  c  and  Remark ; 
H.  550. 

7.  audierimus :    perf.  subj.  of  characteristic  after  iinus.     W.  589  ;   B. 
283.  2  ;  A.  G.  320.  b  ;  H.  591.  3. 

6.  quidem  :  emphasizes  the  restrictive  force  of  the  clause.     Translate  : 

"  as  far  as  I  have  heard." 

7.  cognomine  :  abl.  of  specification. 

8.  ilia  :  the  demons,  ille  when  placed  after  its  noun  regularly  denotes 

"  that  well-known  "  Nepos  refers  to  the  well-known  Athenian  prac- 
tise of  ostracism,  by  which  a  man  might  be  temporarily  banished  from 
the  city  by  the  vote  of  the  people  if  his  presence  was  thought  to 
endanger  the  liberty  or  democracy  of  the  people.  Ostracism  was 
introduced  at  Athens  in  509  B.  c.  and  abolished  in  417  B.  c.  It  was 
so  called  from  the  ostracon  (oo-Tpcutov),  potsherd,  Lat.  testula,  which 
was  used  as  a  ballot. 

8.  exilio:  abl.  of  penalty.     W.  367  ;  B.  208.  2.  b  ;  A.  G.  220.  b.  i  ;  H. 
456.  3- 

9.  annorum  :  gen.  of  measure.     W.  354  ;  B.  203.  2  ;  A.  G.  215.  b\  H. 
440.  3. 

9.  qui  quidem  with  the   indie,  connects   its  clause  closely  with  what 
goes  before,     quidem  can  not  be  translated  by  any  one  word  in  Eng- 
.  lish.     qul  is  equivalent  to  the  pers.  pron.  he. 
9.  cum  intellegeret :  subj.  with  cum  temporal.     W.  536;  B.   288.  B  ; 

A.  G.  325  ;  H.  600.  II.     The  subjunctives  in  this  sentence  depend 
upon  quaeslsse  dtcitur,  which  though  primary  in  form  is  secondary  in 
sense.     The  sense  is  the  same  as  if  Nepos  had  written  quaeslvit  ab  eo 
ut  dlcitur. 

12.  ab  eo  :  "  of  him."     Like  the  English  he  asked  of  him. 

10.  cedens  :  the  pres.  part,  denotes  simultaneous  action,  "as  he  was  start- 
ing to  go  away  (from  the  assembly)." 

11.  ut   pelleretur :    a   substantive   clause    expressing    purpose   used    as 

the  object  of  scrlbentem.  W.  511  ;  B.  295.  I  ;  A.  G.  331  ;  II . 
564. 

12.  quare  faceret,  quid   commisisset :  both  ind.  questions.     W.  601 ; 

B.  315  ;  A.  G.  334;  H.  642. 

13.  cur  duceretur :  a  result  clause  equivalent  to  ut  duceretur.     cur  has 
here  the   force  of  a  case  of  qul ;  "  why  (=  for  which)  he   should  be 
thought   worthy."     W.   581,  586    2  ;  B.    284.   2  ;  A.   G.   319.   2  ;  H. 

59^4- 

13.  poena :  abl.  after  dlgnus.     W.  396  ;  B.  226.  2  ;  ^  G.  245.  a.  i  ;  H. 
481. 


NOTES  87 

LINE 

14.  cui  :  "  to  him."  The  relative  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  is  fre- 
quently used  instead  of  a  demonstrative.  It  has  no  relative  force  in 
its  own  sentence,  but  is  used  merely  to  make  a  closer  connection  with 
what  has  gone  before. 

14.  respondit :  governs  indirect  discourse.     The  principal  verbs  must  be 
in  the  infinitive  and  in  the  same  tense  as  the  man  actually  used.     The 
subordinate  verbs  must  be  subjunctive  and  follow  the  rule  for  sequence 
of  tenses,  depending  on  respondit. 

15.  laborasset :  =  laboravisset. 

18.  sexto  anno  quam  :  "  in  the  sixth  year  after,"  or  in  better  English, 
"six  years  after."  anno  is  abl.  of  time  when,  quam  —  postquam. 
tost  is  frequently  omitted  after  definite  expressions  of  time. 

Page  2 

1.  II.  pugnae  navali:  dat.  after  a  compound  of  inter.     W.  332;  B. 
187.  Ill  ;  A.  G.  228  ;  H.  429. 

1.  Salamina  :  ace.  sing,  of  the  Greek  3d  decl.     W.  91  ;  B.  47.  I  ;  A. 

G.  63.  a  ;  H.  109.  3.  The  battle  of  Salamis  was  fought  in  480  B.  c. 
At  this  battle  Aristides  was  the  leader  of  a  body  of  Athenian  troops 
which  inflicted  a  severe  defeat  on  a  force  of  Persians  that  had  been 
landed  from  the  fleet.  Nepos  seems  to  treat  slightingly  the  impor- 
tance of  this  service. 

2.  priiis  quam  liberaretur :  subj.   in  temporal  clause.     W.   534 ;    B. 

292;  A.  G.  327;  H.  605.  Translate:  "before  being  recalled  from 
banishment." 

2.  Idem  :  really  the  nom.  sing,  masc.,  "  the  same  man,"  but  is  equivalent 
to  the  Eng.  adv.  also. 

3.  praetor :  a  translation  of  the  Greek  ffTpari)y6s  general,  which  was  a 
purely  military  office,  while  the  office  of  praetor  at  Rome  combined 
both  military  and  civil  functions. 

3.  Plataeas  :  after   the  defeat  at  Salamis  the  Persian  land  forces  with- 
drew to  Boeotia,  where  in  the  following  year,  479  B.  c.,  under  the 
lead   of  Mardonius,  they  were   defeated   at   the   battle   of  Plataea. 
Names  of  Greek    towns  have  usually  the  plural  form,  as  Athenae, 
Thebae,  Plataeae.     Some  of  these  are  made   into    English   plurals, 
as   Athens,    Thebes  ;    others   are   changed    to    a   singular    form,    as 

-     Plataea. 

4.  barbarorum :  used  in  the  Greek  sense,  to  mean  in  general  all  non- 

Greek-speaking  peoples,  and  in  particular,  as  here,  Persians. 
4.  fusus  :  sc.  est> 


88  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

5.  neque  :  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  is  never  to  be  translated  nor. 
If  it  is  not  used  correlatively  with  another  neque  it  means  either  and 
.  .  .  not,  or,  as  here,  but .  .  .  not. 

5.  aliud  ullum  quam  memoria  :  "  there  was  no  other  noteworthy  act  in 
his  military  career  than  the  memory  of  this  campaign  "  ;  an  inaccurate 
statement  ;  he  means  that  the  campaign  itself,  and  not  the  memory  of 
it,  was  noteworthy.  Translate  :  "  than  what  is  recorded  of  him  in  this 
campaign." 

7.  multa  :  sc.  facia. 

7.  quod:  conj.  "that." 

8.  factum  est  .  .  .  ut :  "it  was  brought  about  .  .  .  that."     The  ut  intro- 
duces a  clause  of  result. 

9.  quo  duce :  abl.  absolute. 

12.  et  marl  et  terra  :  "  on  sea  as  well  as  on  land."     The  common  expres- 
sion for  on  land  and  sea  is  terra  marlque.     Nepos  means  something 
different  from  this.     The  Spartans  were  always  acknowledged  leaders 
on  land,  but  before  this  time  they  had  been  the  leaders  on  the  sea  as 
well. 

13.  Aristldis  :  to  be  taken  with  iustitid. 

15.  hos  duces :  two  ace.  after  a  verb  of  choosing.     W.  317  ;  B.  177  ;  A. 

G.  239.  i.  a  ;  H.  410. 
17.  III.  quos  quo  :  "  that  they  might  drive  them  back  the  more  easily." 

17.  quo  :  =  ut  eo,  introducing  a  clause  of  purpose,     quos  :  the  Persians. 

18.  si  conarentur  :  a  less  vivid  future  condition.     It  is  attracted  from  a 
pres.  to  an  imperf.  subj.  because  it  is  a  subordinate  verb  in  a  sentence 
of  which  the  principal  verb   is  delectus  est,  a  secondary  tense.     The 
apodosis  is  repellerent,  which  has  been  changed  from  the  pres.  subj. 
for  the  same  reason. 

19.  pecuniae  :  part.  gen.  after  quantum.     W.  357  ;  B.  201.  2  ;  A.  G.  216. 
3  :  H.  443. 

20.  daret :  subj.  of  indirect  question  after  the  interrog.  quantum. 

21.  quadringena  et  sexagena:  the  distributive  numeral  is  used  because 
of  the  distributive  quotannls  with  which  it  stands.     The  English  uses 
the  simple  cardinal,  "  460  talents  a  year."     This  would  be  about  equal 
to  $500,000. 

21.  Delum  :  ace.  of  motion  toward.     W.  325.  2  ;  B.  182.  I  ;  A.  G.  258.  b  ; 
H.  418. 

22.  id :  refers  to  Delum,  which  is  fern.     It  is  attracted  to  the  neut.  by 
aerdrium  in  its  own  clause. 

23.  quae    omnis  pecunia  :  "  all  this  money  "  ;    namely,  all   the  money 
which  by  yearly  contribution  had  been  collected  at  Delos. 


NOTES  89 

LINE 

24.  hie  :  "but  of  what  self-restraint  he  was,"  returning  to  the  subject  of 
Aristides. 

24.  fuerit  :  subj.  in  hid.  question. 

25.  cum    praefuisset :  subj.  with  cum  concessive.     The  plup.  depends 
upon  decessit. 

27.  ut  reliquerit  :  perf.  subj.  in  a  result  clause  depending  on  the  second- 
ary tense  of  decessit.     W.  469  ;  B.  268.  6  ;  A.  G.  287.  c.  note  ;  H.  550. 

26.  qui  efferretur  :  "  the  wherewithal  to  be  buried,"  or  more  simply,  "  the 
means  of  burial."     qui  is  here  the  adverb,  equivalent  to  an  abl.  of 
means.     Aristides  must  have   been  well  to  do  earlier  in  life,  since  in 
489  B.  c.  he  was  elected  to  the  archonship,  an  office  which  under  the 
laws  of  Solon,  then  in  force,  was  open   only  to  the  richest  class  of 
citizens.     These  were   called  pentacosiomedimni  (Trei/To/coo-tojueS^i/ot), 
or  those  who  had  a  yearly  income  equivalent  to  500  medimni  of  corn, 
or  about  750  bushels.     After  the  Persian  Wars,  by  the  legislation  of 
Aristides,  the  office  of  archon  was  thrown  open  to  the  whole  body  of 
citizens. 

27.  piiblice  :  at  the  expense  of  the  state. 

28.  dotibus  datis  :  abl.  abs.,  translate  :  with  dowries. 

29.  post  annum  quartum  quam  :  =  anno  quarto  postquam,  "  four  years 

after." 


II.    CIMON 
Page  3 

1.  I.  Cimon  (Kfyuoi/).    The  date  of  his  birth  is  unknown.     The  period  of 
his  public  activity  extended  from  the  Persian  Wars,  480  B.C.,  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  449  B.  c. 

2.  usus  est  :  "experienced."     Observe  that  utor  is  used  much  more 

widely  than  Eng.  use. 

3.  cum  potuisset :  a  causal  clause. 

3.  lltem  aestimatam  :  "the  fine  imposed." 

7.  nisi  solvisset  :  a  future  condition  thrown  back  into  past  time.  A.  G. 
307.  /.  The  plup.  subj.  represents  a  fut.  perf.  tense.  Nepos's  story  of 
the  imprisonment  of  Cimon  is  not  told  elsewhere,  and  probably  is  not 
true.  According  to  Athenian  law  the  loss  of  political  rights  was  the 
only  punishment  that  could  be  inflicted  on  him. 

7.  germanam  :  usually  of  the  same  father  and  mother  ;  here  of  the  same 
father  only. 


90  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


8.  Elpinicen  :  Gk.  ace.  sing,  ist  decl. 

9.  eodem  patre:  abl.  of  source.     "For  the  Athenians  are  allowed  to 

marry  the  daughters  of  their  own  fathers." 

10.  huius  coniugii  cupidus  :  lit.  "desirous  of  this  marriage"  ;  translate: 
"  desiring  to  marry  her." 

11.  Callias  quidam  :  "  a  man  by  the  name  of  Callias." 

13.  ut  sibi  daret :  "  that  he  [Cimon]  should  give  to  him  [Callias]."     The 
reflexive  sibi  refers  back  to  the  subject  of  egit  in  the  main  clause. 

13.  impetrasset  —  impetrdvisset :  a  fut.  condition  in  ind.  disc,  depending 
on  a  secondary  verb  of  saying  implied  in  egit.     The  apodosis  solutu- 
rum  decides  that  it  is  a  fut.  condition,     impetrasset  may  stand  for 
either  a  fut.  perf.  ind.  or  perf.  subj.  of  the  direct  discourse. 

14.  is  :  an  emphatic  he. 

15.  cum  aspernaretur  :  a  concessive  clause. 

17.  se  nupturam  :  ind.  disc,  introduced  by  a  dlxit  supplied  from  negavit. 

"  She  said  that  she  would  not  permit  .  .  .  but  that  she  would  marry." 

18.  si  praestitisset  :  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc. 

19.  II.  tali  modo  :  "in  this  way." 

19.  custodia  :  abl.  of  separation. 

20.  satis  eloquentiae  :  "  considerable  eloquence."    Satis  takes  a  part.  gen. 

21.  cum  .  .  .  turn  :   "both  .  .  .  and." 

22.  a  puero  :  "  from  boyhood." 

23.  fuerat  versatus  =  versatus  erat. 

24.  plurimum  valuit  auctoritate  :  "  was  highest  in  authority." 

Page  4 

1.  primum  imperator  :  "at  first,  as  general";  contrast  iterum  impe- 
rdtor,  below,  "  the  second  time  he  was  made  general." 

1.  Strymona :  Gk.  ace.  of  3d  decl.  This  battle  of  the  Strymon 
occurred  in  476  B.  c.  With  regard  to  the  next  two  historic  events 
referred  to,  Nepos  is  very  much  in  error.  The  attempted  founding  of 
Amphipolis  by  10,000  Athenians  occurred  in  467,  but  was  not  con- 
ducted by  Cimon.  The  battle  of  Mycale  was  in  479  B.C.,  in  which 
the  Greeks  under  Leotychides  and  Xanthippus  were  victorious. 
Nepos  means  evidently  not  the  battle  of  Mycale,  but  the  battle  of  the 
Eurymedon  in  469  B.  c.  At  any  rate,  Nepos  has  not  mentioned  the 
events  in  their  chronological  order. 

4.  Cypriorum   et   Phoenicum  :    it  was   a   Persian   fleet   composed   of 
Cyprian  and  Phoenician  tributaries. 

5.  devictam  cepit :  translate  :  "  he  defeated  and  captured." 


NOTES  91 

LINE 

6.  par!  fortuna  :  abl.  after  usus  est,  "he  enjoyed." 

8.  maximam  vim  :  "  a  very  large  force." 

9.  magna  praeda  :  abl.  after  potitus. 

11.  propter  acerbitatem  imperil  defecerant :  "  had  revolted  because  of 
the  harshness  of  their  [the  Athenians']  rule." 

11.  bene  animatas  :  "  those  that  were  well  disposed." 

12.  Scyrum  :  Cimon  made  his  expedition  to  Scyros  in  476  B.  c. 

13.  Dolopes :  an  ancient  tribe  which  lived  in  Thessaly. 

13.  contumacius  se  gesserant :  they  had  practised  piracy  and  refused 
to  pay  the  fine  imposed  upon  them  for  it.  Nepos  states  this  as  a  fact, 
and  hence  uses  the  indie,  with  quod  causal.  The  subj.  of  gesserant  is 
the  inhabitants  of  Scyros,  which  has  to  be  implied  from  the  context. 

15.  agros  civibus  dlvlsit :  he  allotted  their  land  to  citizens  of  Athens. 

15.  Thasios  :  Nepos  is  again  inaccurate  in  his  statement.     He  says  that 
Cimon  subdued  the  Thasians  merely  by  coming  to  them.     As  a  matter 
of  fact,  they  held  out  for  two  years,  467-465  B.  c. 

16.  opulentia  :  abl.  after  fretos.     W.  386-389  ;  B.  218.  3  ;  A.  G.  254.  b\ 

H.  476.  i. 

16.  his  ex  manubiis:  "with  these  spoils"  =  with  the  spoils  from  them. 
He  refers,  however,  not  merely  to  the  Thasians,  as  we  might  expect, 
but  to  the  various  peoples  whom  Cimon  had  subdued. 

17.  arx  Athenarum  :  the  Acropolis. 

17.  qua:  adv.,  translate:  "  on  its  southern  slope." 

18.  III.  cum  unus  maxime  floreret :  a  clause  of  cause.     "Since  he  was 
most  popular  of  all." 

19.  quam  :  rel.,  translate  :  "  as." 

20.  testarum  suffragiis  :  see  Arist.  I.  1.  8.     This  happened  in  463  B.  c. 
22.  paenituit :  impers.,  takes  the  ace.  of  the  person  and  the  gen  of  the 

cause  of  the  feeling.     W.  368  ;  B.  209  ;  A.  G.  221.  b  ;  H.  457. 

25.  notae  eius  virtutis  :  "his  well-recognized  bravery." 

26.  post  annum  quintum  quam  :    see   Arist.,  last   sentence.     He  was 

recalled  in  457  B.  c. 

27.  hospitio  Lacedaemoniorum  :  refers  to  a  definite  office  which  he 
held,  that  of  proxenus  (irpo^evos}.     It  was  his  official  duty  to  receive 
and  entertain  and  protect  at  Athens  all  Spartans  who  came  there  on 
public  or  private  business.     The  office  corresponded  roughly  to  that 
of  a  consul  to  a  foreign  city  at  the  present  time. 

31.  pacemque  conciliavit  :  the  peace  was  not  concluded  till  451  B.  C. 

32.  post  neque  ita  multo  (post) :   "  after  that,  though  not  long  after." 

multo  is  abl.  of  degree  of  difference.     W.  393  ;  B.  223  ;  A.  G.  250 ; 
H.  479- 


92  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

82.  Cyprum  :  ace.  of  motion.     This  expedition  and  his  death  occurred  in 
449  B.  c. 

Page  5 

3.  Citio  :  in  apposition  with  oppido. 
5.  IV.  tanta  Hberalitate  :  abl.  of  quality. 
7.  cum  haberet :  concessive  clause.     Translate  ut  before  it. 
7.  in  els  custodem  posuerit :  "  he  never  stationed  a  guard  in  them." 
7.  posuerit :  peif.  subj.  in  a  clause  of  result  depending  on  a  secondary 
tense.     W.  469  ;  B.  268.  6  ;  A.  G.  287.  c  \  H.  550. 

7.  fructus  servandi  :  the  gerundive  construction. 

8.  ne  quis  :  remember  that  quis  after  si  and  ne  is  equivalent  to  aliquis. 
8.  quominus  frueretur  :    a   result    clause    after   verbs   of  hindering  is 

regularly  introduced  by  quominus.     Translate  :   "  from  enjoying." 

8.  els   rebus :    abl.   after  fruor.     W.    387  ;    B.    218.    I  ;    A.  G.  249  ; 

H.  477.  i. 

9.  quibus  :  understand  after  vellet  an  infinitive/rwz  to  govern  quibus. 

10.  opis  eius  :  "his  aid"  ;  gen.  after  indiged.     W.  370  ;  B.  214.  I.  N.  2  ; 

A.  G.  223  ;  H.  458.  2. 

11.  quod  statim  daret  :  "  something  to  give  on  the  spot";  a  relative 

clause  expressing  purpose. 

11.  differendo  :  gerund.     '*  That  he  might  not  by  putting  him  off  seem  to 

refuse." 

12.  aliquem  offensum  fortunae  :   "Any  one  who  had  offended  fortune," 

and  so  was  suffering  punishment  at  the  hands  of  fortune. 

12.  fortunae  :  dat.  after  ob  in  comp. 

13.  cum  videret :  "  whenever  he  saw  "  ;  equivalent  to  a  general  condition, 
which  is  usually  expressed  not  by  the  subj.  as  here,  but  by  the  indie. 
W.  535  ;  B.  288.  3  ;  A.  G.  322  ;  H.  601.  4. 

14.  invocatos :  "  who  had  received  no  invitation."     The  in-  is  neg.  in 
this  form. 

15.  vidisset  :  a  kind  of  ind.  disc,  representing  a  fut.  perf.  in  the  mind  01 

Cimon.     Translate  :  "  those  whom  he  should  see." 

16.  nulll :  dat.  after  de  in  composition. 

18.  unde  efferrentur :  lit.  "  the  means  from  which  to  be  buried."     Com- 
pare Arist.  III.  1.  26  ;  qul  ejferretur.  which  expresses  the  same  idea. 

19.  sic   se  gerendo :    "by  so  conducting  himself."     We  should  expect 
Cimon  to  be  the  subject.     There  is  the  same  fault  with  the  Latin  as 
with  the  lit.  Eng.  translation. 

20.  acerba :  regretted  by  his  countrymen. 


NOTES  93 


III.    CHABRIAS 
Page  6 

1.  I.  Chabrias  (Xafyias).  The  date  of  his  birth  is  unknown.  He  was 
a  prominent  Athenian  general  during  the  period  of  Spartan  suprem- 
acy. In  378  B.  c.  he  was  sent  in  command  of  an  Athenian  army  to 
aid  Thebes  against  the  Peloponnesians  under  Agesilaus.  In  376  he 
defeated  the  Spartans  in  a  battle  off  Naxos.  In  361  he  commanded 
the  ships  of  the  Egyptians  in  their  rebellion  against  Persia.  He  was 
killed  in  357  at  the  siege  of  Chios. 

1.  quoque  :  adv.  "  also." 

2.  habitus  est  :  "was  considered  among." 

3.  ex  els  :  refers  to  res  memorid  dignas. 

4.  Boeotis  subsidio  :  construction  of  two  datives.     W.  345  ;  B.  191.  2  ; 
A.  G.  233.  a  ;   H.  433.     This  refers  to  the  expedition  of  378  B.  c. 

6.  fugatis  catervis  :  abl.  abs.  ab  eo  refers  to  Agesilaus,  and  expresses 
the  agent  with  the  pass.  part.  It  is  quite  superfluous  here. 

6.  reliquam  phalangem  :  not  the  rest  of  the  phalanx,  as  usual,  but 

the  phalanx  which  was  still  remaining.     The  mercenaries  who  had 
fled  did  not  form  part  of  the  phalanx,  which  was  the  closely  drawn 
up  body  of  heavy  armed  troops. 
7.*  loco  :  abl.  of  separation. 

7.  obnixo  genii :  abl.  abs.     scuto  is  dat.  depending  on  obnlxo.     "  With 
the  knee  braced  against  the  shield." 

8.  id  novum  :  "  this  novelty." 

10.  usque  eo  .  .  .  ut :  "to  such  a  degree  .  .  .  that." 

11.  tota  Graecia  :   "  throughout  all  Greece"  ;  a  loc.  abl. 

11.  illo  statu :   "in  that  posture." 

12.  statuam  quae  :  "  the  statue  which  was  erected  to  him  in  public." 

14.  artifices :  participants  in  public  contests  other  than  athletes,  as  musi- 
cians, declaimers,  etc. 

15.  uterentur  :  "chose." 

16.  II.  administravit  :   "  conducted  for  the  government  "  ;  distinguished 
from 

17.  sua  sponte  gessit :   "  conducted  on  his  own  account." 

18.  adiutum  :  former  supine  after  profectus.     Chabrias  made  two  visits 
of  this  kind   to  Egypt.     The  first,  to  aid  Nectenebis  I,  was  in  379 

-  B.  c.     It  was  then  that  the  Persians  requested  the  Athenians  to  recall 
him,  and  not  during  his  second  visit  as  Nepos  says  in  III,  1.  5- 

19.  Cyprl :  loc.     This  occurred  in  388  B.  c.,  so  that  Nepos  is  again  dis- 
regarding the  chronological  order  in  his  narrative. 


94  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

21.  bello  :  abl.  of  manner. 

21.  devinceret  :  subj.  to  express  the  purpose  in  the  mind  of  Chabrias. 
A  simple  clause  with  prius  quam  would  regularly  be  indie. 

25.  magnas  praedas  faciebat  :  "  from  whom  he  received  great  advan- 
tages," not  booty  in  the  literal  sense,  praedas  is  here  used  almost  as 
slang,  as  though  we  should  say  he  made  a  great  haul. 

Page  7 

2.  cum  Agesilao  cederet  :  causal ;  "  since  he  would  (=  wished  to)  be 
second  to  Agesilaus  in  nothing." 

3.  class!  .  .  .  copiis  :  dat.  after prae  in  composition.     W.  332  ;  B.  187. 

Ill  ;  A.  G.  228  ;  H.  429.     This  second  expedition  to  Egypt  was  in 
361  B.  c. 
6.  III.  Athenas  :  ace.  of  motion  to. 

6.  questum  :  former  supine  from  queror. 

7.  quod  gereret  :  subj.  with  quod  causal.     The  king's  generals  repre- 

sented to  the  Athenians  that  Chabrias  was  carrying  on  war  against 
the  king. 

8.  quam  ante  :  =  ante  quam. 

8.  nisi  redisset  :  a  future  condition  put  into  ind.  disc,  and  depending 

upon    the    secondary  tense  denuntidrunt.       In  the   direct  the  form 
was  redieris,  a  fut.  perf.  ind. 

9.  capitis  :  gen.  of  penalty.     W.  3'Jy  ;  B.  208.  2.  a  ;  A.  G.  220.  a  ;  H. 
456. 

9.  denuntiarunt  :  =  denuntiaverunt. 

9.  hoc  nuntio  :  abl.  of  cause. 
11.  non  libenter  erat :  "he  did  not  like  to  be." 

13.  liberalius  quam  ut  posset  effugere :  "too  freely  to  be  able  to 
avoid."  posset  \s  subj.  of  result. 

15.  civitatibus  :  dat.  after  commune.     W.  333  ;  B.  192  ;  A.  G.  234  ;  H. 

434- 

16.  quos  videant  :  subj.  of  characteristic.     W.  587  ;  B.  283  ;  A.  G.  320  ; 

H.  591.  i. 

16.  altius  :  "  too  high." 

17.  intueantur  :  governed  by  ut  and  in  the  same  construction  as  sit  and 
detrahant. 

18.  quoad  plurimum  :  equivalent  to  quam  plurimum  poterat. 

21.  quantum  recesserint  :  subordinate  verb  in  ind.  disc.  We  should 
expect  the  plup.  subj.,  since  the  introductory  verb putdbant  is  second- 
ary. Instead  the  primary  tense  of  the  direct  disc,  is  kept  to  make  it 
more  vivid.  W.  608  ;  B.  318  ;  A.  G.  336.  a  ;  H.  644.  i. 


NOTES  95 


22.  Conon,     Iphicrates,    Timotheus,    Chares :     Athenian    military 

leaders  of  the  fourth  century.     Conon  commanded  the  Athenian  fleet 

in  the  last  part  of  the  Peloponnesian  War.     Timotheus  was  his  son. 

Nepos  has  written  monographs  on  all  these  men  except  Chares. 
24.  horum :  gen.  after  dissimilis.     W.  352  ;  B.  204.  3  ;  A.  G.  234.  d.  2  ; 

H.  435-  4-  N. 

24.  et  factis  et  moribus  :  abl.  of  characteristic. 
26.  IV.  bello  social!  :  357-355  B.  c.,  occasioned  by  the  revolt  of  Rhodes, 

Cos,   Chios,   and  Byzantium  from  Athens.     The  death  of  Chabrias 

occurred  in  the  first  year  of  the  war. 
28.  privatus  :  he  was  serving  as   a  private  ;  that  is,  he  had  no  official 

commission. 
30.  qui  praeerant :  supply  eos  as  the  antecedent  of  qul. 

30.  quae  res  :  "  this  circumstance,"  namely,  the  high  esteem  in  which  he 

was  held. 

31.  dum  studet :  regularly  with  the  pres.  ind.     W.  533  ;  B.  293  ;  A.  G. 
276.  e  ;  H.  533.  4. 

32.  sibi  perniciei :  construction  of  two  dat.     W.  345  ;  B.  191.  2  ;  A.  G. 
233.  a  ;  H.  433. 

Page  8 

1.  ceterae  non  sunt  secutae :  naves  has  to  be  understood  as  the  subject. 

2.  quo  facto  :  abl.  abs. 

3.  pugnaret :  a  temporal  clause.     The  subj   of  course  is  Chabrias. 

4.  cum  posset :  concessive. 

4.  si  deiecisset :  non-fulfilled  condition. 

5.  quod  suberat :  indie,  because  it  is  the  reason  that  Nepos  himself 
gives. 

5.  quae  exciperet :  relative  clause  of  purpose. 
7.  fuerat  vectus  :  =  vectus  erat. 
7.  nando  :  gerund  ;  abl.  of  means. 


IV.    IPHICRATES 
Page  9 

1.  I.  Iphicrates  ('I^t/cpctTrjj).  We  do  not  know  the  dates  of  his  birth  or 
death.  His  public  activity  extended  from  about  392  B.  c.  to  about 
350  B.  c. 

1.  magnitudine  .  .  .  disciplina :  abl.  of  cause. 


96  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

4.  de  maioribus  :  to  be  taken  with  quisquam^  equivalent  to  a  part,  gen., 
"  predecessors." 

4.  natu  :  the  latter  supine. 

5.  multum  :  neut.  ace.  used  adverbially. 

6.  culpa  :  abl.  of  cause:   "through  any  fault  of  his,"  contrasted  with 
consilid,  management,  tact. 

7.  tantum  eo  valuit  :  "he  was  so  effective  in  it,"  namely,  consilio. 

8.  ut  attulerit  .  .  .  fecerit :  perf.  subj.  in  result  clauses  after  secondary 
verbs.     "  He  added  many  inventions  (nova)  and  made  many  improve- 
ments (melidra}."    Strictly,  multa  has  no  construction  in  the  sentence. 
In  apposition  with  it  stands  partim  nova  partim  melidra.     We  may 
translate  :   "  that  he  made  many  changes  in   military  tactics,  partly 
adding  inventions,  partly  making  improvements." 

9.  pedestria  arma  :  "  equipment  of  the  infantry." 

10.  ilium  imperatorem :  "his  command";  lit.  before  him  general, 
imperdtorem  in  app.  with  ilium. 

10.  clipels  or  parma :  a  round  shield,  whereas  pelta  was  a  crescent- 
shaped  shield,  parma  and  pelta  are  both  Greek  words,  foreign  to 
Latin.  "  Although  before  him  they  used  large  shields,  he  put  the 
pelta  in  place  of  \hz  parma" 

12.  a  quo  :  neut.  =  a  qua  re. 

13.  ut  essent  leviores  :  purpose. 

13.  hastae  modum  :  "  the  measure,  i.  e.  the  length,  of  the  spear." 
15.  pro  sertis  atque  aeneis  (loricis) :  "  instead  of  breastplates  of  link 
mail  and  bronze,  he  gave  them  linen  ones."     They  were  made  of 
several  thicknesses  of  linen  stiffened  with  a  preparation  of  salt  and 
vinegar. 

17.  quod  corpus  tegeret :  subj.  of  characteristic.  "  He  provided  some- 
thing which  protected  the  body  equally  well  (as  bronze  or  link  mail), 
and  was  light." 

19.  II.  bellum  cum  Thraecibus :  389-387  B.  c. 

20.  apud   Corinthum  :  in   the  Corinthian  War,  393-391   B.  c.      Nepos 
again  neglects  the  chronological  order. 

21.  nullae  .  .  .  neque  :  the  double  negative  here  equals  a  strong  affirma- 
tive.    W.  662  ;  B.  347.  2  ;  A.  G.  209.  a.  3  ;  H.  656.  2. 

23.  ut  fuerint  :  perf.  subj.  of  result  after  secondary  verbs. 

23.  dicto  audientes  .  .  .  duel :  dicto  is  dat.  after  audientes.  W.  330 ; 
B.  187.  II  ;  A.  G.  227  ;  H.  426.  The  phrase  dicto  audientes  is  equiv- 
alent to  an  adj.  of  obeying,  and  governs  the  dat.  duel. 

23.  in  earn  consuetudinem  .  .  .  ut :  "to  such  a  state  of  discipline  .  .  . 
that." 


NOTES  97 

LINE 

24.  cum  signum  esset  datum  :  subj.  by  attraction,  depending  upon  the 
subj.  ut .  .  .  consisterent. 

25.  consisterent :  the  subj.  is  copiae  understood,  which  is  the  implied 
object  of  adduxit. 

26.  singuli  dispositi :  "  stationed  individually." 

Page  10 

1.  moram  :  a  Spartan  word  (p6pa)  to  denote  a  division  of  the  infantry 

consisting  of  from  400  to  goo  men. 

2.  quod  :  =  quae  res. 

2.  tota  :  placed  so  far  from  Graecia,  with  which  it  is  construed,  for 
emphasis  ;  '*  over  the  whole  of  Greece." 

2.  Graecia  :  loc.  abl. 

2.  iterum  eodem  bello  :  namely,  the  Corinthian  War.  Nepos's  state- 
ment here  is  wrong. 

5.  cum  voluit  :  temporal  clause  with  the  indie,  in  secondary  tense  to 
denote  definite  time.  W.  535  ;  B.  288  ;  A.  G.  325.  a  ;  H.  600.  The 
_date  of  this  Egyptian  expedition  was  377~374  B.  c. 

5.  Iphicraten  :  Greek  ace.,  1st  decl. 

6.  quern  praeficeret  :  subj.  of  purpose. 

7.  mllium :  gen.  of  measure. 

8.  quem  quidem  :  refers  to  exercitut. 

9.  Fabiani  milites  :   "  the  soldiers  of  Fabius."     This  evidently  refers 
to  Fabius  Cunctator,  the  famous  Roman  general  in  the  second  Punic 
War. 

9.  Romae :  loc. 

11.  subsidio  Lacedaemoniis  :  two  dat.  ;  369  B.  c. 

12.  impetus :  ace.  pi. 

12.  nisi  appropinquasset  (=  appropinqudvissef] :  condition  non-fulfilled 
in  past  time. 

14.  captam  delessent  (=  delevissenf) :  "before  they  had  captured  and 
destroyed  it." 

15.  III.  animo  magno,   imperatoria  forma:  abl.   quality.     W.   394; 

B.  224  ;  A.  G.  251  ;  H.  473.  2. 

16.  ipso  aspectu  :  "  by  his  very  appearance." 

16.  cuivis  :  "  in  any  one." 

17.  sui  :  obj.  gen.  of  the  pers.  pron. 

18.  ut  .  .  .  prodidit :  ut  with  the  indie,  means  as. 

18.  Theopompus  :  a  Greek  historian  of  the  fourth  cent.  He  wrote  the 
history  of  Greece  from  410  to  394,  and  a  long  work  on  the  reign  of 
Philip  of  Macedon. 


98  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

19.  cum  .  .  .  turn  :  used  especially  when  the  more  particular  fact,  as  here, 

follows. 

20.  in  liberls  tuendis  :  gerundive. 
20.  Amyntae  :  king  of  Macedonia. 

22.  Amynta  mortuo  :  abl.  abs.,  "  after  the  death  of  Amyntas."     Euryd- 

ice  fled  to  him  in  368  B.  c.,  when  he  was  conducting  a  campaign  in 

Thrace. 
24.  placatis  animis  :  abl.  abs.,  "  with  the  feelings  of  his  fellow  citizens 

well  disposed  toward  him." 
24.  causam  capitis  semel  dixit :  "he  was  tried  on  a  capital  charge  once 

only." 

24.  capitis  :  gen.  of  crime.     W.  367  ;  B.  208.  2  ;  A.  G.  220.  a  ;  H.  456. 

25.  bello  sociall :  abl.  of  time  when,  357-355  B.  c. 

27.  Menesthea :  Greek  ace.  of  3d  decl.,  from  Menestheus. 

27.  Coti :  from  a  nom.  Cotus.      The   more  correct  form  is  nom.  Cotys, 
gen.  Cotyis. 

28.  utrum  :   "  which  one "  ;  an  interrog.  word,  and  introduces  the  subj. 
of  ind.  question  in  facer et. 

28.  pluris  :  gen.  of  value. 

31.  Thraecem,  Atheniensem  :  appos.  with  me.     His  father  and  mother 

had  no  choice  of  their  own  birth,  but  could  affect  the  race  of  their 

children  by  the  persons  they  chose  to  marry. 


V.  THEMISTOCLES 
Page  ii 

1.  I.  Themistocles  (0e/xt(7To/c\?}s).  He  was  born  about  514.  He  was 
the  most  prominent  Athenian  soldier  and  statesman  during  the  time  of 
the  Persian  Wars.  He  finally  fled  from  Greece  in  disgrace,  and  in  465 
reached  Persia,  where  he  settled  down  and  lived  till  his  death. 

1.  Neocll:  gen.  sing,  of  Neocles.     Compare  Themistocli,  Arist.  I.  1.  2. 

1.  huius  :  modifies  strictly  vitia.  The  Eng.  would  say  "  the  vices  of  his 
early  youth." 

3.  adeo  ut  anteferatur  .  .  .  putentur  :  two  clauses  of  result,     adeo 

ut,  lit.  "  to  such  a  degree  that." 

4.  ordiendus  :  masc.,  lit.  "  he  must  be  begun  with  from  the  beginning." 

Translate  :  "  We  must  begin  at  the  beginning." 

5.  Acarnanam  civem  :  '*  a  free-born  native  of  Acarnania." 


NOTES  99 

LINE 

6.  qui    cum :    a   causal  clause   in    which  qul  is  equivalent   to   a   pers. 
pron. 

6.  minus  esset  probatus  :   "  found  little  favor  with." 

7.  quod  vivebat :  the  indie,  is  used  because  it  is  stated  as  a  fact,  not  as 

a  pretext. 

7.  liberius  :  "too  freely." 

9.  non  fregit  eum  sed  erexit :  "  did  not  break  him  down,  but  braced 
him  up." 

9.  iudicasset  =  iudicdvisset. 

10.  exstingui :  mfin.  in  ind.  disc.  The  subj.  is  earn,  referring  to  conta- 
in e  Ha. 

10.  totum  :  trans,  as  adv. 

11.  amicis  famaeque  serviens:  "devoting  himself  to  (the  acquirement 

of)  friends  and  reputation." 

12.  in  iudiciis  privatls :  he  defended  private  individuals  in  lawsuits,  and 

so  won  their  gratitude  and  a  reputation  as  an  orator. 

13.  in  contionem  prodibat:   "he  made  speeches  in  the  popular  assem- 
bly."    The  public  assembly,  or  ecclesia,  was  the  meeting  of  the  whole 
body  of  citizens  for  the  discussion  of  public  business,  and  offered  an 
excellent  opportunity  for  a  man  to  gain  reputation  as  an  orator  and 
statesman,    prodibat  refers  to  the  act  of  coming  forward  to  address  a 
meeting. 

13.  resmaior:  "  matter  of  importance." 

14.  opus:  indeclin.     B.  218.  2  ;  A.  G.  77.  I  ;  H.  477.  III.  N. 

16.  de  Instantibus  :  "  matters  at  hand  "  ;  neut.  pi. 

17.  Thucydides  :  the  well-known  Gk   historian  (455-400)  who  wrote  the 
history  of  the  Peloponnesian  War  to  411  B.  c. 

20.  II.  capessendae  rei  publicae:  gen.  of  the  gerundive. 

21.  bello  Corcyraeo  :  abl.  of  time  when.     Nepos  is  mistaken,  however, 
in  saying  that  Themistocles  commanded  in  the  Corcyraean  War.     It 
was  on  the  occasion  of  a  war  between  Athens  and  Aegina  in  482,  when 
Themistocles  was  archon,  that  he  advocated  the  policy  of  increasing 
the  fleet. 

21.  ad  quod  gerendum  :  the  antecedent  is  bellum. 

22.  praesenti  bello  :  abl.  of  time. 
25.  cum  interiret :  a  causal  clause. 

24.  largitione  magistratuum  :  abl.  of  cause.  The  money  which  accrued 
to  the  state  from  the  silver-mines  was  distributed  among  the  people 
by  popular  vote.  The  officials  distributed  it.  It  would  seem  from 
the  use  of  largitione  that  Nepos  meant  to  say  that  the  officials  decreed 
the  distribution,  which  is  not  correct. 


100  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

24.  ex  metallis  :  these  were  the  silver-mines  on  Mount  Laurium,  in  the 
southern  part  of  Attica,  and  belonged  to  the  state. 

Page  12 

1.  qua  effecta :  abl.  abs.     The  antecedent  is  classis. 
3.  praedones  consectando  :  the  gerund  construction. 

3.  in  quo  :  neut.  "  in  so  doing." 

4.  cum  .  .  .  turn  :   the  general  effect  was  to  make  the  Athenians  wealthy  ; 
the  particular  effect,  to  make  them  skilled  in  naval  warfare. 

4.  belli  navalis  :    gen.  after  adj.  perltus.     W.  352  ;  B.  204.   i  ;  A.  G. 
218.  a  ;  H.  451. 

5.  saluti  .  .  .  Graeciae  :  two  dat. 

5.  fuerit  :  subj.  of  ind.  quest.     A  primary  subj.  is  used  depending  on  a 
secondary  indie,   to  make  it  more  vivid.     W.  608  ;  B.  318  ;  A.   G. 
336.  a  ;  H.  644.  I. 

6.  bello  Persico  :  the  second  Persian  War  of  480  B.  c.     Abl.  of  time. 

7.  et  marl  et  terra :  see  note  Arist.  II.  1.  12. 

8.  neque  .   .  .  nee  :  there  is  absolutely  no  difference  in  meaning  in  these 
forms.     Nepos  seems  here  to  preserve  an  old  distinction  that  neque 
was  used  when  the  following  word  began  with  a  vowel  and  nee  when 
it  began  with  a  consonant. 

9.  huius :  refers  to  Xerxes. 
10.  fuit  :  "consisted  of." 

10.  navium :  gen.  of  measure.  The  naves  longae  were  the  battle-ships. 
They  were  built  long  and  narrow,  so  that  they  might  be  more  quickly 
maneuvered  in  naval  engagements.  The  men  who  rowed  them  were 
seated  in  tiers  one  above  the  other.  The  Athenian  ships  at  the  time 
of  Themistocles  had  three  tiers,  and  were  hence  called  triremes.  The 
onerariae  (naves)  were  wider,  and  used  for  the  transportation  of  pro- 
visions, cavalry,  etc. 

12.  septingenta  (milia) :  observe  the  change  in  construction.  Nepos 
says  classis  fuit  navium  (gen.),  but  exercitus  fuerunt  milia  (nom.). 
The  construction  is  evidently  changed  to  avoid  the  gen.  pi.  milium, 
an  awkward  construction. 

12.  fuerunt :  agrees  with  the  pred.  nom.  milia. 

13.  cuius  de  adventu  fama  :  "news  of  his  approach." 

14.  peti :  infin.  in  indir.  disc. 

15.  pugnam  Marathoniam  :  in  490  B.  c..  when  the  first  expedition  of 
the  Persians  to  Greece  was  defeated  by  the  Athenians. 

15.  Delphos  :  ace.  of  motion. 


NOTES  101 


15.  consultum  :  former  supine. 

16.  quidnam  facerent :  ind.  quest. 

16.  deliberantibus  :  indir.  obj.,  agrees  with  els  understood. 

16.  Pythia  :  the  priestess  of  Apollo,  who  presided  at  the  temple  and  gave 
the  replies. 

17.  ut  se  munirent:  an  obj.  clause  after  respondit.     The  subjunct.  ex- 
presses here  an  exhortation  or  command.     If  her  reply  had  been  a 
statement  it  would  have  been  expressed  by  the  infin. 

18.  quo  valeret  :  indir.  quest.,  "what  it  meant."     Lit.  u  in  what  direc- 
tion it  applied." 

20.  ut  .  .  .  conferrent :  an  obj.  clause  of  purpose,  construed  as  a  pred. 
nom.  of  esse. 

20.  eum  significari :  indir.  disc,  with  an  introductory  verb,  dixit,  under- 
stood ;   "  that  was  the  wooden  wall  denoted  by  the  god."     We  should 
expect  eum  to  be  neuter,  referring  to  the  taking  to  their  ships  ;  in- 
stead it  is  attracted  to  the  gender  of  murum. 

21.  totidem  :  an  equal  number  to  those  they  already  possessed  ;  that  is, 

they  doubled  the  number. 
21.  superiores  :  "their  previous  ones." 
23.  Salamina,  Troezena :  Greek  ace. 

23.  arcem  :  the  Acropolis. 

24.  ad  sacra  procuranda  :  gerundive  expressing  purpose,    sacra  denotes 
the  sanctuaries  and  sacred  utensils,  and  also  the  sacred  rites. 

26.  III.  huius:  Themistocles. 

27.  placebat :  impers.    Thedat  clvitdtibus  is  understood  with  it.     Notice 
that  the  Lat.  uses  the  pass,  infin.  \i\\h.  placebat  where  the  Eng.  would 
prefer  the  act.  ;  Eng.,  "most  states  decided  to  fight  on  land." 

28.  Leonida :  abl.  of  Greek  noun,  ist  decl.  masc. 

29.  qul  occuparent :  purpose. 

30.  ii  .  .  .  interierunt :  with  these  few  words  Nepos  dismisses  the  battle 

of  Thermopylae,  the  most  glorious  event  within  the  whole  range  of 
Greek  history.  It  took  place  in  480.  All  of  the  delectl  were  not 
killed,  only  the  Spartans  and  Thespians.  Leonidas  dismissed  the 
others  before  the  engagement. 

32.  Graeciae  .  .  .  navium  :  both  gen.  depend  on  classis.     Graeciae  is 
possess.,  navium  gen.  of  measure. 

Page  13 

1.  Artemisium  :  the  naval  engagement  took  place  at  the  same  time  as 
the  battle  of  Thermopylae^.    c  o  c  »     , ,., 

8 


102    •  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


2.  continentem  :  the  Eng.  continent.     It  is  really  an  adj.,  and  in  Lat. 

is  still  used  with  its  noun.     In  Eng.  it  has  discarded  the  noun,  and 

itself  become  a  noun.     Compare  Lat.  patria  (terra). 
4.  ne  circumiretur  :  purpose. 

4.  hinc  par!  proelio  discesserant :  "  although  they  had  come  off  even." 
4.  par!  proelio  :  abl.  of  manner. 
7.  ne  .  .  .  premerentur  :  subj.  after  an  expression  of  fearing.    W.  516  ; 

B.  296.  2  ;  A.  G.  331. /;  H.  567. 
7.  superasset  =  superdvisset :  a  fut.  less  vivid  condition.     It  is  changed 

from  a  perf.  to  a  plup.  subj.,  because  it  is  governed  by  the  secondary 

tense  of  erat perlculum. 

7.  ancipiti  periculo  :  "danger  on  two  sides." 

8.  ab  Artemisio  :   "  from  the  neighborhood  of." 

11.  IV.  astu  :  a  Greek  word  used  frequently  in  Greek  to  denote  Athens, 
just  as  in  Lat.  urbs  often  means  Rome.  We  should  expect  the  prepos. 
ad  after  accessit. 

11.  nullis  defendentibus  :  abl.  abs.,  itself  qualified  by  another  abl.  abs., 
inter fectls  sacerdotibus.     There  being  no  defenders  since  the  priests 
had  been  slain. 

12.  cuius  :  antecedent  is  incendio. 
14.  plurimi:  "  the  majority." 

14.  domos  suas  discederent  :  "  that  they  separate  and  go  home." 

16.  pares  esse  posse  aiebat  :  "  said  repeatedly  that  they  were  equal  to 
the  task." 

17.  perituros  (esse)  .  .  .  fore:   fut.  infin.  in  ind.  disc.     The  subj.  is 
eos,  understood,  with  which  disperses  agrees. 

17.  Eurybiadi  regi  :  he  was  their  commander-in-chief,  but  not  their 
king.  It  is  dat.  of  ind.  obj.  after  afftrmabat \  "he  assured  Eurybia- 
des  that  this  would  happen." 

19.  quern  cum  moveret :  causal,  =  ut  cum  eum  moveret. 

19.  vellet :  subj.  by  attraction,  depending  on  a  subj. 

19.  de  servis  suis  :  =  part.  gen. 

21.  suis  verbis  :  "  in  his  [Themistocles's]  name." 

21.  eius :  Xerxes. 

21.  qui  si  discessissent  ;  quos  si  aggrederetur :  less  vivid  fut.  cond. 
in  ind.  disc,  depending  on  a  secondary  tense. 

23.  confecturum  (esse),  oppressurum  (esse):  the  subj.  is  eum  (Xerxes) 
understood. 

24.  brevi  :  sc.  tempore. 

25.  hoc  eo  valebat  :   "his  intention  in  so  doing  was* to  compel";  lit. 

"  this  (act)  aimed  toward  this  (result),  namely,  that  they  be  compelled." 


NOTES  103 


25.  eo  :  adverb. 

26.  barbarus  :  the  Persian. 

27.  doll :  part.  gen. 

27.  subesse  :  "  was  at  the  bottom  of  it." 

27.  sibi  .  .  .  hostibus :  dat.   of  advantage.     W.  335  ;    B.    188  ;  A.  G. 

235 ;  H.  425.  2. 

28.  adeo  angusto  marl  .  .  .  ut :  "  in  a  body  of  water  so  narrow  that." 

The  following  result  clause  is  primary,  as  often. 
30.  Themistocli :  gen.  sing. 
32.  V.  hie  :  adv.,  "at  Salamis." 

Page  14 

1.  els  :  abl.  of  means. 

2.  ab  eodem  gradu  :  not  to  be  taken  together  ;  ab  eddem  :  "  by  the  same 
man  [Themistocles]."    gradu  depulsus  est:  "was  driven  from  his  po- 
sition "  ;  a  figure  from  the  gladiatorial  contests.     A  man  assumed  a 
position  (gradus)  which  he  considered  most  advantageous  to  himself. 
His  opponent  tried  to  drive  him  from  it.     Compare  the  military  ex- 
pression, to  dislodge  the  enemy. 

3.  verens  ne  perseveraret :  "  fearing  that  he  [Xerxes]  might  persist  in 
continuing  the  war."     W.  516  ;  B.  296.  2  ;  A.  G.  331.  /;  H.  567. 

4.  id  agi  :  ind.  disc.     In  apposition  with  id  stand  the  obj.  clauses  ut pons 
dissolveretur  ac  excluderetur.     "  An  effort  was  being  made  for  this, 
namely,  that  the  bridge  be  destroyed."     The  subject  of  excluderetur 
is,  of  course,  Xerxes. 

6.  idque  el  persuasit :   "  and  he  made  him  believe  it." 
6.  qua  .  .  .  eadem  :  adv. 

6.  sex  mensibus  :    abl.    of  time  within  which.     As  a  matter  of  fact 

Xerxes  had  required  four  months. 

7.  diebiis  triginta  :  "in  less  than  thirty  days  "  ;  again  abl.  of  time  within 

which  and  not  after  the  comp.  minus.     W.  407  ;  B.  217.  3  ;  A.  G. 
247.  c\  H.  471.4. 

8.  superatum :  sc.  esse. 

10.  haec  altera  victoria :  sc.  est. 

11.  tropaeo  :  a  Greek  word  ;  strictly,  an  emblem  of  victory  erected  on 

the  field  of  battle  and  dedicated  to  the  gods  ;  here  it  means  simply 

victory. 

11.  pan  modo  :  "likewise." 
14.  VI.  hoc  bello :  a  definite  time,  and  so  the  abl.  is  used  without  a 

preposition.     On  the  other  hand,  in  pace  denotes  not  a  definite  time 

but  rather  a  condition,  and  hence  the  preposition  is  used. 


104  CORNEL1I    NEPOTIS 


16.  cum  uterentur :  causal.     The  Eng.  would  change  the  construction 
and  say,  "for  since  the  harbor  of  Phalerum,  which  the  Athenians 
were  using,  was  neither  large  nor  good." 

17.  Piraei  :  gen.   instead  of  appositive.     W.   348  ;  B.   202  ;  H.  440.  4. 
The  Piraeus  was  built  between  482  and  477  B.  c.     It  consisted  of 
three  parts,  the  Piraeus  proper,  Munychia,  and  Zea. 

17.  els  moenibus  ut :  "  with  such  walls  that." 

18.  dignitate  :  abl.  of  specification. 

20.  praecipuo  suo  periculo  :  "with  particular  danger  to  himself.'' 

22.  qua  negarent :  relative  clause  of  purpose  referring  to  causam.     "  A 
reason  for  saying  that  no  city  ought  to  have  walls." 

23.  ne  essent  munita  :  purpose  depending  on  prohibere  conatl  sunt. 

23.  quae  posside'rent :  subj.  of  characteristic  after  a  negative.     W.  588. 

2  ;  B.  283.  2  ;  A.  G.  320.  a  ;   H.  591.  i. 

24.  aedificantes :  the  pres.  part,  denotes  simultaneous  action,  hence  in 

Lat.  "  while  building  "  ;  Eng.  "from  building."     This  attempt  of  the 
Spartans  occurred  in  478  B.  c. 

25.  hoc  longe  alio  spectabat :   "  this  had  a  far  different  object  from 
what  they  wished  to  appear."     alio  ;  adv. 

26.  Marathonia,  Salaminia:  trans,  as  gen.  nouns. 

31.  qui  vetarent :  rel.  clause  of  purpose.     "  To  forbid  its  being  done." 

31.  his  praesentibus  :  abl.  abs. 

32.  se  missuros :  sc.  esse. 

Page  15 

3.  ut  exirent :  obj.  clause  of  purpose  depending  on  praecepit,  which  also 
governs  the  rest  of  the  sentence.     Supply  ut  with  facerent,  parcerent, 
congererent.     These  are  all  commands  in  ind.  disc. 
3.  turn  .  .  .  cum  :  restrictive  ;  "  should  not  leave  until'' 
3.  tuendo :  gerund,  dat.  of  purpose.     W.  639.  2  ;  B.  338.  2.  a  ;  A.  G. 

299 ;  H.  627. 

7.  quod  putarent :  characteristic. 

10.  VII.  dedit  operam  ut  tempus  duceret :  4<  took  pains  to  delay/' 
12.  se  exspectare  :  ind.  disc. 

12.  opus  fieri :  "  the  work  (of  building  the  walls)  was  going  on  just  the 
same." 

14.  audisset :  =  audivisset. 

15.  munitionis  :  part.  gen.  depending  on  multum. 

15.  ephoros  :  the  Spartan  title,  lit.  overseers.    ^Aiy^V^ 
17.  falsa  els  esse  delata  :    "  that  false  reports  had  T>een   brought   to 
them." 


NOTES  105 

LINE 

18.  aequum  esse  :  ind.  disc. 

18.  illos  :  the  ephors. 

19.  qui  explorarent  :  purpose. 

20.  retinerent  :  command  in  ind.  disc.     The  direct  was  me  obsidem  reti- 

ncte. 

21.  summis  honoribus  :  abl.  after  fungor. 

22.  praedixit :  introduces  an   ind.   command  in   the  form  of  an  object 
clause,  ut  ne  dimitterent. 

27.  professus  est  :  introduces  ind.  disc.,  which  continues  to  the  end  of 
the  chap. 

27.  suo  consilio  :  "  by  his  [Themistocles's]  advice."     In  ind.  disc,  the 
reflexive  regularly  refers  to  the  subj.  of  the  introductory  verb. 

28.  quod  possent  facere  :  the  antecedent  is  the  clause  murls  saepsisse. 

29.  quo   facilius   possent   defendere  •    purpose   clause  with  compar. ; 
quo  =  ut  eo,  "  that  the  more  easily."     The  obj.  of  defendere  is  deos,  or 
a  pronoun  eds,  referring  to  deos. 

30.  in  eo  :    "in  so  doing  they  had  not  done  anything  disadvantageous  to 

Greece." 
32.  propugnaculum  :    pred.  ace.    with   which   the   verb   oppositum  esse 

agrees,  rather  than  with  its  subject  urbem. 
32.  barbarls  :  dat.  after  a  compound  of  ob. 

Page  16 

1.  copias  regias  :  "  the  forces  of  the  king." 

2.  qui  id  intuerentur  :  a  rel.  clause  of  cause.     W.  586.  4  ;  B.  283.  3  . 

A.  G.  320.  e ;  H.  592. 

4.  suos  legatos  :  "their  own  legates,"  referring  to  the  subj.  vivellent. 

5.  si  vellent :  a  simple  pres.   condition.      The  conclusion  is  in  sc  re- 
mitterent,  which  represents  an  imperative.     The  direct  was  si  vultis 
vestros  legdtos  recipere,  me  remittite. 

5.  quos  miserant  :  an  explanatory  clause  not  strictly  a  part  of  the  ind. 
disc.,  and  hence  indie.     W.  607  ;  B.  314.  3  ;  A.  G.  336.  b  ;  H.  643.  3. 

6.  essent  recepturi :  used  to  bring  out  clearly  the  future  force,  which 
reciperent  would  not  do. 

8.  VIII.  ob  eundem  timorem  quo:  "from  the  same  fear  as  that  be- 

cause of  which  "  ;  quo,  abl.  of  cause. 

9.  testularum  suffragiis  :    ostracism.     Themistocles  was  banished  in 
476  B.  c. 

9.  Argos :  ace.  pi.  of  motion  toward.  A  more  correct  form  would  be 
Argds,  a  neut.  sing.T  and  that  we  might  suppose  we  had  here  were  it 
not  for  the  loc.  pi.  Argts,  1.  15. 


106  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 


10.  habitatum  :  former  supine. 
10.  hie  :  adv. 

12.  qui  accusarent :  purpose.     The  date  of  this  was  473  B.  c. 

13.  Perse  :  a  noun,  abl.  sing.  ;  in  Gk.  of  the  ist  decl.  ;  =  the  king  of  the 
Persians. 

14.  quod  fecisset:  subjunctive  on  quoted  authority.     "  To  accuse  him  of 
having  made." 

14.  hoc  crimine :  abl.  of  penalty. 

14.  absens  :  "in  his  absence." 

15.  non  satis   tutum  se  videbat  :   supply  esse.     videbat,  as  a  verb  of 
perceiving,  governs  ind.  disc. 

16.  Corcyram  :  ace.  of  motion,  as  with  names  of  towns. 

17.  propter  se :  Themistocles.     The  reflexive  in  ind.  disc,  refers  to  the 

subj.  of  the  introductory  verb. 

18.  Molossum  :  old  gen.  pi.  of  2d  decl.  for  classical  Molossorum.     The 

Molossi  lived  on  the  mainland  of  Greece  not  far  from  Corcyra. 
20.  in  praesentia  :  "for  the  time  being." 
20.  quo  maiore  religione  se  receptum  tueretur :  purpose  clause  with 

comparative.     It  gives  the  reason  for  what  follows.     "  In  order  that 

he  [Admetus]  might  regard  him  [Themistccles],  after  he  had  been 

received,  with  more  scruples  of  conscience." 
22.  in  sacrarium  quod  summa  colebatur  caerimonia  :  "  to  a  shrine 

which  was  respected  with  the  greatest  solemnity." 

24.  in  fidem  reciperet :  "took  him  under  his  protection."     The  subj. 

expresses  an  idea  of  futurity,  lit.  before  he  should  take  him.     W.  534  ; 
B.  292  ;  A.  G.  327  ;  H.  605. 

25.  quam  praestitit :  "  and  he  gave  it,"  namely,  the  king  gave  his  pro- 
tection. 

26.  publice  :  "in  the  name  of  the  state." 

26.  monuitque  :   "  but  warned  him,"  followed  by  an  object  clause. 

27.  difficile  esse  :  ind.  disc,  depending  upon  an  implied  dixit. 

28.  tuto  :  adv. 

29.  praesidil :  part.  gen.  after  satis. 

29.  quod  esset :  subjunct.  of  characteristic. 

32.  si  eo  pervenisset :  fut.   cond.  in  ind.  disc.     The  periphrastic  esse 
pereundum  is  equivalent  to  a  fut.  infin. 

Page  17 

2.  quis  sit  :  ind.  quest. 

2.  multa  pollicens  :   "  making  many  promises." 

3.  conservasset  =  conservdvisset :  again  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc. 


NOTES  107 

LINE 

2.  se  :  Themistocles. 

3.  virl :    obj.  gen.  after  misericordid.     W.  351;    B.  200 ;   A.  G.  217; 

H.  440.  2. 

8.  IX.  plerosque  :   "  most  (writers)." 
8.  ita  :  "  as  follows,"  referring  to  the  following  infin.  clause. 

8.  scripsisse,  translsse  :  ind.  disc,  within  ind.  disc. ;  scrlpsisse  depends 
upon  scio,  translsse  upon  scrlpsisse. 

9.  potissimum  credo  :   "  prefer  to  believe." 
10.  aetate  :  abl.  of  specification. 

10.  de  els  :  =  part.  gen. 

11.  eiusdem  civitatis  fuit :  poss.  gen.  ;  "belonged  to  the  same  state." 

12.  is  :  Thucydides  ;  eum  :  Themistocles. 

12.  Artaxerxen :  Gk.  ace.  1st  decl.     Xerxes,  the  King  of  the  Persians, 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Artaxerxes  in  465  B.  c. 

13.  Themistocles  :  in  apposition  with  ego  understood. 

14.  omnium  Graiorum  :    part.  gen.  with  qul.      Grdiorum  was  an  old 
form  in  Nepos's  time.     The  common  form  was  Graecorum. 

14.  domum :  family,  as  we  speak  of  the  ruling  house,  or  the  house  of 
Stuarts. 

16.  idem  multo   plura   bona   feel :    "  on  the  other  hand  many   more 
favors." 

17.  multo  :  abl.  degree  of  difference. 
17.  ipse  :  sc.  esse  coepl. 

20.  id  agi  ut  pons  :  see  V,  p.  14,  1.  4. 

21.  quo  nuntio  :  "  by  means  of  this  message." 

23.  quam  si  ero  adeptus :  translate  by  simple  pres.  in  Eng. 

24.  me  bonum  amicum  habebis  :   "  you  will  find  me  a  good  friend." 
26.  ut  annuum  tempus  des  :  object  clause  after  rogo\  "  that  you  grant 

me  a  year's  time,  and  after  it  has  elapsed  (ed  trdnsdcto)  permit  me  to 
come  to  you." 

26.  quas  colloqui  :  this  verb  regularly  allows  only  a  neut.  in  the  ace.  In- 
stead of  els  rebus  we  might  have  had  the  neut.  pi.  els  with  a  neut.  rel. 
qttae.  Perhaps  Nepos  was  thinking  of  this  construction,  and  extended 
it  to  a  different  expression  with  the  same  meaning. 

29.  X.  huius  :   Themistocles;  it  modifies  magnitudinem,  "his  greatness 
of  mind." 

30.  conciliari :  pass.     The  Eng.  prefers  an  active  infin. 

31.  litteris  sermonique  Persarum  :   "he  devoted  himself  to  the  litera- 

ture and  spoken  language  of  the  Persians." 

32.  ut  dicatur  :  pres.  subj.  in  result  clause  after  secondary  indie.    W.  469  ; 

B.  268.  7  ;  A.  G.  287.  c\  H.  550. 


IOS  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


Page  18 

2.  hie  cum  multa  esset  pollicitus  :   "  after  he  had  made  many  prom- 
ises." 

3.  gratissimum  illud  :    "  and  most    acceptable  of  all,   this  (promise), 

namely,  that  if  he  would  follow,"  etc.  The  promise  is  expressed  by 
the  fut.  inf.  oppressurum  (esse). 

3.  suis  consiliis  :  in  ind.  disc,  the  reflexive  regularly  refers  to  the  sub- 
ject of  the  introductory  verb  ;  hence  suls,  Themistocles's. 

5.  Asiam  :  Asia  Minor.  He  had  met  Artaxerxes  in  Persia,  which  the 
Romans  did  not  include  in  Asia. 

5.  Magnesiae :  loc. 

6.  donarat :  =  donaverat. 

7.  his  quidem  verbis  :  "  just  for  this  purpose."    quidem  emphasizes  his. 

7.  quae  praeberet :  purpose. 

8.  quinquagena  talenta  :  50  talents,  equivalent  to  $56,600. 

9.  Lampsacum  :  sc.  ei  rex  donarat. 

9.  unde :  means  the  same  as  ex  qua  which  follows. 
9.  Myunta  :  Gk.  ace.  from  Myus. 

10.  obsonium  :  everything  to  be  supplied  for  his  table  except  bread  and 
wine.     Bread  was  the  essential  article  of  a  meal,  hence  obsonium  often 
means  dessert. 

11.  huius  :  take  with  monumenta. 
16.  morbo  mortuum  :  sc.  esse. 

16.  neque  negat  :  "  but  admits." 
19.  cum  desperaret  :  causal. 

17.  se  :  subj.  of  posse  praestdre  ;   "since  he  despaired  of  being  able." 

18.  quae  pollicitus  esset  :  rel.  clause  in  ind.  disc,  considered  as  a  real 
part  of  the  ind.  disc.,  and  hence  subj. 

19.  idem:  Thucydides. 
'20.  sepulta :  sc.  esse. 

20.  concederetur,  esset  damnatus  :  subj.  in  ind.  disc. 


VI.    MILTIADES 
Page  19 

1.  I.  Miltiades  (MiArtctST/s)  was  one  of  the  greatest  military  leaders  of 
Greece.  The  victory  of  the  Athenians  over  the  Persians  at  Marathon 
in  490  was  doubly  due  to  him,  for  he  not  only  commanded  on  the 
field  of  battle,  but  used  his  authority  to  bring  about  the  battle,  which 


NOTES  109 


but  for  him  would   have  been  postponed.     Marathon  was  the  first 

great  battle  in  which  the  Greeks  met  and  defeated  vastly  superior 

numbers  of  the  Persians. 
1.  antlquitate,  gloria,  modestia  :  abl.  of  cause.     Miltiades  traced  his 

descent  from  Aeacus,  the  son  of  Zeus. 
3.  Onus  omnium  maxime  floreret :  a  strong  superlative  ;  "he  was  the 

most  eminent  man  of  all."     The  subj.  of  floreret  is  Miltiades,  although 

it  stands  before  cum. 

3.  ea  aetate  :  abl.  of  quality  followed  by  the  result  clause  ut  .  .  .  pos- 
sent. 

4.  elves  sul :  instead  of  sul  we  should  expect  eius.     It  is  quite  unusual 
to  find  the  reflexive  referring  to  some  one  else  than  the  subj.     sul 
refers  to  the  same  person  as  eo  in  the  same  clause,  and  should  be  the 
same  pronoun. 

5.  eum  futurum  (esse)  :  ind.  disc,  depending  on  sperdre  and  confldere. 
5.  iudicarunt  =  iudicdverunt. 

5.  cognitum  :  pass.  part,  agreeing  with  eum  understood,  the  object  of 
iudicarunt.     "  They  were  confident  that  he  would  prove  to  be  such  a 
man  as  they  (actually)  estimated  (him  to  be  when  he  became)  known 
(to  them  later)."     The  concise  style  of  the  Latin  is  obscure,     cogni- 
tum  is  equivalent  to  a  temporal  clause,  cum  eum  cognovissent. 

6.  accidit  ut :  "  it  chanced  that."     This  is  the  main  independent  verb 
of  the  whole  long  sentence.     N epos's  style  in  this  sentence  is  very 
poor.     *He  has  got  too  far  away  at  the  end  from  the  thought  with 
which  he  started. 

6.  Chersonesum  :  ace.  of  motion.     By  the  rule  in  Lat.  the  ace.  without 
the  prep,  is  restricted  to  names  of  towns  and  islands,  but  the  con- 
struction is  occasionally  extended  to  other  Greek  place  names  that 
end  in  -us.     The  whole  account  given  in  this  and  the  following  chap- 
ter, with  the  exception  of  the  acquisition  of  Lemnos,  is  a  mistake  on 
the  part  of  Nepos.     The  Miltiades  who  is  the  subject  of  the  present 
life  had  an  uncle  of  the  same  name,  and  it  was  he  who  led  the  colony 
to  Chersonese,  and  about  whom  the  Delphian  oracle  was  delivered. 

7.  cuius  generis  :  "  since  there  was  a  great  number  of  this  kind  (of 
people) "  ;  namely,  men  ready  to  undertake  a  colonizing  expedition. 

9.  deliberatum  :  former  supine,  "  to  consult  the  oracle." 

9.  quo  duce  uterentur  :  ind.  quest,  depending  on  deliberdlum. 

10.  duce :  in  appos.  with  quo. 

11.  erat  dimicandum  :  second  periphrastic,  impers.  ;  trans,  as  an  active. 

12.  his  consulentibus  :  ind.  obj.  of  praecepit  \  "the  priestess  informed 
them  when  they  consulted  her." 


110  CORNEL1I   NEPOTIS 

LINE 

12.  nominatim  :  oracles  did  not  as  a  rule  speak  of  people  by  their  name ; 
here  was  an  exception. 

13.  ut  sumerent :  obj.  clause  after praecepit,  expressing  a  command. 

13.  id  si  fecissent  :  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc.     The  conclusion  is  incepta 
futura  (esse) ;   "  their  undertaking  would  be  successful." 

14.  hoc  response  :  abl.  of  cause. 

15.  classe  :  means. 

17.  id  ut  Lemnil  sua  sponte  facerent  postulasset :  "  and  demanded 
that  the  people  of  Lemnos  should  do  this  voluntarily."  zWdoes  not 
strictly  refer  to  anything  that  has  gone  before,  but  to  the  idea  which 
is  hinted  at  of  surrender  to  the  Athenians. 

19.  turn  .  .  .  cum:  "not  .  .  .  until,"  restrictive. 

19.  se  facturos  (esse) :  ind.  disc. 

19.  domo  :  abl.  of  motion  from. 

20.  vento  aquilone  :  abl.  of  attendant  circumstance  ;  "  with  the  wind  to 

the  north." 

20.  venisset  :  fut.  perf.  ind.  in  indir.  disc. 

21.  adversum  tenet  proficiscentibus  :   "is  ahead  for  those  starting  from 
Athens."    proficiscentibus,  dat.     W.  338  ;  B.  iSS.  2.  a  ;  A.  G.  235.  b  ; 
H.  425.  4. 

22.  morandi :  gen.  of  gerund. 

23.  quo  tendebat  :  "whither  he  was  bound." 

24.  II.  brevi  tempore  :  time  within  which. 

25.  tota  regione  :  abl.  after  potitus.     W.  387  ;  B.  218.  I  ;  A.  G.  247  ; 

H.  477.  i. 

25.  castellis  :  dat.  with  adj.  W.  344  ;  B.  192.  2  ;  A.  G.  234.  a ;  H. 
434.  2. 

Page  20 

1.  communiit :  —  communivit. 

1.  in  agris  collocavit  :   "he  allotted  them  farming  land." 

2.  crebrls  excursionibus  locupletavit :  they  plundered  their  neigh- 
bors, who  were  not  friendly  disposed  toward  them. 

4.  exercitus  :  ace.  pi. 

5.  res  constituit:   "he  settled  matters." 

6.  dignitate  regia  :  abl.  of  quality  ;  "he  was  in  the  position  of  king." 

7.  quamquam  carebat  nomine  :  "  although  he  avoided  the  name  [of 
king]." 

7.  imperio  :  the  authority  delegated  to  him. 

8.  neque  eo  setius  officia  praestabat :  "  but  nonis  the  less  he  did  his 

duty  toward."     eo:  abl.  of  degree  of  difference  with  compar. 


NOTES  1 1 1 

LINE 

13.  revertitur,  postulat:  hist.  pres.  followed  by  a  primary  subj.,  tra- 
dant. 

14.  borea :  the  north  wind  was  called  Boreas  in  Greek  and  Aquilo  in 

Latin. 

16.  se  habere  :  ind.  disc,  with  dlxit  understood. 
16.  Chersonesi :  loc.,  as  though  the  name  of  a  town. 
18.  diet 6  :  "  impressed  not  by  the  command  but  by-the  good  fortune  of 

their  opponents." 
20.  ceteras  Insulas  :  would  properly  mean  all  the  other  islands  of  the 

Aegean,  but  they  were  not  by  any  means  all  called  Cyclades.     The 

statement  of  Nepos  is  therefore  inaccurate. 
22.  III.    eisdem   temporibiis :    the   expedition   of   Darius  against   the 

Scythians  was  made  in  513  B.  c. 

25.  qua  traduceret :  purpose  ;  lit.  "where  he  might  lead  over." 
25.  dum  abesset :  subj.  to  express  the  thought  in  Darius's  mind.     Not 

while  he  was  absent,  but  while  he  should  be  absent. 
25.  custodes  :  in  appos.  vti\hprmci£es. 

27.  singularum  urbium  :  4<  to  whom  he  had  given  each  the  rule  of  a 
city." 

28.  Graeca  lingua  loquentes  :  **  the  Greek-speaking  people." 

29.  se  retenturum  (esse) :  the  conclusion  of  a  fut.  cond.  of  which  si  trd- 
didisset  is  the  condition. 

30.  oppida  tuenda :    gerundive  expressing  purpose;  "the  towns  to  be 
guarded." 

31.  se  oppress©  :  abl.  absol.  ;  "if  he  [Darius]  were  conquered." 

31.  quibus  relinqueretur  :  subj.  because  it  is  an  integral  part  of  the  ind. 
disc. 

Page  21 

1.  male  rem  gerere   Dareum :    "  that  Darius  was  meeting  with  dis- 
aster." 

3.  ne  dimitterent :  an  obj.  clause  expressing  prohibition.     W.  512  ;  B. 

295.  I  ;  A.  G.  331  ;  H.  565. 

2.  a  fortuna :  personified,  and  so  the  abl.  of  agent  is  used. 

3.  Hberandae  Graeciae :  gen.  of  gerundive.     W.  639  ;  B.  338.  I.  a  ; 
A.  G.  298;  H.  626. 

4.  si  interlsset  :  ind.  disc,  continues  through  interiturum.    interisset  is 
a  fut.  cond.  ;  the  conclusion  is  Europam  fore  tutam. 

4.  transportarat  :  a  relative  clause  merely  explanatory,  and  so  indie. 
6.  incolerent :  subordinate  verb  in  the  ind.  disc. 

6.  genere  :  abl.  of  specification. 


112  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 


8.  ponte  rescisso :  abl.  abs. 
10.  cum  accederent  :  concessive. 

10.  ne  res  conficeretur  :  object  clause  of  purpose  ;  he  objected  to  the 

plan  being  carried  out. 

11.  non  idem  expedire  :  "  the  same  thing  was  not  expedient  for  them 

and  for  the  common  people." 

11.  ipsis  :  the  rulers  of  cities,  of  whom  Histiaeus  was  one. 
13.  quod  niteretur :  causal  clause  in  ind.  disc. 

12.  regno  :    abl.  of  means.      Translate :    "  depended    upon  the  rule   of 

Darius." 

13.  quo  exstincto  :  abl.  abs.     quo,  Darius. 

14.  expulsos  :  part.  pass,  in  agreement  with  ipsos  ;  translate  as  if  it  were 
coordinate  with  daturos  (esse) ;  "  they  would  be  expelled  and  punished." 

15.  ut  putet  :  primary  subj.  depending  on  a  secondary  tense  for  greater 
vividness.     W.  608  ;  B.  318  ;  A.  G.  336.  a  ;  H.  644.  I. 

16.  confirman  regnum  :  infin.  used  as  a  noun,  subj.  of  esse  understood  ; 

"  he  thought  nothing  was  more  advantageous  than  for  the  power  of 

the  Persians  to  be  strengthened." 
18.  tarn  multis  consciis  :  abl.  abs. 
18.  consilia  sua  perventura  (esse) :  ind.  disc. 

20.  cuius  ratio  etsi  non  valuit :  "  although  his  advice  did  not  prevail." 

21.  cum  fuerit :  causal ;  the  subj.  is  Miltiades  understood. 

24.  IV.  hortantibus  amicis  :  abl.  abs.  ;  the  obj.  is  the  clause  ut  redi- 
geret.  The  date  of  the  expedition  and  the  battle  of  Marathon  was 
490  B.  c. 

26.  ducenta :  sc.  mllia. 

27.  causam  interserens  :  "  making  a  pretext,"  followed  by  ind.  disc. 
29.  quod  expugnassent  :  cause  on  the  authority  of  Darius. 

29.  Sardis  :  ace.  pi.  of  an  /-stem.      Sardis  had  been  burned  in  499  B.  c. 
by  lonians  and  other  Asiatic   Greeks  who  had   revolted  against  the 
Persians.     The  rebels  had  received  aid  from  Athens  and  Eretria. 

30.  classe  appulsa :  abl.  abs. 

32.  abreptos  :  part,  agreeing  with  cives  ;  trans,  by  a  finite  verb  ;  "  they 
seized  them  and  sent  them  to  the  king." 

Page  22 

1.  Marathona  :  Gk.  ace. 

4.  hoc  tumultu  :   "by  this  sudden  danger  of  war." 

7.  hemerodromoe  :  a  Gk.  word  signifying  day-runner. 

8.  auxilio :  abl.  with  opus  esse.     W.  389  ;  B.  2i8.-2  j  A.  G.  243.  e  ;  H. 
477-  HI.  N. 


NOTES  113 

LINE 

9.  qui  praeessent :  subj.  of  purpose  ;  secondary  subj.  depending  on  an 

historical  present  (creant). 
11.  utrum  defenderent  an  obviam  Trent :   a  double  question  in  ind. 

disc.     The  second  alternative  has  two  parts,  Irent  and  decernerent. 
11.  hostibus  :    dat.   with  obviam  Irent.     W.   332  ;   B.   187.   Ill ;  A.  G. 

228.  b  ;  H.  429. 
13.  ut   primo  quoque  tempore  castra  fierent :    "that  they  take  the 

field  at  the  first  opportunity." 
13.  id  si  factum  esset  :  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc. 
15.  desperari :  impers.  ;  translate,  "  when  they  saw  that  their  valor  was 

not  despaired  of." 

15.  eadem  re  :   "by  the  same  token." 
1C.  auderi  adversus  se  dlmicari :  lit.  "  that  it  was  dared  to  be  fought 

against  them."     Translate  in  active  construction. 
18.  V.  hoc  in  tempore  :   "in  this  situation"  ;  not  an  expression  of  time, 

and  hence  the  prep,  is  used. 

18.  Atheniensibus  auxilio :  two  dat. 

19.  ea :  Plataeensium  civitas. 

19.  mille  :  usually  an  adj.  and  therefore  we  should  expect  milites  ;  here  it 

is  a  noun  and  takes  the  part.  gen.  militum. 
21.  pugnandi:  gerund  in  gen.     W.  639  ;  B.  338.  i.  a  ;  A.  G.  298  ;   H. 

626. 
25.  acie  regione  Instructa  non  apertissima  :  abl.  abs.  ;  "  having  drawn 

up  their  line  of  battle  on  not  very  open  ground." 
27.  rarae :  not  in  clumps,  but  standing  separately. 

27.  hoc  consilio  ut :   "  with  this  design,  namely,  that  they  might  be  pro- 
tected." 

28.  arborum  tractu  :  "by  the  stretch  of  woodland." 

30.  non  aequum  :  =  inlquum. 

31.  numero  :  abl.  with  fretus.     W.  389  ;  B.  218.  3  ;  A.  G.  254.  b  ;   H. 
476.  i. 

Page  23 

1.  venirent :  subj.  in  ind.  disc. 

1.  utile  :  supply  esse,  of  which  the  infin.  dlmicdre  is  the  subj. 

2.  centum  :  sc.  milia. 

3.  tanto  :  abl.  degree  of  difference. 

4.  profligarint :  =  profllgaverint ;  result. 
6.  qua  pugna :  abl.  with  compar. 

6.  adhuc  :  "  up  to  the  present  time." 

9.  VI.  cuius  victoriae:  gen.  depending  on  praemium. 


114  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

9.  non  alienum  videtur  docere  :  "  it  does  not  seem  out  of  place  to  tell." 
9.  quale  praemium  sit  tributum :  indirect  question  depending  on 
docere. 

10.  quo  facilius  :  purpose  clause  with  compar. 

12.  ut  quondam  fuerunt  :  "  as  they  once  were,"  correlative  with  sic  olim. 

15.  huic  :  the  subj.  of  our  essay. 

16.  tails  honos  .  .  .  ut   eius   imago   poneretur :    "such  honor   that 
his  picture  was  put  first"  ;  a  very  small  honor  in  comparison  to  his 
deserts. 

16.  porticu  quae  Poecile  vocatur :  a  porticus,  or  in  Greek  stoa,  was  a 
roofed  colonnade  with  a  wall  on  one  side,  often  decorated  with  paint- 
ings. Such  colonnades  were  often  set  up  as  ornaments  of  streets  and 
public  places.  The  stoa  poecile  or  painted  colonnade  stood  in  the 
market-place  at  Athens.  It  was  decorated  with  paintings  by  the  fa- 
mous artist  Polygnotus,  representing  the  destruction  of  Troy,  the  fight 
between  the  Athenians  and  the  Amazons,  and  the  battles  of  Marathon 
and  Oenoe. 

20.  maius  imperium  :  "  greater  empire." 

21.  largitione    magistratuum :    an    inaccurate   statement ;    the  public 
money  was  used  more  and  more  lavishly  for  the  benefit  of  the  Athe- 
nian citizens,  but  it  was  always  by  popular  decree  and  not  by  act  of 
the  magistrates.     Nepos  has  rather  in  mind  the  situation  at  Rome, 
where  bribery  was  carried  on  by  the  officials. 

22.  Demetrio  Phalereo :  Demetrius  of  Phaleron  was  in  control  at  Ath- 
ens 317-307  B.  c. 

23.  VII.  post  hoc  proelium  :  Marathon.     The  expedition  described  in 
ch.  vii  was  made  in  489  B.  c. 

25.  barbaros  :  the  Persians. 

25.  bello :  manner.  The  islands  which  had  aided  the  Persians  were  the 
Cyclades. 

27.  Parum :  appos.  with  Insulam. 

27.  operibus:   "  military  works." 

30.  vinels  ac  testudinibus  :  movable  sheds  for  the  protection  of  besieg- 
ers and  storming  parties. 

30.  muros  :  ace.  with propi us.     B.  141.  3  ;  A.  G.  234.  e\  H.  435.  2. 

31.  cum  iam  in  eo  esset  ut :  "  when  he  was  already  on  the  point  of." 

Page  24 

1.  nescio  quo :  equivalent  to  an  indefinite  pronoun.     Do  not  translate 

literally. 
1.  cuius  flamma:  translate  after  ut  (—  as). 


NOTES  IIS 

LINE 

3.  signum  datum  (esse) :  ind.  disc. 

5.  Miltiades  :  subj.  of  rediret,  which  is  governed  by  quo  factum  ut. 

9.  proditionis :   gen.  of  crime.     W.   367;    B.  208.  2.  a ;   A.  G.   220; 

H.  456. 

10.  quod  discessisset  :  the  reason  which  his  accusers  gave. 
10.  cum  posset  :  concessive. 
10.  Infectis  rebus  :  abl.  abs.  "  with  his  purpose  unaccomplished." 

14.  capitis  :  "  capital  punishment."     W.  367  ;  B.  208.  2.  a  ;  A.  G.  220. 
a  ;  H.  456. 

15.  talentis  :  abl.  of  the  exact  amount  of  the  penalty.     W.  367  ;  B.  208. 
2.  b  ;  A.  G.  220.  b.  I  ;  H.  456.  3.     Fifty  talents  amounted  to  about 
$56,600  in  gold. 

15.  quantus  sumptus  factus  erat :  "as  much  outlay  as  had  been  made." 

17.  vincla  :  an  older  form  for  vincula. 

19.  VIII.  crimine  Pario  :  "on  a  charge  connected  with  Paros." 

21.  Pisistrati :  the  tyrant  had  ruled  at  Athens  from  560  to  527  B.  c.     His 

sons  Hippias  and  Hipparchus  had  succeeded  him,  and  continued  the 

tyranny  until  Hippias  was  finally  driven  out  in  510  B.  c. 
21.  paucis  annis  :  abl.  of  degree  of  difference. 
23.  imperils   magistratibusque  :    an   imperium  was   a   commission  to 

command  a  military  expedition  ;  a  magistratus  was  a  .civil  office  at 

home. 

26.  in  Chersoneso  :  =  Chersonesl,  II,  p.  20,  1.  16. 
26.  omnes  illos  annos  :  ace.  of  extent  of  time. 

26.  quos  habitarat :  supply  there  in  translation. 

27.  tyrannus  :  pred.  nom. 

27.  fuerat  appellatus  :  =erat  appellatus. 

28.  sed  iustus  :   "but  a  just  one." 

31.  potestate  perpetua  :  abl.  of  quality. 

Page  25 

1.  cui  non  pateret :  subj.  of  characteristic  after  negatives.     W.  588  ; 
B.  283.  2  ;  A.  G.  320.  a  ;  H.  591.  i. 

2.  auctoritas,  nomen,  laus  :  supply  elque  fuit. 

3.  rei  militaris :   obj.  gen.  ;  "military  achievements." 

4.  haec  populus  respiciens  :  "  the  people  regarding  these  facts." 

5.  se  esse :  se  is  not  regularly  used  as  the  subj.  of  the  comp.  infin.  with 
void  and  cpds.     Here  it  is  used  for  emphasis,  and  to  denote  that  the 
subj.  of  esse  is  not  the  same  as  the  subj.  ®i plectl. 

4.  innoxium:  "though  innocent." 


Il6  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


VII.  ALCIBIADES 
LINE  Page  26 

1.  I.  Alcibiades  ('A\«ij8ta5rjs)  was  born  about  450  B.  c.  His  father  died 
in  447,  and  he  was  brought  up  by  Pericles.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  figures  in  the  Peloponnesian  War  from  432  to  his 
death,  in  404.  He  was  murdered  in  Asia  after  he  had  deserted 
Greece,  and  was  on  his  way  to  the  court  of  Artaxerxes,  the  King  of 
Persia. 

1.  in  hoc  :  Alcibiades. 

2.  quid  possit  :  ind.  quest.  ;  the  imperf.  posset  would  be  more  regular. 

2.  experta  (esse) :  perf.  pass.  inf.  with  the  same  subj.  as  videtur. 

3.  memoriae  prodiderunt :  have  written  works. 

3.  nihil  illo  fuisse  excellentius  :  "  nothing  was  even  superior  to  him." 
We  should  expect  neminem,  no  one,  but  nihil  is  stronger,  illo  :  abl. 
with  compar. 

5.  summo  genere  :  abl.  of  source. 

5.  omnium  multo  formosissimus  :  a  very  strong  superlative;  "by  far 
the  handsomest  man  of  his  time." 

7.  consilii  plenus  :   "  resourceful." 

8.  dicendo  :  gerund,  abl.  of  specification. 

9.  quod  erat  :  cause  on  the  writer's  authority. 
9.  commendatio  :   "  the  winning  power." 

10.  cum  tempus  posceret :  "  when  occasion  demanded." 

11.  in  vita  quam  victu  :   "  no  less  in  his  general  character  than  in  his 
habits  of  living." 

14.  quare  perferret  :  characteristic. 

18.  II.   Pericli  :  gen.  from  Pericles.     At  that  time  Pericles  was  the  most 
prominent  public  man  at  Athens  ;  his  mother  and  the  grandfather  of 
Alcibiades  were  brother  and  sister,  so  that  prlvignus,  stepson,  does 
not  accurately  express  the  relationship. 

19.  Socrate :  the  famous  philosopher. 

20.  Graeca  lingua  :  abl.  of  manner. 

21.  si  fingere  vellet :  pres.  cond.  non-fulfilled.     The  obj.  of  finger e  is 
understood  from  the   following  bona.     Translate :  "  if  he  wished  to 
make  them  up  he  could  not  devise  more  advantages." 

22.  posset :  is  subj.  of  result  after  ut. 

24.  III.  bello  Peloponnesio  :  the  expedition  against  Syracuse  took 
place  415-413  B.C.,  and  formed  the  second  period  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian War. 


NOTES 


LINE  Page  27 

2.  datl  :  sc.  sunt. 

2.  Nicias  :  ist  decl.  masc.  ;  the  Gk.  nom. 

3.  prius  quam  classis  exiret  :    "before  the  departure  of  the  fleet." 
The  subj.  expresses  futurity,  and  is  thought  of  not  from  the  time  of  the 
writer,  but  from  the  time  of  acciditut.    W.  534  ;  B.  292  ;  A.  G.  327  ; 
H.  605. 

4.  Hermae  :  rough  blocks  of  stone  surmounted  by  the  head  of  the  god 

Hermes,  and  set  up  at  the  entrance  to  the  houses  to  bring  good  luck 
and  the  favor  of  the  god.  Hermes,  or  in  Latin  Mercurius,  was  the 
god  of  commerce,  trade,  and  public  intercourse. 

4.  Athenis  :  loc. 

5.  Andocidi  :  gen.  like  Pericll  above.     Andocides  was  a  well-known 
orator  and  statesman.     He  was  tried  as  an  accomplice  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Hermae,  and  forced  to  leave  the  city  for  a  time. 

6.  ille  postea  Mercurius  :  "therefore  that  one  (which  was  left  stand- 
ing) was  nicknamed  Andocides  s  Mercury." 

7.  appareret  :  impersonal,     hoc  is  the  subj.  of  esse  factum. 

8.  publicam  rem  :  the  position  of  the  adj.  emphasizes  the  contrast  be- 
tween prlvdtam  and  publicam. 

9.  ne  qua  :   "  that  some."     After  si  and  «/,  quis  is  an  indefinite. 

10.  repentlna  :  translate  as  adv.,  "  was  suddenly  developing." 

11.  quae  opprimeret  :  purpose. 

11.  hoc  :  refers  to  the  general  preceding  idea  of  fear  of  an  outbreak. 

14.  opera  forensi  :  particularly,  by  making  speeches  in  their  defense  in 

lawsuits. 
14.  suos  :  pred.  ace.  ;  "many  he  had  made  his  own,"  i.  e.  under  obliga- 

tions to  him. 

17.  poneretur  :  "  was  put  equal  to  him,"  that  is,  in  the  minds  of  the 

citizens." 

18.  et  obesse  et  prodesse  poterat  :  "  he  could  be  a  very  great  aid  or 
hindrance." 

19.  aspergebatur  Infamia  :  "his  reputation  was  stained." 

20.  mysteria  :  secret  rites  connected  with  the  worship  of  certain  divini- 
ties  to   which   only    the   initiated   were    admitted.      Alcibiades  was 
accused  of  imitating  irreverently  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  as  though 
men  nowadays  should  imitate  the  Lord's  Supper  at  a  sporting  club. 

21.  ad  religionem  pertinere  :   "was  connected  with  (the  mockery  of) 
worship." 

26.  IV.  neque  ignorans:  a  strong  affirmative;  "and  knowing  well  the 
character  of  his  fellow  citizens," 


Il8  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

27.  si  quid  de  se  agi  vellent :  "  if  they  wished  any  action  taken  in  his 
case."     A  pres.  cond.  in  ind.  disc.     The  conclusion  is  expressed  by 
haberetur,  accusdretur,  subj.  of  command. 

28.  invidiae  crimine  :   "on  a  charge  (trumped  up  because)  of  private  hos- 
tility."    invidiae  is  subjective  gen. 

29.  quiescendum  (esse) :  second  periphrastic  infin.  in  ind.  disc. 

30.  noceri  el  non  posse  :  translate  as  an  active,  "  they  could  not  harm 
him." 

31.  exspectandum  :  sc.  esse. 

31.  quo  :  abl.  of  time. 

32.  absentem  :  sc.  eum. 

32.  itaque  fecerunt  :   "and  they  did  so."     itaque  =  et  ita. 

Page  28 

2.  quod  sacra  violasset :  "  of  sacrilege  "  ;  subj.  on  authority  other  than 
that  of  the  writer. 

4.  ut  rediret  :  "  a  message  to  come  back  home  "  ;  an  obj.  clause  in  ap- 
position with  nuntius. 

4.  esset :  concessive,  governed  by  cum  above  ;  cum  missus  esset  is,  how- 
ever, a  simple  temporal  clause. 

5.  provinciae  :  his  official  charge. 

7.  hac  (trireme) :  abl.  of  means. 

8.  multa  secum  reputans  :  "  brooding  over." 

11.  Elidem  :  ace.  of  motion  without  a  prep.,  although  it  is  the  name  of  a 
country. 

12.  se  damnatum  :  sc.  esse. 

13.  usu  venerat :  "  had  occurred  "  ;  usu  is  an  old  form  of  the  dat. 

14.  Eumolpidas  coactos  (esse)  ut  se  devoverent :    "and  that   the 
Eumolpidae  had  been  compelled  to  curse  him." 

14.  se  :  Alcibiades  ;  the  reflexive  in  ind.  disc,  often  refers  to  the  subj.  of 
the  introductory  verb.  The  Eumolpidae  were  a  family  of  priests  who 
had  charge  of  the  mysteries. 

18.  consuerat :  =  consueverat. 

19.  qui  iidem  essent  :   "who  were  also."     essent  is  subj.  because  it  rep- 
resents the  thought  of  Alcibiades. 

20.  cum  intellegerent  :  concessive. 

20.  se  :  Alcibiades,  reflexive  in  ind.  disc. 

21.  eiecisse  :  sc.  se. 

23.  Perse  rege  :   "  King  of  the  Persians." 
35.  eiusdem  opera  :  "  also  by  his  aid." 


NOTES  119 


27.  quo  facto:  abl.  abs.,  "by  so  doing."     The  revolt  of  Ionia  occurred 

in  412  B.  c.,  the  seizing  and  fortifying  of  Decelea  in  413. 

28.  V.  amici  Alcibiadi  sunt  fact! :  the  subj.  is  the  Spartans. 

28.  Alcibiadi  is  dat.  after  the  adj.  amid. 

30.  cum  cognoscerent :  causal. 

29.  acerrimi  viri  :  gen.  depending  on  prudentiam  ;  "  the  good  judgment 
of  the  very  energetic  man." 

31.  caritate  patriae  ductus  :  "  through  love  of  his  native  land  "  (Athens). 

32.  cum  suls  :  the  Athenians. 

Page  29 

1.  tempus  eius  interficiundi :  "an  opportunity  to  kill  him"  ;  gen.  of 
the  gerundive  ;  interficiundi  is  older  than  -iendi.  Nepos  repeatedly 
prefers  old  forms  that  were  out  of  use  in  his  time. 

1.  id  Alcibiades  :  the  verb  celare  in  the  active  takes  two  ace.,  one  of 
the  thing  concealed,  the  other  of  the  person  from  whom  it  is  con- 
cealed. When  celare  becomes  passive  the  ace.  of  the  thing  remains 
ace.,  the  ace.  of  the  person  becomes  the  subj.  Translate  :  "  this  could 
not  be  concealed  from  Alcibiades  very  long." 

4.  cum  attendisset :  causal. 

6.  Atheniensium  :  take  with  opes. 

6.  male  gestis  rebus:   "  because  of  disaster  ";  abl.  abs. 

7.  contra :  adv.  ;  supply  opes  with  Lacedaemoniorum. 

10.  de  reditu  suo  facit  mentionem :  "  suggests  returning." 

11.  eodem  quo  Alcibiades   sensu :  "of  the  same  (political)  views  as 
Alcibiades." 

12.  et  optimatium  fautor  :   "  but  a  supporter  of  the  aristocrats." 

12.  ab  hoc  :  Pisander.     Alcibiades  rejoined  the  Athenians  in  411  B.  c. 
14.  post :  adv. 

14.  suffragante  Theramene  :  abl.  abs.     Theramenes  offered  the  motion 

for  recall  in  the  assembly. 

15.  parlque  absens  imperio  :  "  and  though  absent  was  vested  with  equal 
authority  to  Thrasybulus." 

16.  imperio  :  is  abl.  of  manner.     A  dat.  denoting  army  or  fieet  is  under- 

stood with praeficitur.     Lit.  "he  was  put  in  command  (of  the  army) 

with  equal  authority." 

20.  victi  enim  erant :  in  the  years  411-409  B.  c. 
22.  triremes :  properly  an  adj.,  as  here,  but  commonly  used  as  a  noun, 

when  naves  is  omitted. 
37.  neque  minus  multas  ;  "  and  fully  as  many." 


120  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


28.  quod  fuerant  usl  (—  erant  usi) :  cause  on  the  authority  of  the  writer. 
They  reached  the  city  in  408  B.  c. 

31.  VI.   PIraeum  :  the  main  harbor  of  Athens  ;  see  Them.  VI,  1.  17. 

32.  visendi :  gerundive,  obj.  gen.     W.  639;  B.  338.   i.  a\  A.  G.  298; 

H.  626. 

Page  30 

2.  si  advenisset :  cond.  contrary  to  fact  in  past  time. 

2.  sic :   "as  follows,"  explained  by  the  clause  in  ind.  disc,  res  accidisse. 

2.  populo  erat  persuasum  :   impers.,  "  the  people  were  perusaded  "  ; 
persuaded  is  intrans.  in  Lat.  and  takes  the  dat.  case  ;  when  the  verb 
becomes  pass,  the  dat.  remains  unchanged. 

3.  adversas  :  sc.  res. 

5.  amis  sum :  part,  agreeing  with  exercitum.     Translate:  "the  loss  of 
the  army." 

5.  culpae  suae  :  ind.  obj. 

6.  quod  expulissent :  the  reason  which  the  Athenians  alleged. 

12.  id  quod  numquam  antea  usu  venerat :  "  a  thing  which  had  never 

before  happened." 

13.  Olympiae  :    loc.     Athletic  contests  were   held   every  four  years  at 
Olympia.     They  included  not  only  running,  wrestling,  etc.,  but  char- 
iot and  horse  races,  and  later  contests  in  oratory,  music,  and  poetry. 
The  contests  were  open  to  all  Greeks.     The  victor  received  an  olive 
wreath  at  Olympia  and  was  often  welcomed  home  with  great  honor, 
for  he  was  considered  to  have  reflected  signal  credit  upon  his  native 
city.     Other  generals  had  also  been  received  home  with  equal  honors, 
in  spite  of  Nepos's  statement. 

14.  taeniis  :  ribbons  to  decorate  the  wreath. 

15.  lacrimans  :  "with  tears." 

17.  sic  verba  fecit  ut :   "  he  made  such  a  speech  that,"  followed  by  a 
result  clause. 

18.  quin  illacrimarit :  characteristic  ;  quin  :  "  who  did  not." 
21.  si  damnasset  :  contrary  to  fact. 

23.  resacrare  :   "to  remove  the  curse." 

26.  VII.  non  nimis  fuit  diuturna  :  "  was  not  of  very  long  duration." 

27.  tola  res  publica  dorm  bellique  :  "  the  whole  management  of  civil 

and  military  affairs  "  ;  domi  and  belli  are  loc. 

28.  ut  unius  arbitrio  gereretur :  "  to  be  conducted  by  his  judgment 
alone." 

31.  minus  ex  sententia  rem  gesserat  :    "had   martaged  not  enough 
according  to  the  desire  (of  the  Athenians)," 


NOTES  121 


32.  in  invidiam  reccidit  :  "  he  relapsed  into  unpopularity." 

32.  nihil  eum  non  efficere  posse  :  "  there  was  nothing  he  could  not  do." 

Page  31 

2.  minus  prospere :  not  successfully  enough  to  suit  them. 

3.  cum  .  .  .  loquerentur :  temporal,  "  when  they  said  that  he  acted." 

4.  sicut  turn  accidit :  "just  as  happened  in  this  case." 

4.  corruptum  :  agrees  with  eum  understood. 

5.  huic  malo  :  "  was  his  bane  "  ;  two  dat. 

8.  ne  concupisceret  :  supply  in  translation  some  expression  of  fearing 
to  govern  this  clause.     "  He  was  feared  no  less  than  loved  through 
dread  that  he  might." 

9.  absent! :  dat.  of  separation. 

13.  primus  Graecae  civitatis  in  Thraeciam  introiit :  "  he  was  the 
first  man  from  a  Greek  state  to  penetrate  into  Thrace."  Many 
Greek  colonies  had  been  established  on  the  coast  of  Thrace  be- 
fore this. 

15.  locupletari  :  has  a  reflexive  force  ;  "  to  enrich  himself." 

16.  creverat  .  .  .  pepererat :  he  had  done  these  before  what  follows  in 
the  next  chapter  happened. 

19.  VIII.  Aegos  flumen  :  a  translation  of  the  Greek  name  Aegospotaml. 
The  battle  there  took  place  in  405  B.  c. 

21.  qui  in  eo  erat  occupatus  ut :  "who  had  been  engaged  in  prolong- 
ing the  war  as  much  as  possible." 

23.  ipsis  :  the  Spartans,  emphatic. 

23.  Atheniensibus  :  dat.  of  possession. 

24.  erat  super  :  =  supererat. 

25.  Alcibiades :    here  the  independent  clause  of  the  sentence  begins  ; 
everything  before  has  been  subordinate,  describing  the  situation. 

26.  praesente  vulgo  :  "in  the  presence  of  the  soldiers"  ;  abl.  abs. 

26.  agere  :  make  proposals  to  the  Athenian  generals.     The  rest  of  the 

sentence  is  in  ind.  disc. 
26.  si  vellent :  stands  for  the  pres.  indie,  in  the  direct.     The  condition 

is  a  simple  future.     The  subj.  of  vellent  is  the  generals. 

28.  eo  :  abl.  of  cause,  the  antecedent  of  quod. 

29.  copiis,  navibus :  abl.  of  specification. 

30.  eum  :  Lysander,  which  is  also  the  implied  subj.  of  confllcturum  (esse) 

and  compositurum  (esse). 
32.  dictum  (esse) :  ind.  disc. ;  the  subj.  is  id. 


122  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


LINE  Page  32 

2.  nulllus    moment!:    "that  he  would  be  of   no  account";    gen.  of 

quality. 

3.  secundl :  part.  gen.  after  the  indef.  quid.     So  also  adversl^  below. 
3.  evenisset :  fut.  cond. 

5.  se  iinum  eius  delicti  futurum  reum  :  "he  alone  would  be  accused 
of  this  crime."     The  Athenians  were  ready  to  make  a  criminal  offense 
of  the  misfortune  or  mistaken  judgment  of  their  generals. 

6.  ab  hoc  :  Philocles. 

8.  ne  habeas  :  a  substantive  clause,  expressing  prohibition  and  in  appo- 
sition with  illud. 

10.  neque  ea  res  ilium  fefellit :    "and  he  was  not  mistaken  on  this 
point." 

12.  praedatum :  supine. 

13.  relictas  (esse) :  subj.  naves. 

13.  tempus  rei  gerendae  :  "  an  opportunity  for  action." 

14.  eoque  impetu  :  "  and  by  that  stroke  ended  the  whole  war." 

15.  IX.  victls  Atheniensibus  :  "  after  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians." 

16.  penitus  in  Thraeciam  :  u  into  the  interior  of  Thrace." 

23.  Pharnabazum :  a  Persian  satrap  or  governor  who  commanded  the 
northwestern  provinces  of  Asia  Minor. 

24.  in  amicitia  :  "in  [Pharnabazus's,  subj.  gen.]  friendship." 

26.  quinquagena  talenta :  the  distributive  is  used  because  it  means  each 
year. 

26.  vectigalis  :  part.  gen. 

27.  qua  fortuna  :  abl.  after  contentus.     W.  385  ;  B.  219.  i  ;  A.  G.  254. 
b  ;  H.  476.  i. 

28.  victas  :  part.  perf.  pass.     Translate  by  infin. :   "  he  could  not  endure 
for  Athens  to  be  conquered  and  subject  to  the  Spartans." 

29.  omni  ferebatur  cogitatione  :  "his  whole  mind  was  bent  upon." 

31.  adiungi  :  pass.  ;  translate  as  act. 

32.  si  habuisset :  fut.  cond. 

Page  33 

1.  el :  the  king  ;  dat.  of  possession. 

2.  adiuvantibus  :  "  with  the  aid  of." 

5.  X.  hoc  :  in  apposition  with  it  stands  the  object  clause  ut  mitteretur. 

6.  Critias  :  after  the  battle  of  Aegospotami  Lysander  had  sailed  to  Ath- 
ens and  established  an  oligarchic  form  of  government  with  Critias  and 
others  at  the  head. 


NOTES  123 

LINE 

9.  nisi  sustulisset :  fut.  cond.,  "unless  he  should  put  him  out  of  the 

way." 

9.  earum  rerum  :  part.  gen.  after  nihil. 
9.  fore  ratum  :  "  would  hold." 
10.  ipse  :  Lysander. 

10.  constituisset :  rel.  clause,  subj.  as  part  of  the  ind.  disc. 

11.  si  vellet :  pres.  cond.     The  conclusion  is  persequeretur^  a  command 
in  ind.  disc. 

12.  accuratius  sibi  agendum  :  "  he  [Lysander]  must  deal  more  seriously 

with  Pharnabazus." 

13.  quae  regi  cum  Lacedaemoniis  convenissent :  "  what  agreement 

the  king  had  made  with  the  Spartans  "  ;  subj.  of  ind.  quest.  He 
simply  offered  to  renounce  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 

15.  nisi  tradidisset  :  subj.  Pharnabazus  ;  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc,  de- 
pending on  renunliat. 

19.  missi  :  used  substantively. 

19.  vlclnitati;  ind.  obj.  of  dant.     The  messengers  [Susamithres  and  Ba- 

gaeus]  secretly  employ  the  neighborhood  ('=  the  people  of  the  neigh- 
borhood) in  which  Alcibiades  was  to  kill  him. 

20.  dant:  hist.  pres. 

21.  cum  auderent :  causal. 

23.  quern:  antecedent  is  eum  understood,  the  obj.  of  conficerent ;  quern  is 

the  subj.  of  posse. 

26.  subalare  telum  :  a  dagger  carried  under  the  arm. 
26.  eripuit :  from  its  sheath. 

28.  in  praesentia  :  "  at  hand." 

29.  vestimentorum  :  part.  gen.  after  quod\  he  cast  the  garments  on  the 

flame,  and  so  checked  the  force  of  the  fire  while  he  passed  through. 

Page  34 

1.  contectum  :  part,  agrees  with  eum  understood,  the  obj.  of  cremdvit. 

Translate  :   "  she  covered  him  and  burned  him  after  he  was  dead." 
4.  annos  :  ace.  extent  of  time.     W.  324  ;  B.  181  ;  A.  G.  256  ;  H.  417. 

4.  quadraginta :  he  must  have  been  more  than  forty  years  old,  for  he 
died  in  404,  and  Pericles  had  adopted  him  in  447  B.  c. 

5.  XI.  Infamatum  a  plerisque  :  "  although  branded  by  most  writers." 

6.  summis  laudibus   extulerunt :   "praised   very   highly."     Timaeus 
lived  about  352-256  B.  c.,  and  wrote  a  history  of  Sicily,  in  thirty- 
eight  books.     He  is  here  grouped  with  Theopompus  as  distinct  from 
Thucydides,  and  hence  the  use  of  et. 


124  CORNELII    N£POTIS 


8.  duo  maledicentissimi :  Theopompus  and  Timaeus. 
8.  nescio  quo  modo:  "somehow  or  other." 

10.  hoc  amplius  :  "  and  the  following  besides."     The  rest  is  ind.  disc,  in 

apposition  with  hoc. 

11.  cum  natus  esset :  concessive. 

13.  venerit :  prim.  subj. 

14.  eorum :  the  Thebans. 
19.  vlctus  :  food,  rest,  etc. 

19.  cultus  :  clothing,  furniture,  etc. 

20.  Thraecas :  Gk.  ace.  pi. 

20.  rebus  veneriis  deditos  :  "lascivious." 
23.  imitatum  :  sc.  esse. 

26.  princeps  poneretur  :  "he  was  put  down  as  a  leader." 

27.  ordiamur  :  hortatory  subj. 


VIII.  EPAMINONDAS 
Page  35 

1.  I.  Epaminondas  ('Eira/xca/wi/Sas)  was  identified  with  the  rise  and 
supremacy  of  the  military  power  of  Thebes.  As  such  he  is  the  cen- 
tral figure  in  one  of  the  most  brilliant  chapters  of  Greek  history. 
His  career  was  brief  as  well  as  glorious.  It  extended  from  the  res- 
toration of  the  Democracy  at  Thebes  by  Pelopidas  in  379  to  the  battle 
of  Mantinea  in  362. 

1.  Polymnil :  gen.  of  Polymnis. 

3.  lectoribus  :  dat.  after prae-  in  composition. 

3.  ne  referant,  neve  arbitrentur :  object  clauses  of  purpose  in  appos. 
with  haec.  "Our  readers  ought  to  be  taught  these  points — not  to 
judge  other  people's  customs  by  their  own." 

3.  ea  :  subject  of  fuisse,  after  which  supply  leviora,  as  pred.  adj. 

4.  quae  ipsis  leviora  sunt :  "  what  are  too  trivial  with  themselves " 
(ethical  dat.). 

5.  musicen  :  a  Gk.  word  and  here  used  in  its  Gk.  form.     Nepos  evi- 

dently means  by  it  music  in  our  modern  sense.  Among  the  Greeks 
it  included  much  more,  that  is,  as  its  name  implies,  the  arts  over 
which  the  Muses  presided — music,  poetry,  dancing,  etc. 

8.  cum :  causal. 

8.  imaginem  consuetudinis  atque  vitae  :  "an  idea  of  the  character 
and  life." 


NOTES  125 

LINE 

9.  videmur  debere  :  translate,  "  it  seems  that  we  ought." 
10.  quod  pertineat :  characteristic  after  the  negative  nihil. 
10.  earn :  imaginem. 

12.  quibus  disciplines  et  a  quibus  :  "in  what  studies  and  by  what  mas- 
ters." 

13.  si  qua  alia  :  "  whatever  else." 

16.  II.  igitur:  "  therefore,"  according  to  the  plan  mentioned  above,  to 

speak  first  of  his  ancestry. 
16.  patre  :  abl.  of  source. 

16.  quo  :  agrees  in  case  with  patre  ;  it  modifies  natum  esse  understood. 

17.  pauper  iam  a  maioribus  :  "  a  poor  man  by  inheritance"  ;  i.  e.  the 

family  had  for  generations  been  poor. 

17.  sic  ut  nemo :  the  beginning  of  a  result  clause  to  which  the  verb  in 
the  subjunctive  has  to  be  understood. 

18.  nemo  Thebanus  :  =  nullus  Thebanus. 

19.  ad  chordarum  sonum  :  "to  the  accompaniment  of  stringed  instru- 
ments." 

20.  minore  gloria  :  abl.  of  quality. 

20.  Damon,  Lamprus  :  two  teachers  of  Socrates. 

21.  cantare  tibiis  :    supply  doctus  est.     "  To  play  the  flute "  ;   abl.  of 

instrument.     The  pi.  is  used  because  double  pipes  were  played. 
23.  Pythagoreum  :  Pythagoras  was  a  Greek  philosopher  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury, who  founded  a  school  in  southern  Italy.     He  established  one  of 
the  most  important  philosophical  sects  before  the  time  of  Socrates. 

Page  36 

2.  doctrinls  :  "  the  philosophical  sciences." 

4.  artibus  :  "  branches  of  study." 

6.  magnae  laudi :  dat.  of  purpose. 

6.  ephebus  :  the  Greek  name  technically  applied  to  a  young  man  for  the 
first  four  years  after  maturity.  Upon  attaining  the  proper  age,  a  youth 
was  made  an  ephebus  by  certain  rites  and  ceremonies.  After  that  he 
owed  various  services  to  the  state.  The  years  during  which  he  was  an 
ephebus,  which  extended  to  the  age  of  twenty,  were  a  probationary 
period  before  he  entered  upon  full  citizenship.  Among  other  things 
the  ephebus  devoted  himself  to  serious  training  for  military  life,  as  is 
implied  in  Nepos's  expression  palaestrae  dare  operam. 

9.  athletarum :  those  who  contended  in  the  public  athletic  contests. 
10.  exercebatur :  "  he  trained  himself"  ;  the  passive  often  has  a  reflexive 
force. 


126  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


10.  currendo,  luctando  :  abl.  of  specification. 

11.  ad  eum  finem  quoad  stans :  "so  long  as  still  keeping  his  feet  he 
could  grapple  an  adversary."    Wrestling  consisted  first  in  throwing  an 
opponent  off  his  feet,  then  in  forcing  him  down  while  on  the  ground. 
Epaminondas  cared  only  for  the  standing  wrestling,  as  that  was  all 
that  would  be  used  in  war.      The  wrestling  on  the  ground  was  of 
advantage  only  to  professional  athletes. 

11.  quoad  posset:  subj.  of  purpose. 

12.  In  armis  vero  plurimum  studii  consumebat :  "  he  spent  the  most 
of  his  effort  in  (the  exercise  of)  arms." 

18.  III.  ioco  :  abl.   of  manner.     W.  391  ;  B.  220.  2  ;  A.  G.  248.  Rem.  ; 
H.  473-  3- 

20.  in  primis  commissa  celans  :  "one  of  the  best  to  keep  a  secret,"  lit. 

"concealing  things  entrusted." 

21.  quod  prodest :  the  antecedent  is  the  idea  contained  in  studiosus  au- 
diendl. 

22.  ex  hoc  facillime  disci  arbitrabatur :  "  by  so  doing  he  thought  he 
learned  most  easily." 

24.  in  quo  de  re  publica  disputaretur :  "where  politics  was  discussed"; 

subj.  of  characteristic. 
28.  amicorum  in  se  tuendo  caruit  facultatibus:  "he  avoided  (using) 

the  advantages  from  his  friends  in  protecting  himself." 
30.  el :  dat.  of  possess. 
30.  lit  possit :  pres.  subj.  of  result  after  a  secondary  tense  (usus  est).     W. 

469 ;  B.  268.  7.  a  •  A.  G.  287.  c ;  H.  550. 

Page  37 

1.  propter  paupertatem  :  a  dowry  was  quite  essential  to  a  free-born 

Greek  woman  if  she  wished  to  marry  respectably. 

2.  quantum  quisque  daret  pro  facultatibus  imperabat :  "  he  taxed 
each  one  according  to  his  means"  ;  daret  is  subj.  of  ind.  question. 

3.  cum  fecerat :  ind.  of  definite  time.     W.  535  ;    B.   288.  3  ;    A.   G. 
325.  a;  H.  539.  2. 

3.  potius  quam  acciperet :  a  subj.  clause  of  purpose. 

4.  eum   qui   quaerebat :    the  father  of  the  poor  girl,  or  perhaps  her 
suitor  ;  he  could  hardly  produce  the  prisoner  of  war  before  his  ran- 
som was  paid. 

5.  eos  qui  conferebant:  "the  contributors."  ^ 

5.  el :  dat.  ind.  obj.  ;  "and  had  them  personally  pay  to  him"  ;  el  and 
ille  in  the  following  line  both  refer  to  the  same  person. 


NOTES  127 


6.  ea  :  sc.  pecunia. 

8.  IV.  abstinentia  :  "unselfishness." 

9.  Artaxerxis :  the  second  Persian  king  of  that  name.      He  reigned 
405-359  B.  c.     He  was  known  to  the  Greeks  by  the  cognomen  Mne- 
mon. 

10.  corrumpendum  :  gerundive  with  Efiamlnondam. 

11.  hie  :   Diomedon. 

13.  quinque  talentis  :  abl.  of  price. 

16.  coram  :  adverbial,  "before  his  face." 

19.  accipere  pro  :  "take  for." 

24.  nisi  facis  :  in  a  future  condition  the  pres.  may  be  used  to  denote  the 

immediate  future. 

26.  istud  :  the  demonstrative  of  the  second  person. 
28.  ne  .  .  .  aliquis  dicat :  "lest  some  one  should  say."     ne  aliquis  is 

more  emphatic  than  ne  quis.     A.  G.  105.  dy  note. 

28.  ereptum  .  .  .  delatum  :  agree  with  id.     Translate:  "  by  theft  .  .  . 
when  freely  offered." 

29.  noluissem  :  subj.  in  ind.  disc.     It  is  plup.  depending  on  the  perf. 
inf.  pervtnisse.     A.  G.  336,  note  2. 

30.  Athenas  :  ace.  of  end  of  motion. 


Page  38 

3.  testimonium  :  "  as  proof  of  his  unselfishness  "  ;  notice  that  the  Latin 
does  not  say  satis  testimonil. 

11.  V.  indidem  Thebis  :  indidem  itself  means  "from  the  same  place," 
to  which  is  added  the  explanatory  Thebis,  "viz.,  from  Thebes." 
The  abl.  with  names  of  places  is  rarely  used  in  this  sense. 

13.  ut  Thebanum  scilicet :  "  for  aTheban,  I  mean." 

17.  imperatoris  :  in  apposition  with  illlus  ;   "as  general." 

18.  verbo  :  "  by  your  use  of  the  word  pdcem  "  ;  Epaminondas  argues  that 

the  peace  that  he  counsels  is  really  slavery. 
18.  bello  :  abl.  of  source. 

20.  diutina  :  the  Eng.  would  use  an  adverb  here. 
23.  VI.  idem  cum  :   a  terribly  long  sentence.     The  construction  is  all 

dependent  down  to  admirdrl  se  dlxit. 
23.  conventum  Arcadum  :  in  366  B.  c.     Epaminondas  was  unsuccessful, 

however,  in  persuading  the  Arcadians  to  join  an  alliance  with  the 

Athenians. 
27.  Atticorum  :  i.  e.  the  Athenians  ;  the  people  of  Athens  and  of  Attica 

were  politically  identical. 


128  CORNELII    &EPOTIS 


28.  in  eisque  :  "  among  them,"  referring  to  multa. 

31.  Orestem,  Alcmaeonem,  Oedipum  :  familiar  characters  from  the 
legendary  history  of  Greece.  Greek  orators  were  fond  of  citing  such 
instances.  Orestes  killed  his  mother,  Clytemnestra,  because  she  had 
murdered  his  father,  Agamemnon,  on  his  return  from  the  Trojan  War. 
Alcmaeon  killed  his  mother,  Eriphyle,  at  the  instigation  of  his  father, 
Amphiaraus,  to  whom  she  had  proved  faithless.  Oedipus  was  the  son 
of  the  King  of  Thebes,  but  had  been  brought  up  at  Argos  in  ignorance 
of  his  birth.  While  on  a  journey  to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi  he 
met  his  father,  whom  he  did  not  know,  and  killed  him.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Thebes  and  married  his  own  mother.  He  finally  learned 
of  his  birth  by  the  help  of  an  oracle,  and  in  his  remorse  put  out  his 
own  eyes.  These  stories  were  famous  subjects  of  Greek  tragedy,  and 
so  familiar  to  all  Greeks. 

Page  39 

5.  qui  animadverterit :  causal. 

8.  legati  :  in  apposition  with  eius  ;  "  when  he  was  an  ambassador."  This 
was  in  the  spring  of  371  B.  c.  At  this  convention  the  Spartans  signed 
a  treaty  for  themselves  and  their  allies,  but  insisted  on  the  Boeotian 
cities  signing  independently.  Epaminondas  claimed  that  Thebes  had 
as  good  right  to  be  leader  of  the  Boeotian  cities  as  Sparta  had  to  be 
leader  of  the  states  of  Peloponnese. 

15.  VII.  fuisse :  ind.  disc,  depending  on  testimonia.     The  subj.  is  eum 
understood. 

16.  irasci:  inf.  subj.  of  esse.     The  subj.  of  irasci  is  se. 

16.  patriae  :  dat.  after  Irasci.  W.  330;  B.  187.  II.  a\  A.  G.  227;  H. 
426. 

19.  belli:  after  the  adj.  imperltus.  W.  352;  B.  204.  I  ;  A.  G.  218.  a\ 
H.  451.  Epaminondas  failed  of  reelection  to  the  office  of  Boeotarch 
in  367-366.  It  was  during  an  expedition  to  Thessaly  against  the 
combined  forces  of  Thessaly  and  Athens  that  Epaminondas  rescued 
the  army  as  Nepos  relates. 

25.  nee  hoc  semel  fecit  :  he  repeatedly  endured  wrongs  from  his  fellow 
citizens. 

27.  exercitum  duxisset :  in  370. 

Page  40 

1.  populi  scito  :  a  legal  phrase  for  a  popular  decree. 
8.  cum  videret :  causal. 


NOTES  129 

LINE 

11.  VIII.  reditum  est  :  impers.  ;  translate  personally. 
13.  se,  sua :  refer  to  the  subj.  oipermisit. 

13.  factum  :  sc.  esse,  impers.,  followed  by  the  result  clause  ut  .   .  .  oboe- 
dlrent. 

15.  responsurum  :  "  would  make  a  defense." 

16.  quid  diceret :  ind.  quest.,  "  anything  to  say." 

18.  crimini:  dat.  of  purpose.     W.   343;  B.   191.   i  ;  A.  G.  233.  a\  H. 

433-  3- 

23.  Leuctra:  the  battle  of  Leuctra  had  been  fought  in  271,  hence  not 
during  the  expedition  when  Epaminondas  exceeded  his  term  of  office. 
Nepos  makes  a  still  greater  error  a  few  lines  further  on  when  he  says 
that  the  Thebans  besieged  Sparta.     That  event  did  not  occur  till  362, 
and  so,  of  course,  could  not  have  been  cited  by  Epaminondas  at  this 
time. 

24.  ante   se   imperatorem  :    "  before   his   generalship "  ;  se  irregularly 
refers  to  the    subject  of  multdtus   est;    we  should  expect  eum  in- 
stead. 

30.  Messene  restituta  :  Messene  had  long  been  a  dependency  of  Sparta. 
Epaminondas  restored  to  it  its  original  freedom. 

Page  41 

4.  IX.  Mantineam :  362  B.  c. 

5.  cognitus  :  =  cumque  cognosceretur.      We  expect  cognitus  to   agree 
with  the  subject  of  the  verb  ;  instead  of  that,  Nepos  uses  a  plural 
verb,  fecerunt,  with  subj.  Lacedaemonil  understood.     Hence  cognitus 
has  no  construction  at  all. 

6.  in  unius  pernicie  eius  :  "upon  the  death  of  him  alone  ";  unlus  is 
made  emphatic  by  its  position. 

20.  X.  In  quo  :  "  on  this  point." 

22.  diceret :  governed  by  cum,  but  the  subject  is  Pelopidds.     Such  change 

of  subject  in  parallel  clauses  is  very  poor  style. 
24.  qui  .  .  .   relicturus   sis :    a  relative  clause   expressing  cause.     W. 

586.  4  ;  B.  283.  3  ;  A.  G.  320.  e ;  H.  592. 
24.  ex  te  natum:   "son."     The   Latin   oftener  uses  the  simple  abl.  of 

source  with  natus.     W.  378  ;  B.  215  ;  A.  G.  244.  a  ;  H.  469.  I. 
27.  quae  .  .  .   sit :  a  clause  of  result  after  necesse  est  with  ut  omitted. 

W.  523 ;  B.  295.  8  ;  A.  G.  332.  2  ;  H.  564.  TI.  i. 
30.  domo  se  tenuit :   "stayed  in  his  house."     Much  commoner  than  the 

abl.  alone  is  the  loc.  doml  or  in  domo  ;     domo  is  abl.  of  place  where, 

W.  402  ;  B.  228.  i.  b\  A.  G,  258.  /.  i  ;  H.  48$. 


130  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE  Page  42 

3.  pugnari  coeptum  est :  a  complementary  inf.  is  usually  pass,  if  it 

depends  on  a  pass,  impers.  verb. 
3.  in  primis  :   "  among  the  foremost." 

5.  Ibit  Infitias  :  "will  deny,"  lit.  "will  go  to  denials,"  the  ace.  of  limit 

of  motion. 

6.  interitum  :  the  4th  decl.  noun  ;  we  might  have  had  post  eundem  inter- 
itum  with  the  p.  p.  like  ndtum. 

7.  perpetuo  :  adv. 


IX.  AGESILAUS 
Page  43 

1.  I.  Agesilaus,  King  of  Sparta,  was  born  about  440  B.  c.    He  became 
king  in  398,  and  in  396-394  conducted  the  war  in  Asia  Minor  which 
Nepos  speaks  of.     In   394  he  won   the  decisive  battle  of  Coronea 
against  the  allied  Greek  forces.     He  died  in  the  winter  of  361-360  in 
Egypt,  whither  he  had  gone  with  a  body  of  Spartan  mercenaries. 
He  was  one  of  the  ablest  military  leaders  that  Sparta  ever  had. 

2.  Xenophonte  Socratico  :  Xenophon,  the  disciple  of  Socrates.     He  is 
better  known  as  the  historian  who  wrote  the  Anabasis  and  the  Helle- 
nica.     He  also  wrote  a  separate  work  entitled  Agesilaus. 

6.  binos  reges  :  "  two  kings  at  a  time." 

6.  nomine  magis  quam  imperio  :  abl.  of  specification,  modifying  reges  ; 
*'  kings  in  name  more  than  in  power."  Originally  the  kings  were  the 
chief  rulers  of  the  state,  but  their  power  had  been  gradually  trans- 
ferred to  other  officers  called  Ephors  until,  at  the  time  of  Agesilaus, 
their  chief  functions  were  religious  and  military. 

8.  progenie  Herculis  :  the  descendants  of  Hercules,  commonly  called 
the  Heradldae.  In  early  times  they  had  led  the  Dorians  into  Pelo- 
ponnese  and  founded  the  various  states  there.  One  of  the  leaders  of 
the  invasion  had  been  Aristodemus,  who  was  killed  on  the  way.  To 
his  sons  the  Spartan  state  was  allotted.  But  he  had  left  twins,  Pro- 
cles  and  Eurysthenes,  and  the  people,  being  unwilling  to  distinguish 
between  them,  made  both  kings,  and  continued  a  double  succession 
from  the  family  of  each. 

8.  qui  principes  :  "  who  were  the  first  of  the  Heraclldae  to  be  kings  at 
Sparta."  prlnceps,  from  primus  and  capio,  seems  to  have  meant 
originally  "  the  first  to  take,  the  beginner,"  and  is  used  nearly  in  that 
gense  here, 


NOTES  I31 


10.  fieri  :  "  (any  one)  to  be  made  (king)." 

11.  qui  .  .  .  esset :  ind.  ques.     We  should  expect  the  interrog.  quis.    The 
use  of  the  rel.  form  in  ind.  quest,  is  rare. 

12.  virile  secus  :  "male  issue." 

13.  reliquisset,  esset:  subj.  of  ind.  disc,  depending  on  ratio  habebdtur. 
deligebdtur  represents   the  act  and  not   the  matter  considered,  and 
hence  is  indie. 

15.  ille  :  Agis. 

15.  natum,   moriens :    temporal  ;    at    his   (Leotychides's)   birth,    at  his 

(Agis's)  death. 
18.  Lysandro  :  a  Spartan  military  leader  who  had  gained  great  influence 

at  home  by  his  successes  against  the  Athenians.     Nepos  wrote  his 

life,  to  which  he  refers  in  the  words  ut  ostendimus  supra. 
21.  II.  imperil :  gen.  with  potior.     W.  371  ;  B.  212.  2  ;  A.  G.  223.  a  ; 

H.  458.  3- 

23.  bellum  regi  facerent :  as  a  matter  of  fact  war  had  already  been 

going  on  for  four  years,  400-396.  The  king  referred  to  is  Artaxerxes, 
King  of  Persia.  The  expression  bellum  facere  with  the  dat.  of  the 
indirect  object  was  not  used  after  N  epos's  time  ;  Infer  re  is  more 
common. 

Page  44 

3.  profectum  :  sc.  esse ;  ind.  disc. 

8.  ad  copias  comparandas  :  purpose  after  indutids  petlvit. 

15.  suls  rebus  :  abl.  of  separation. 

16.  se  .  .  .  conf  irmare   exercitum  :    ind.    disc,   depending   on   dlcebat. 
We  should  expect  rather  to  have   another  causal  clause  depending 
on  quod,  because  it  seems   to   explain  why  he  gained   by   keeping 
his  oath. 

17.  animadverteret :  the  subj.  is  the  army. 
17.  deum  :  the  old  form  of  the  gen.  pi. 

17.  numen  facere  secum  :  "the  divine  will  sided  with  him." 

18.  conciliare  :  the  subj.  is  se. 

19.  els  studere  :   "to  sympathize  with  people  whom."     studeo  takes  the 
dat.  of  the  thing,   and   not  the  person  ;  els  is  equivalent  to  eorum 
rebus. 

21.  III.  barbarus  :   "  the  Persian,"  a  Greek  use  of  the  word. 

22.  domicilia  :   "residences." 

24.  hostes  impetum  facturos :  ind.  disc,  governed  by  dubitdns  above. 
29.  hiematum  :  former  supine. 

32.  quibus  4on^renitur :  subj.  of  purpose, 


132  CORNELII    NEiPOTIS 

Page  45 

2.  qui :  the  antecedent  is  the  following  eos. 

5.  cum  tempus  esset  visum :  personal  construction  followed  by  the 

infin.  ;  translate  impersonally. 

6.  quo  esset  iter  facturus :  ind.  quest,  depending  on  prdnuntidsset. 
9.  Sardis  :  ace.  pi. 

10.  eandem :  "  the  same  as  before  "  ;  translate  as  if  it  were  an  adverb. 

12.  suls  praesidio  :  two  dat. 

16.  sui  fecit  potestatem:   "gave  him  a  chance  at  him";  sul  is  obj. 

gen.  after  potestatem. 
16.  els  locis  .  .  .  quibus  :  loc.  abl.     As  a  matter  of  fact  they  had  three 

engagements,  all  on  level  ground,  in  only  one  of  which  Agesilaus  was 

victorious. 

22.  IV.  Persas  :  the  name  of  the  people  used  for  the  country,  as  fre- 
quently ;  "  set  out  for  Persia."     He  had  been  conducting  war  in  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  tributary  to  Persia,  but  not  a  part  of  it. 

23.  ephororum :  the  chief  civil  authorities  at  Sparta,  of  whom  there  were 

five,  elected  annually. 

23.  indlxisse  :  ind.  disc,  after  nuntius. 

24.  ne  dubitaret :  prohibition  in  ind.  disc.     W.  604  ;  B.  316.  a  ;  A.  G. 

330,.  N.  2  ;  H.  642.  4. 
26.  cum  .  .  .  praeesset :  concessive;  "for  although  he." 

26.  victor!  :  =  adj.  modifying  exercitul. 

27.  regm  .  .  .  potiundi  :  obj.  gen.  of  gerundive.     W.  639.  i;  6.338.  i. 

a  i  339-  4  I  A.  G.  217  ;  H.  623.  i. 

28.  iussls  :  dat.  after  the  phrase  die  to  audiens  considered  as  a  single  word. 
W.  330,  333  ;  B.  192.  i  ;   A.  G.  227  ;  H.  433.  4. 

29.  ut  si  .  .  .   esset  :  imperf.  subj.  by  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses,  de- 
pending onfuit.     W.  567  ;  B.  307.  2  ;  A.  G.  312  ;  H.  584.  3. 

30.  utinam  .  .  .  voluissent :  opt.  subj.     W.  484 ;  B.  279.  2  ;  A.  G.  267. 

b\  H.  558.  i,  2. 

30.  nostri:  the   Roman   commanders  of  Nepos's  time,   Caesar,  Antony, 

Octavian,  etc. 

31.  illuc  redeamus  :  hortatory  subj.,  "let  us  come  back  from  that  sub- 
ject." 

Page  46 

1.  si  ...  paruisset,  si  ...  superasset  :  fut.  conditions  in  ind.  disc. 

The  apodosis  is  implied  in  multd  gloridsius. 

2.  Hellespontum  copias :  two  ace.     W.  320  ;  B.  ,,.179.  i  ;  A.  G.  239. 
2.  b  ;  H.  413. 


NOTES  133 

LINE 

4.  anno  vertente:    "in  the  course  of  a  year";    abl.   of  time  within 
which.     We  think  of  the  sun  or  the  moon  as  completing  a  cycle  ;  in 
Lat.  the  same  thing  is  said  of  a  year  or  a  month. 
7.  Coroneam  :  394  B.  c.  ;  an  important  event  in  Gk.  history. 
9.  Minervae :  it  was  really  the  Gk.  goddess,  Pallas  Athena.    The  Roman 
goddess  Minerva  was  not  the  same,  but  happened  to  have  some  attri- 
butes in  common  with  her,  and  hence  is  often  inaccurately  spoken  of 
as  identical. 

10.  quid  vellet  :  ind.  quest. 

15.  ut  .  .  .  haberet  :  a  substantive  clause  in  apposition  with  hoc.  solum 
is  an  adv.  not  to  be  taken  with  hoc  ;  "  and  he  did  this — viz.,  held  the 
temples  of  the  gods  sacred — not  only  in  Greece,  but  also,"  etc. 

23.  V.  hie  :  adv.,  "  around  Corinth." 

23.  Agesilao  duce  :  Nepos  makes  a  serious  blunder  here.  The  battle 
of  Corinth  was  fought  before  Coronea,  in  July,  394.  Agesilaus  had 
not  yet  returned  from  Asia  Minor,  but  learned  the  news  of  the  battle 
on  his  way  home  to  Greece.  The  real  number  of  the  enemy  killed 
was  2,800. 

27.  ilia  multitudine  :  those  that  were  killed  ;  abl.  of  means. 

28.  si  sana  mens  esset  :  "  if  they  had  good  sense "  ;  supply  a  dat.  of 
possession.     The  condition  is  non-fulfilled,    potuisse  stands  for  potuit 
of  the  dir.  disc.     B.  304.  3.  a  ;  A.  G.  308.  c ;  H.  583. 

28.  Graeciae  .  .  .  dare  potuisse  :  in  Lat.  the  one  punished  gives  pun- 
ishment to  the  one  who  inflicts  it ;  hence  Persas  is  the  subj.  Trans- 
late :  "  Greece  could  have  inflicted  punishment  upon  the  Persians." 

31.  negavit  :  translate  as  though  it  were  dlxit  .   .   .  non. 

31.  se  eum  esse  qui :  "  he  was  the  man  to,"  followed  by  a  clause  of  char- 
acteristic. 

Page  47 

2.  si  voluerimus    .    .    .    expugnaverimus :    a  more  vivid  fut    cond. 

Translate  voluerimus  by  a  pres.  in  English.     Expugnd  means  almost 

always  to  capture  a  place  ;  here,  to  subdue  persons.     Notice  the  fut. 

perf.     We  might  bring  out  the  force  of  it  in  Eng.  by  saying  "we 

shall  have  as  good  as  conquered  ourselves." 
4.  illis  quiescentibus  :  abl   abs.  ;  illls,  the  Persians. 

7.  VI.  quo  ne  proficisceretur :  clause  of  purpose  depending  on  excu- 
sdvit.     quo  is  the  adv.,  meaning  "  to  the  battle." 

8.  cum  .  .  .  impelleretur :  concessive. 

12.  futuram  fuisse  :  past  non-fulfilled  condition.     W.  617.  2  ;  B.  321.  2  ; 
A.  G.  337-  b.  2  ;  H.  647. 
10 


132  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE  Page  45 

2.  qui :  the  antecedent  is  the  following  eos. 

5.  cum  tempus  esset  vlsum :  personal  construction  followed  by  the 

infin.  ;  translate  impersonally. 

6.  quo  esset  iter  facturus :  ind.  quest,  depending  on  pronuntidsset. 
9.  Sardis  :  ace.  pi. 

10.  eandem :  "the  same  as  before  "  ;  translate  as  if  it  were  an  adverb. 

12.  suis  praesidio  :  two  dat. 

16.  sui  fecit  potestatem  :   "gave  him  a  chance  at  him";  sul  is  obj. 

gen.  after  potestatem. 
16.  els  locis  .  .  .  quibus  :  loc.  abl.     As  a  matter  of  fact  they  had  three 

engagements,  all  on  level  ground,  in  only  one  of  which  Agesilaus  was 

victorious. 

22.  IV.  Persas  :  the  name  of  the  people  used  for  the  country,  as  fre- 
quently ;  "  set  out  for  Persia."     He  had  been  conducting  war  in  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  tributary  to  Persia,  but  not  a  part  of  it. 

23.  ephororum  :  the  chief  civil  authorities  at  Sparta,  of  whom  there  were 

five,  elected  annually. 

23.  indixisse  :  ind.  disc,  after  nuntius. 

24.  ne  dubitaret :  prohibition  in  ind.  disc.     W.  604  ;  B.  316.  a  ;  A.  G. 

339.  N.  2  ;  H.  642.  4. 
26.  cum  .  .  .  praeesset :  concessive;  "for  although  he." 

26.  victor!:  =  adj.  modifying  exercitul. 

27.  regm  .  .  .  potiundi  :  obj.  gen.  of  gerundive.     W.  639.  i;  6.338.  i. 
a  '»  339-  4  '•>  A.  G.  217  ;  H.  623.  i. 

28.  iussis  :  dat.  after  the  phrase  dicto  audiens  considered  as  a  single  word. 

W.  330,  333  ;  B.  192.  i  ;   A.  G.  227  ;  H.  433.  4. 

29.  ut  si  .  .  .   esset  :  imperf.  subj.  by  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses,  de- 
pending onfuit.     W.  567  ;  B.  307.  2  ;  A.  G.  312  ;  H.  584.  3. 

30.  utinam  .  .  .  voluissent :  opt.  subj.     W.  484 ;  B.  279.  2  ;  A.  G.  267. 

b\  H.  558.  i,  2. 

30.  nostri:  the   Roman   commanders  of  Nepos's   time,   Caesar,  Antony, 

Octavian,  etc. 

31.  illuc  redeamus  :  hortatory  subj.,  "let  us  come  back  from  that  sub- 
ject." 

Page  46 

1.  si  ...  paruisset,  si  ...  superasset  :  fut.  conditions  in  ind.  disc. 
The  apodosis  is  implied  in  multd  gloridsius. 

2.  Hellespontum  copias :  two  ace.     W.  320  ;  B.  ^179.  i  ;  A.  G.  239. 
2.  b  ;  H.  413. 


NOTES  133 


4.  anno  vertente:    "in  the  course  of  a  year";    abl.  of  time  within 
which.     We  think  of  the  sun  or  the  moon  as  completing  a  cycle  ;  in 
Lat.  the  same  thing  is  said  of  a  year  or  a  month. 
7.  Coroneam  :  394  B.  c.  ;  an  important  event  in  Gk.  history. 
9.  Minervae :  it  was  really  the  Gk.  goddess,  Pallas  Athena.    The  Roman 
goddess  Minerva  was  not  the  same,  but  happened  to  have  some  attri- 
butes in  common  with  her,  and  hence  is  often  inaccurately  spoken  of 
as  identical. 

10.  quid  vellet  :  ind.  quest. 

15.  ut  .  .  .  haberet  :  a  substantive  clause  in  apposition  with  hoc.  sdlum 
is  an  adv.  not  to  be  taken  with  hoc  ;  "  and  he  did  this — viz.,  held  the 
temples  of  the  gods  sacred — not  only  in  Greece,  but  also,"  etc. 

23.  V.  hie  :  adv.,  "  around  Corinth." 

23.  Agesilao  duce  :  Nepos  makes  a  serious  blunder  here.  The  battle 
of  Corinth  was  fought  before  Coronea,  in  July,  394.  Agesilaus  had 
not  yet  returned  from  Asia  Minor,  but  learned  the  news  of  the  battle 
on  his  way  home  to  Greece.  The  real  number  of  the  enemy  killed 
was  2,800. 

27.  ilia  multitudine  :  those  that  were  killed  ;  abl.  of  means. 

28.  si  sana  mens  esset  :  "  if  they  had  good  sense "  ;  supply  a  dat.  of 
possession.     The  condition  is  non-fulfilled,    potuisse  stands  for  potuit 
of  the  dir.  disc.     B.  304.  3.  a  ;  A.  G.  308.  c\  H.  583. 

28.  Graeciae  .  .  .  dare  potuisse  :  in  Lat.  the  one  punished  gives  pun- 
ishment to  the  one  who  inflicts  it ;  hence  Persds  is  the  subj.  Trans- 
late :  "  Greece  could  have  inflicted  punishment  upon  the  Persians." 

31.  negavit :  translate  as  though  it  were  dlxit  .   .  .  non. 

31.  se  eum  esse  qui :  "  he  was  the  man  to,"  followed  by  a  clause  of  char- 
acteristic. 

Page  47 

2.  si  voluerimus    .    .    .    expugnaverimus :    a   more  vivid   fut    cond. 

Translate  voluerimus  by  a  pres.  in  English.     Expugno  means  almost 

always  to  capture  a  place ;  here,  to  subdue  persons.     Notice  the  fut. 

perf.     We  might  bring  out  the  force  of  it  in  Eng.  by  saying  "we 

shall  have  as  good  as  conquered  ourselves." 
4.  illis  quiescentibus  :  abl   abs.  ;  Hits,  the  Persians. 

7.  VI.  quo  ne  proficisceretur :  clause  of  purpose  depending  on  excu- 
sdvit.     quo  is  the  adv.,  meaning  "  to  the  battle." 

8.  cum  .  .  .  impelleretur :  concessive. 

12.  futuram  fuisse  :  past  non-fulfilled  condition.     W.  617.  2  ;  B.  321.  2  ; 
A.  G.  337-  b.  2  ;  H.  647. 
10 


134  CORNELII   NEPOTIS 

LINE 

13.  saluti  universis  :  "the  means  of  saving  the  whole  of  them"  ;  con- 
struction of  two  datives. .    W.  342  ;  B.  191.  2  ;  A.  G.  233.  a  ;  H.  433. 

17.  qui  .  .  .  videret :  causal. 

20.  id  se  quoque  .  .  .  animadvertisse  :  "  he  too  had  observed  (he 
said)  that  this  ought  to  be  done." 

22.  adiunctis  de  suis  comitibus  :  abl.  abs.  de  suls  comitibus  is  equiva- 
lent to  a  part.  gen.  ;  "some  of  his  followers."  The  word  for  some, 
which  should  agree  with  adiunctis,  is  to  be  understood. 

25.  latere :  the  subj.  is  quae  cogitaverant ,  "because  they  thought  that 
their  design  was  undiscovered." 

29.  VII.  cum  interim  numquam  destitit  :  logically  the  temporal 
clause  is  contained  in  refecerunt  and  recuperdrunt ;  hence  destitit  is 
indie.  W.  537  ;  B.  288.  2  ;  A.  G.  325.  b  ;  H.  600.  i.  Nepos  says, 
"  The  Spartans  never  recovered  after  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  when 
Agesilaus  never  ceased  to  aid  his  country."  This  is  equivalent  to 
saying,  "  When  the  Spartans  did  not  recover,  Agesilaus  never  ceased 
to  aid  his  country." 

32.  rege :  the  King  of  Persia. 

Page  48 

2.  in  hoc:  "  in  doing  so."     illud  is  explained  by  the  causal  clause  quod 

.  .  .  contulit. 
4.  cum  .  .  .  conferrentur  :  concessive. 

4.  domum  suam  :  "  to  his  own  home." 

5.  Laconum  :  modifies  both  vlctu  and  vestltu. 
9.  plurima  :  sc.  slgna. 

10.  a  ciiiusvis  :  "  from  that  of  any  "  ;  sc.  domo. 
12.  VIII.  ut  .  .  .  sic  :  "  although  .  .  .  yet." 

14.  statura  humill:  abl.   of  quality.     W.  394  ;  B.  224;  A.  G.  251  ;  H. 

473-  2. 

15.  altero  pede :  abl.  of  specification  ;  "lame  in  one  foot." 

19.  quod  el  usu  venit :  refers  to  the  idea  contained  in  Ignotl  contemne- 

bant. 
19.  annorum  octoginta :  gen.  of  quality.     W.  354 ;  B.   203.  2  ;  A.  G. 

215  ;  H.  440.  3  ;  "at  the  age  of  eighty  years." 

22.  hue:  adv.  "  on  it." 

23.  eodem  quo  comites  vestltu  :  "  with  the  same  kind  of  clothing  as 
his  followers  "  ;  abl.  of  quality. 

25.  in  els  regem  neminem  significaret :  "  distinguished  no  one  as 
king  among  them." 


NOTES  135 

LINE 

29.  vix  fides  facta  est :    **  they  were  scarcely  made  to  believe."     his 
quaerentibus  is  dat.  after  fides  facta  est ;  translate  like  a  temporal 
clause  :   "  when  they  asked  for  Agesilaus." 

30.  quae  attulerant  dedissent :  "  had  delivered  their  message." 

Page  49 

2.  barbari :  here,  the  Egyptians. 

5.  rege  Nectanabide :  Agesilaus  had  gone  to  Egypt  with  a  force  of 

mercenary  troops  to  help   King  Tachos  throw  off  the  Persian  yoke. 

Nectanabis,   another  Egyptian,  revolted  against  Tachos,  and  being 

aided  by  Agesilaus,  succeeded  in  deposing  him. 
10.  mel :  it  was  customary  for  the   Spartans   to  embalm  their  kings  in 

honey  and  carry  them  home  for  burial  if  they  died  abroad. 


X.    TIMOLEON 
Page  50 

1.  I.  Although  Timoleon  was  a  native  of  Corinth,  his  name  is  more 
closely  associated  with  Sicily.  He  was  sent  out  to  Syracuse  in  344 
B.  C.  to  help  expel  the  Carthaginians  from  the  island,  and  remained 
there  till  his  death,  in  337.  He  was  instrumental  in  driving  out  the 
tyrants  and  establishing  democratic  governments  in  most  of  the  Greek 
cities  of  Sicily.  He  won  a  brilliant  victory  over  the  Carthaginians  in 
339,  at  the  river  Crinissus,  and  forced  them  formally  to  give  up  their 
claims  to  the  greater  part  of  Sicily. 

3.  quod  nescio  an  null!  :  "  what  perhaps  to  no  other."  The  antecedent 
Qiquod'vs,  id,  understood,  the  subj.  of  contigit.  In  apposition  with  id 
quod  stands  ut  .  .  .  liber  aret,  .  .  .  depelleret,  .  .  .  restitueret. 

7.  a  barbaris :  here,  the  Carthaginians. 

7.  in  prlstinum  :  "  to  its  good  old  condition." 

8.  non  simplici  fortuna  :  "by  fortune  of  various  kinds." 

8.  conflictatus  est :  this  verb  is  properly  used  only  in  a  hostile  sense  ; 

here  it  is  used  in  a  double  sense  which  is  hard  to  render  into  English. 

Perhaps  we  might  say,  "  he  encountered  fortune  of  various  kinds." 
11.  cum  frater  :  364  B.  c. 

13.  ipse  :  Timoleon,  an  awkward  change  of  subject. 
16.  haruspicem  communemque  affinem :    two  separate  people.      An 

haruspex  was  a  kind  of  priest  who  prophesied  of  the  future  by  ob- 


136  CORNELII    NE^POTIS 


serving  the  appearance  of  the  vital  organs  of  animal  victims  slain  at 
the  altar.     The  second  man  was  a  common  relative  of  Timoleon  and 
Timophanes  because  he  had  married  their  sister. 
17.  soror  ex  eisdem  parentibus  :  "  their  own  sister." 

20.  dum  conficeretur :    subjunc.  to  denote  the  thought  in  Timoleon's 
mind. 

21.  in  praesidid  fuit :  "was  posted." 

Page  51 

3.  quin  .  .  .  compellaret :  "  without  addressing  him  as." 

3.  detestans  :  "  with  abhorrence." 

7.  II.  Dione,  Dionysius  :  there  were  two  tyrants  of  Syracuse,  father 
and  son,  by  the  name  of  Dionysius.  They  are  both  referred  to  in 
line  13.  The  elder  one  was  by  far  the  more  famous.  It  is  he  who 
figures  in  the  story  of  Damon  and  Pythias.  He  died  in  367,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Dionysius,  who  is  here  referred  to.  The  younger 
Dionysius  was  given  to  excesses  of  all  kinds  and  made  many  enemies. 
About  356  he  was  driven  out  by  a  prominent  Syracusan  named  Dion. 
Afterward  Dion  held  control  until  he  was  murdered  in  353,  and  soon 
after,  in  346,  Dionysius  was  recalled.  His  cruelty  and  excesses,  how- 
ever, were  unbearable,  and  he  was  finally  driven  out  in  344  with  the 
aid  of  Timoleon. 

17.  postremo :  adv.  introducing  the  last  reason  for  Timoleon's  sending 
Dionysius  to  Corinth. 

17.  auribus  acciperetur,  oculis  cerneretur  :  emphatic  expressions  for 
hearing  and  seeing. 

18.  quern  ex  quanto  regno  ad  quam  fortunam  detulisset:  a  triple 
ind.  quest,  in  one ;  lit.  "  whom  from  how  great  a  kingdom  to  what  a 
fortune  he  had  driven." 

19.  Hiceta :  tyrant  of  the  neighboring  city  of  Leontmi.     He  desired  to 
get  control  of  Syracuse  also,  and  with  this  in  view  was  induced  to 
make  war  upon  Dionysius.     He  afterward  invited  the  Carthaginians 
to  help  him  against  Timoleon,  but  was  overcome  and  put  to  death  by 
the  latter  in  339. 

21.  quern  dissensisse  :  ind.  disc,  depending  on  indicia  fuit 

21.  cupiditate  :  sc.  tyrannidis. 

24.  satis  habere  :  the  subj.  is  eos,  understood,  referring  to  the  Cartha- 
ginians. 

28.  adiutum  :  former  supine. 

30.  III.  desertas :  to  be  taken  as  a  predicate  adj.  with  both  regiones  and 
urbes. 


NOTES  137 


31.  conqulsivit  quos  potuit,  prlmum  Siculos  :  a  very  awkward  phrase 

to  translate  ;  say,  "  he  first  got  together  what  Sicilians  he  could.' 

32.  Corintho  :    abl.   with  names  of  towns.     W.  405  ;    B.  229.  i  ;  A.  G. 
258.  a  ;  H.  491.  II.  2. 

32.  ab  els  :  used  inaccurately.     It  refers  to  colonists  from  Corinth,  but  of 
course  not  the  same  ones  that  Timoleon  now  invites. 

Page  52 

1.  sua  :  refers  to  clvibus.     W.  423  ;  B.  244.  4  ;  A.  G.  196.  c.  and  g  ;  H. 

503.  4- 

2.  novls  :  "  among  new  ones  "  ;  ind.  obj. 

6.  illl :  subj.  of  viderentur,  which  is  easily  understood  from  videretur. 

6.  deduxerant :  used  absolutely.      A  technical  word,  meaning  to  lead 
out  colonists  and  make  a  settlement. 

10.  quam  minime  multa  :  "  as  few  as  possible." 
10.  cum  esset,  .  .  .  haberet :  concessive  clauses. 

10.  tantls  opibus  :  abl.  of  quality. 

11.  tantum  amorem  haberet  omnium  Siculorum :  "he  commanded  so 
much  love  from  all  the  Sicilians."     Subj.  gen. 

12.  nullo  recusante  :  abl.  abs. 

15.  quod  reliquum  vitae  fuit :  "  for  the  remainder  of  his  life."    reliquum 

is  pred.  adj.,  and  vltae  is  part.  gen.  after  quod. 
17.  potuerunt  .  .  .  tenuit :  hard  to  translate.     "What  power  other  men 

as  kings  held  through  their  authority,  he  held  by  his  kindness" 

19.  sit  decretum  :  subj.  of  characteristic  after  neque  ulla.     W.  587  ;  B. 

283.  2  ;  A.  G.  320.  a  ;  H.  591.  I. 

20.  sententia  cognita  :  abl.  abs.     A  very  rare  construction  after  prius 
quam.     H.  489.  2. 

20.  nullius  umquam  consilium  non  modo  antelatum  :  "  not  only  was 

no  one's  advice  ever  preferred,  but  not  even  ..." 
24.  IV.  aetate  :  abl.  of  specification. 
27.  interfuerit :  the  subj.  is  Timoleon  again. 
30.  iumentls  iunctis  :  "  a  yoke  of  cattle." 
30.  quae  videbantur  :  "  his  opinion. " 
32.  nihil  .  .  .  neque :  do  not  use  a  double  negative  in  Eng. 

Page  53 

3.  agere  gratias  atque  habere  :  a  common  idiom  ;  "  to  feel  and  ex- 
press thanks." 

7.  Automatias  :  gen.  sing,  of  the  first  decl.  in  Gk.     The  Greek  goddess 

equivalent  to  the  Latin  Fortuna. 


138  CORNELII    NE^POTIS 


12.  V.  festum  :  "  as  a  holiday." 

13.  vadimonium  imponere  :  "  put  under  bail." 

17.  ne  id  facerent :  prohibition  in  ind.  disc.     W.  604  ;  B.  316.  a  ;  A.  G. 
339.  N.  2  ;  H.  642.  4. 

18.  se  adiisse  :  ind.  disc. 

21.   Laphystil :  the  gen.   is  the  earlier  construction  with  similis.     W. 
352  ;  B.  204.  3  ;  A.  G.  234.  d.  2  ;  H.  435.  4.  N. 

24.  se  voti   esse   damnatum :  "  was  put  under  obligations  to  pay  his 
vow " ;  implying  that  he  had  vowed  an  offering  to  the  gods  if  they 
would  answer  his  prayer,     voti  is  gen.  of  penalty.     W.  367  ;  B.  208. 
3  ;  A.  G.  220.  a  ;  H.  456.  4. 

25.  precatum  :  sc.  esse.     "  It  had  always  been  his  prayer." 

25.  talem  libertatem  ...  in  qua :  "  a  liberty  under  which." 

26.  liceret :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

30.  tola  celebrante  Sicilia  :  abl.  abs.     "(Pe°ple  from)  all  Sicily  being 
present  in  crowds." 


XI.    HAMILCAR 
Page  54 

1.  I.  Carthage  was  situated  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  just  opposite 
from  Rome,  across  the  Mediterranean.  It  was  the  center  of  one  of 
the  greatest  commercial  empires  of  antiquity.  For  centuries  before 
269  B.  c.  it  had  contended  with  the  Greeks  for  the  possession  of 
Sicily.  As  Rome  grew  and  extended  her  commercial  relations  her 
interests  clashed  with  those  of  Carthage,  and  a  long  series  of  wars 
was  the  result,  from  264-146  B.  c.  They  ended  in  the  entire  destruc- 
tion of  Carthage  and  the  supremacy  of  Rome.  The  first  period  of 
the  war,  264-241  B.  c.,  was  the  so-called  First  Punic  War.  It  was 
fought  for  the  possession  of  Sicily.  It  was  during  the  latter  part  of 
this  war  that  Hamilcar  became  famous  as  the  leader  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians. He  was  appointed  to  command  in  247  and  continued  in 
authority  until  241,  when  he  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Romans. 
He  was  sent  from  Carthage  to  Spain  in  238,  where  he  remained  until 
he  was  killed  in  a  battle  against  the  natives  in  229. 

1.  cognomine  Barca  :  "  called  Barca."  Among  the  Romans  cognomen 
was  the  technical  term  for  one  of  a  man's  names.  Thus  Caesar,  Cicero, 
s^  Catulus^  are  cognomina.  They  were  at  first  given  as  nick- 


NOTES  139 

LINE 

names,  and  afterward  became  permanently  attached  to  the  man  and 
his  family.  The  term  cognomen  may  in  a  general  way  be  applied  to 
the  name  Barcay  since  it  was  a  kind  of  nickname,  meaning  lightning, 
or  &  flashing  sword. 

2.  temporibus  extremis :  "  at  the  very  end." 

3.  admodum  adulescentulus  :  "  when  quite  a  young  man." 

5.  cum  res  gererentur  :  concessive. 

6.  nocendl :  gerund.     W.  639  ;  B.  338.  i  ;  A.  G.  298  ;  H.  626. 

7.  lacessivit  ;  hostem  is  understood  as  the  object. 

8.  superior  discessit  :   "proved  himself  superior"  ;  lit.  "he  came  out 
on  top." 

8.  quo  facto  :  "  by  so  doing  "  ;  i.  e.  by  always  being  victorious. 

10.  ut    bellum    gestum    non    videretur :    an   extravagant   expression. 
44  That  there  were  no  signs  of  war  having  been  waged  there  "  ;  i.  e. 
the  enemy  was  completely  wiped  out. 

11.  classe  :  abl.  of  means.     We  should  say  "  at  sea." 
11.  Aegates  :  241  B.  c. 

14.  pad    serviendum :    sc.    esse.      Ind.    disc,    depending    on   putdvit. 

"  Thought  he  ought  to  work  for  peace  "  ;  pad  remains  dat.  when  the 
intrans.  servio  becomes  pass.     W.  331  ;  B.  187.  II.  b  ;  A.  G.  230  ;  H. 
426.  3. 
17.  sed  ita  ut :  purpose,  depending  on  pad  serviendtim. 

19.  vicissent,  dedissent :  represent  fut.  perf.  tenses  in  ind.  disc.    Trans- 
late by  a  simple  past  tense  in  Eng. 

20.  in  quo  tanta  fuit  ferocia  :  "  and  in  so  doing  he  acted  with  such 
defiant  courage."    quo  is  neut.  ;  ferocia  is  abl.  of  quality.    The  result 
is  expressed  by  the  clause  below,  ut  .  .  .  dlxerit. 

25.  suae  virtutis  :  gen.  with  esse.    W.  360 ;  B.  203.  5  ;  A.  G.  214.  d-  H. 
447- 

Page  55 

1.  accept  a  adversus  hostes  :  "taken  up  against  the  enemy." 
3.  II.  multo  aliter  ac  :  "  much  differently  from  what." 

9.  vigintl  milium  :  gen.  of  measure  modifying  numerus. 

15.  amplius  centum  milia  :  the  ace.  without  quam.     W.  382 ;  B.  217. 

3  ;  A.  G.  247.  c\  H.  471.  4. 

15.  cum  .  .  .  facta  essent  armatorum :  concessive.     "Although  the 
number  of  armed  men  had  become." 

16.  eo  compulit  ut  :  "  drove  them  to  the  point  that." 
22.  multis  annis  :  time  within  which. 

25.  III.  effecit  ut  imperator :  237  B.  c. 


140  CORNELII   NEPOT1S 

Page  56 

5.  IV.  interire  mallet:  "he  preferred  to  die."     quam  is  used  because 
of  the  comparative  idea  contained  in  mallet. 


XII.    HANNIBAL 
Page  57 

1.  I.  Hannibal  was  one  of  the  greatest  military  commanders  in  the 
world's  history.     He  was  born  at  Carthage  in  247  B.  c.     In  his  early 
youth  he  conceived  a  relentless  hatred  toward  Rome.     The  Second 
Punic  War,  218-201  B.  c.,  was  carried  on  almost  entirely  by  him  on 
Italian  soil.     During  that  period  he  annihilated  army  after  army  of 
Romans  and  laid  waste  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land.     He  was 
the  most  formidable  enemy  that  Rome  ever  had.     He  was  finally  re- 
called to  Africa,  and  there  defeated  by  Scipio  Africanus  in  the  battle 
of  Zama,  202  B.  c.     He  committed  suicide  in  183  to  avoid  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  Romans. 

2.  verum  est  :  the  subj.  is  the  substantive  clause  ut  populus  Romanus 

superdrit. 

3.  virtute  :  abl.  of  manner. 

5.  antecedat :  subjunc  of  subordinate  verb  in  ind.  disc. 

5.  fortitudine  :  abl.  of  specification. 

6.  cum  eo :  i.  e.  the  Roman  people. 
8.  quod  nisi :  "  and  if  ...  not." 
8.  dorm  :  at  Carthage. 

8.  debilitatus  esset :  condition  contrary  to  fact.  The  conclusion  is 
potuisse,  which  represents  a  perf.  indie.  B.  304.  3.  a  ;  A.  G.  308.  c ; 
H.  583. 

11.  II.  velut  hereditate  rellctum  :  "as  though  left  to  him  by  inherit- 
ance." 

12.  prius  animam  quam  id  :  "his  life  sooner  than  it "  ;  i.  e.  the  hatred. 
15.  animo  :  abl.  of  manner. 

15.  ut  omittam  Philippum  :  "  not  to  speak  of  Philip."  A  purpose  clause 
to  which  the  principal  clause,  I  say  this,  or  something  similar,  is  to  be 
supplied  from  the  context.  W.  506  ;  B.  282.  4  ;  A.  G.  317.  c ;  H.  568. 
4.  Philip  V,  King  of  Macedonia,  220-179  B.  c.  He  carried  on  the 
so-called  Second  Macedonian  War  against  Rome,  in  which  he  was 
decisively  defeated  in  197  at  Cynoscephalae.  At  this  time  Macedonia 
was  one  of  the  three  great  powers  of  the  East. 


NOTES  I41 

LINE  , 

16.  absens  :  he  did  not  actually  meet  Philip,  although  he  spent  a  long 

time  at  the  court  of  Antiochus. 

17.  Antiochus  :  ruler  of  Asia  Minor  223-187  B.  c.     He  was  defeated  by 

the  Romans  at  Magnesia  in  190.  His  was  the  second  great  empire 
of  the  East  at  this  time. 

18.  incendit  :  the  subj.  is  Hannibal. 

18.  rubro  marl :  not  the  Red  Sea  is  meant,  but  the  Persian  Gull. 

21.  consilils    clandestlnis :    abl.    of    means   to   be   taken   with  addu- 
cerent. 

22.  tamquam  :  governs  sentlret,  fecissent,  comperisset,  and  vldisset.    These 

are  all  secondary  tenses  of  the  subj.  by  the  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses. 
Otherwise  tamquam  would  take  primary  tenses  of  the  indie.  W.  567  ; 
B.  307.  2  ;  A.  G.  312  ;  H.  584. 

23.  alia  atque  antea  sentiret :  *'  he  [the  king]  had  changed  his  mind  "  ; 
lit.  "thought  other  things  than  before." 

Page  58 

3.  puerulo  me  :  abl.  abs. 
5.  Carthagine  :  abl.  with  name  of  town. 

5.  Optimo  maximo  :  the  regular  attributives  of  Jupiter  used  in  the 
formula  of  prayer  without  connective  as  here.  Of  course  Hamilcar 
did  not  pray  to  Jupiter  at  all,  but  to  the  corresponding  god  of  the 
Phoenicians,  probably  Baal. 

7.  vellemne  :  '*  whether  I  wanted  to  go."     An  indirect  question. 
10.  dederis  :  fut.  perf.     Translate  by  pres.  indie. 
12.  tenentem  :  "  while  holding  on  to  it "  ;  agrees  with  me  understood,  the 

subj.  of  iurdre. 

15.  reliquo  tempore  :  abl.  of  time ;  "in  the  future." 
15.  quin  :  used  after  the  negative  contained  in  neminl.     W.  576  ;  B.  298  ; 

A.  G.  319.  d\  H.  594.  II. 
17.  feceris,  celaris  :  (=  celdveris).     Trans,  by  fut.  and  pres.  in  Eng. 

W.  459  J  B.  264 ;  A.  G.  307.  c,  and  Remark  ;  H.  540.  2. 
21.  III.  Hasdrubale  imperatore  suffecto:  Hasdrubal  had  command  of 
the  army  from  229  to  221.     Hence  Hannibal,  who  was  born  in  247, 
took  command  of  the  cavalry  when  he  was  eighteen  years  old,  and  of 
the  whole  army  when  he  was  twenty-six. 

25.  annis  :  abl.  after  comparative  minor.     Nepos  mistakes  his  age, 

26.  triennio  :  abl.  of  time  within^vhich. 

27.  foederatam :  "  allied  by  treaty,"  i.  e.  to  the  Romans. 
29.  ex  his  :  equivalent  to  a  part.  gen. 

32.  neminem  nisi  victum  :  =  omnes  victos. 


H4  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


8.  absentem  :  agrees  with  Magonem.     He  had  left  home  to  join  Han- 
nibal. 

8.  illl :  Hannibal  and  Mago. 

9.  cum  solvissent  naves  ac  vela  ventis  dedissent  :    "when  they 
had  weighed  anchor  and  set  sail." 

12.  interfectum  :  sc.  esse.     We  can  say  in  Eng.  "  he  was  killed  by  ship- 
wreck or  by  his  slaves."     The  Latin,  however,  could  not  strictly  say 
inter ficere  of  both  ;  we  need  to  supply  some  verb  like  perlsse  with 
naufragio. 

13.  script um  :  neut.  governing  the  ind.  disc,  interfectum. 

15.  Tiber! :  dat.  after  propius.     This  is  unusual,  and  instead  of  the  ordi- 
nary ace.     W.  333  ;  B.  141.  3  ;  A.  G.  234.  e ;  H.  420.  5. 
15.  Thermopylls  :  he  was  defeated  there  by  the  Romans  in  191  B.  c. 

17.  videbat  :  the  subject  is  Hannibal. 

18.  Asiam  :  Asia  Minor. 
20.  conflixit :  190  B.  c. 

20.  in  quo:  neut.,  "on  which  occasion." 

21.  cum  .  .  .  superarentur :  concessive. 

23.  IX.  Antiocho  fugato  :  Antiochus  was  beaten  in  the  land  engage- 
ment at  Magnesia  in  190. 

24.  C  ret  am  :  Nepos  uses  the  same  construction  here  as  with  names  of 
cities  and  small  islands.     W.  325.  2  ;  B.  182.   I  ;  A.  G.  258.  b ;   H. 
419-  2. 

25.  quo  se  conferret  :  ind.  quest,  depending  on  considerdret, 
27.  nisi  providisset :  a  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc. 

27.  propter  avaritiam  :  to  be  taken  with  se  fore  inperlculo. 
30.  summas  :  "on  top." 

Page  63 

3.  in  propatulo  domi  abicit :  "  he  threw  them  out  on  the  open  ground 

at  home." 

5.  Inscientibus  els  :  abl.  abs.,  "  without  their  knowledge." 
7.  X.  Prusiam  :  King  of  Bithynia. 
10.  domesticis  opibus  minus  robustum  :  "  not  very  strong  in  his  own 

resources." 
13.  bellumque  inter  eos :  between  Prusias  and  Eumenes.     It  took  place 

in  184  B.  r. 

18.  talem:  "  the  following." 
18.  classe  :  abl.  of  manner. 
18.  paucis  diebus :  time  within  which. 
25.  in  unam  Eumenis  navem:  "against  Eumenes's  ship  alone." 


NOTES  I4S 

LINE 

26.  tantum  :  adv.,  "merely." 

27.  consecuturos :  ind.  disc.  £s^ 

28.  ut  sclrent  se  facturum  :  "he  would  let  them  know." 

29.  magno  els  praemio :  construction  of  two  datives. 

Page  64 

9.  XI.  quae  ad  irridendum  eum  pertinerent :  "  things  that  served 
to  make  fun  of  him." 

20.  pugnantibus  :  dat.  of  reference.     Translate  :  "  excited  laughter  in." 

22.  nova  re :  "  novelty." 

23.  quid  potissimum  vitarent :  "  what  to  avoid  most." 

26.  alias :  adverb. 

28.  XII.  dum  geruntur :  pres.  ind.  with  dum  denotes  past  time.     W. 

533  ;  B.  293.  i  ;  A.  G.  276.  e ;  H.  533.  4. 
32.  patres   conscript!  :    the  senators.     The  phrase  means  the  original 

senators  (patres)  and  those  enrolled  (conscript?)  to  complete  the  full 

number. 

Page  65 

1.  Hannibale  vivo  :  abl.  abs.  • 

3.  qui  peterent :  rel.  clause  of  purpose. 

3.  inimicissimum  suum  :  "  their  greatest  enemy." 

4.  sibique  dederet  :  "but  that  he  surrender  him  to  them."    The  clause 
is  parallel  to  ne  haberet ;  it  is  introduced  by  an  ut  implied  from  the 
preceding  ne. 

5.  illud  recusavit,  ne  id  a  se  fieri  postularent,  quod :  "he  objected 

to  their  asking  him  to  do  what  was."     The  clause  ne  postularent  is  in 
apposition  with  illud. 

7.  comprehenderent :  command  in  ind.  disc. 
9.  muneri :  dat.  of  purpose. 

11.  quod  accidit :  the  antecedent  is  id  understood,  the  subject  of  venlret. 
19.  sensit  :  the  subject  is  Hannibal. 
19.  se  peti :  "he  was  the  object." 

21.  alieno  arbitrio  :  "by  the  decision  of  others." 

25.  XIII.  anno  septuagesimo  :  he  would  have  been  from  63  to  65,  ac- 
cording to  the  year  we  accept  for  his  death. 

27.  M.  Claudio  Marcello  :  the  three  dates  given  are  in  order  183,  182^ 
181  B.  c. 

26.  Atticus  :  the  subject  of  Nepos's  last  Life.     He  wrote  a  book  of 
Roman  history  entitled  Liber  Annalis. 


I46  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

28.  Polybius  :  a  Greek  who  came  to  Rome  in   167  B.  c.     He  wrote  a 
large  historical  work  in  Greek  covering  the  period  from  the  First 
Punic  War  to  the  destruction  of  Carthage. 

29.  Sulpicius  Blitho  :  an  otherwise  unknown  writer. 

32.  aliquot  eius  libri  sunt :  "  some  books  of  his  are  in  existence." 

Page  66 

1.  ad  Rhodios  :  addressed  to  the  Rhodians. 

1.  Cn.  Manlil  Volsonis  :  he  carried  on  war  in  Asia  Minor  in  189  B.  c. 

2.  huius  :  Hannibal. 

5.  Silenus  et  Sosilus  :  otherwise  unimportant. 

8.  huius  libri  facere  finem  :  the  Lives  thus  far  are  taken  from  a  work 
of  Nepos  on  foreign  commanders. 


XIII.    ATTICUS 
Page  67 

1.  I.  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  a  Roman  of  good  family,  was  born  in 
109  B.  c.  He  removed  to  Athens  in  88,  where  he  resided  for  twenty- 
three  years.  He  then  returned  to  Rome,  and  lived  the  life  of  a  man 
of  literary  tastes  and  habits.  He  avoided  politics  and  a  military 
career.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  many  prominent  people  of  his 
time,  among  whom  were  Cicero,  Nepos,  Antony,  and  Brutus.  At- 
ticus stands  as  the  best  type  of  a  Roman  gentlemen  of  culture  and 
refinement.  He  acquired  the  cognomen  Atticus,  "  the  Attican,"  from 
his  long  residence  in  Athens.  He  died  in  32  B.  c. 

1.  ab  engine  ultima  stirpis  Romanae  :  "  of  the  oldest  Roman  stock." 

He  traced  his  origin  from  King  Numa. 

2.  perpetuo  :  to  be  taken  with  acceptam  ;  "  uninterruptedly." 

3.  equestrem  dignitatem  :    the  second  of  the  three  ranks  of  Roman 
citizens.     Citizens  not  entitled  to  the  highest  or  senatorial  rank,  but 
who  had  property  valued  at  400,000  sesterces  (about  $17,000),  were 
enrolled  as  equites.     They  enjoyed  the  right  to  serve  on  juries,  wore 
a  distinctive  dress,  and  were  assigned  choice  seats  at  the  theater. 

7.  in  puero  :  "  in  him  as  a  boy." 

8.  oris  atque  vocis  :    "  utterance "  ;    oris  is   pronunciation,  vocis  the 
quality  of  voice. 


NOTES  147 

LINE 

12.  quam  .  .  .  ferre  possent  :  the  subj.  with  quam  denotes  something 

that  did    not  happen.     W.  586.  6  ;  525.  4  ;  B.  284.  4  ;  A.  G.  320.  c, 
and  note  ;  H.  570.  I. 

13.  incitabat  omnes  :   "  he  aroused  them  all." 

14.  L.  Torquatus :  consul  in  65  B.  c. 

14.  C.  Marius  :  consul  in  82  B.  c.  ;  the  son  of  the  famous  statesman  and 
general  of  the  same  name. 

14.  M.  Cicero  :  the  orator. 

15.  perpetua  vita  :   "throughout  their  lives"  ;  abl.  of  time. 

17.  II.  adulescentulus  :  Atticus  was  twenty-one  years  old  when  he  left 
Rome  in  88.    This  was  the  year  of  the  beginning  of  civil  war  between 
the  factions  of  Marius  and  Sulla.     The  wars  were  continued  for  sev- 
eral years,  during  which  time  first  one  party  and  then  the  other  was 
in  power.    The  period  was  marked  by  frequent  proscriptions  of  promi- 
nent men  and  confiscation  of  estates.     Atticus  naturally  belonged  to 
Sulla's  party,  but  was    connected   by  marriage  with  Sulpicius,   the 
leader  of  the  Marian  faction  in  88.     After  the  death  of  Sulpicius, 
Cinna  came  forward  as  leader,  and  it  was  proscription  at  his  hands 
that  Atticus  feared. 

18.  tribunus  plebei :  an  official  of  high  authority  elected  by  the  common 
people.     He  had  the  power  of  veto  over  other  magistrates,  and  could 
present  bills  before  the  popular  assembly  (comitia  tributd). 

Page  68 

1.  Servio :  his  full  name  was  Servius  Sutyicius. 

3.  Cinnano  tumultu  :  87  B.  c. 

4.  pro  dlgnitate  :  "in  keeping  with  his  rank." 

5.  quin  .  .  .   offenderet :   result  clause  after  negative.     W.  575  ;   B. 
284.  3  ;  A.  G.  319.  d;  H.  595.  3.      Translate:    "without  offending." 

7.  obsequendl :  gerund  depending  on  tempus,  and  governing  the  dat. 
studils  suls. 

8.  neque  eo  setius  :  more  commonly  nihilo  setius. 
11.  eodem  :  to  Athens. 

16.  eius  condicionem  aequam  :  "fair  terms  for  it." 

19.  neque  debere  passus  sit :  "did  not  allow  the  debt  to  stand."     The 
subj.  of  debere  is  eds,  the  Athenians. 

21.  multiplicandls  usuris  :   "by  compound  interest." 

23.  universes  :  "  the  whole  people." 

24.  modus  mensurae  :  "  unit  of  measure." 

26.  III.  communis  Infimis :  "  accessible  to  those  in  lowest  station," 


148  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


30.  ne  qua  statua  poneretur  restitit  :  "  he  objected  to  any  statue  being 
set  up."     qua  is  the  indefinite  pronoun  used  with  ne. 

31.  aliquot  :   u  several  (statues)." 

32.  Phidiae  :  a  statesman  whom  we  do  not  know. 
32.  hunc:  Phidias. 

Page  69 

2.  illud  munus  fortunae  :  "  this  was  a  gift  of  fortune  "  ;  contrasted  with 

hoc  specimen  prudentiae  ,  "this  was  evidence  of  his  wisdom." 
7.  unus  carissimus  :  a  strong  superlative  ;  "the  one  of  all  most  beloved." 
9.  IV.  hue  :  to  Athens. 
13.  ut  appareret  in  eo  nativum  quemdam  leporem  esse  :  "  that  it  was 

apparent  that  there  was  in  him  some  native  grace,  not  acquired." 
18.  noli  .  .  .  me  velle  ducere  :  the  regular  form  of  negative  command. 

noil  seems  no  longer  to  be  connected  in  thought  with  void. 
20.  cum  quibus  ne  contra  te  :  "against  those  that  I  have  left  Italy  to 

avoid  fighting  with  against  you,"  is  the  nearest  we  can  come  to  a  lit- 

eral English  translation. 

25.  cum  .  .  .  daret  .  .  .  tribueret  :  concessive. 

26.  pater  familias  :  the  formal  designation  for  the  head  of  a  family. 
familias  is  an  old  gen.  sing. 

26.  omnia  reliqua  tempora  :  "  all  his  spare  moments." 
28.  urbana  officia:  his  duties  at  Rome  as  a  citizen. 

28.  comitia  :   the  meetings  of  the  Roman  citizens  to  elect  officers  and 
pass  laws. 

29.  res  maior  :  "matter  of  more  importance  (than  common)." 

30.  Ciceroni  :  he  was  banished  in  58  B.  c.,  but  that  was  after  Atticus  had 
changed  his  permanent  residence  to  Rome.     Nepos  can  only  be  illus- 
trating in  a  general  way  how  he  helped  his  friends. 

31.  sestertium  :  an  old  gen.  pi.  of  sestertius.     The  word  means  two  and 
a  half  (asses),  in  value  about  four  cents.     Atticus  gave  Cicero  there- 
fore about  $10,000. 

Page  70 

1.  L.  Cotta  L.  Torquato  :  65  B.  c. 

3.  ut  lacrimis  :   "  as  to  indicate  by  their  tears  their  grief  at  their  coming 
loss  "  ;  deslderil  is  obj.  gen.  with  dolor  em. 

11.  V.  adoptavit  :  by  adopting  him  he  kept  his  property  in  the  family. 
Atticus's  name  after  adoption  became  Q.  Caecilius^omponius  Atticus. 
11.  ex  dodrante  :  "  to  the  extent  of  three  quarters  (of  his  estate)." 


NOTES  149 

LINE 

12.  centiens    sestertium:  with  the   multiplicative  numerals  sestertium 
means  100,000  sesterces.    The  full  expression  is  centiens  centena  mllia 
sestertium^  "  a  hundred  times  a  hundred  thousand."     Hence  Atticus 
inherited  10,000,000  sesterces,  or  $400,000. 

13.  Q.  Tullio  Ciceroni :  the  brother  of  the  orator. 

18.  Q.  Hortensio  :  a  famous  orator  at  Rome,  who  for  many  years  con- 
tended with  Cicero  for  the  palm. 

24.  VI.  optimarum  partium  :   "  the  aristocracy  ";  gen.  of  quality.     W. 

354 ;  B.  203.  5  ;  A.  G.  215  ;  H.  447. 

25.  existimaretur  :  sc.  esse. 
28.  maritimis  :  sc.  fluctibus. 

28.  honor es  :  the  higher  offices  in  the  gift  of  the  people,  particularly  those 
of  curule  aedile,  praetor •,  and  consul. 

29.  cum  el  paterent :  "  although  they  were  open  to  him." 

31.  ambitus  largltionibus  :   "  electioneering  bribery." 

32.  e  re  publica  :  "  to  the  good  of  the  state." 

32.  corruptis  civitatis  moribus :  abl.  abs.  expressing  cause. 

Page  71 

1.  ad  hastam  publicam  :  in  early  times,  booty  taken  in  war  was  sold  by 
public  auction.     As  a  sign  of  the  auction  a  spear  was  set  up  in  the 
ground,  just  as  we  hang  out  a  red  flag.     Hence  hasta  publica  means 
public  auction.     At  the  time  of  Atticus,  confiscated  estates  were  often 
sold  at  auction.     They  usually  went  for  a  song,  since  the  purchaser 
incurred  the  enmity  of  the  former  owner  and  his  adherents. 

2.  praes  neque  manceps  :  the  revenues  of  the  state  were  collected  by 
individuals,  who  bid  off  the  right  at  public  auction.     The  offices  gave 
great  opportunities  for  peculation  and  fraud,  and  were  avoided  by 
men  of  the  best  principles.     The  man  who  bid  off  such  a  right  was 
called  manceps.     He  was  obliged  by  law  to  furnish  bondsmen  who 
possessed  real  estate,  and  who  received  for  their  risk  a  share  of  his 
profits.     Such  a  bondsman  was  called  praes. 

3.  neque  suo  nomine  neque  subscribers  accusavit:  this  refers  to 
criminal  trials,  in  which,  according  to  Roman  law,  individuals  and  not 
the  state  conducted  the  prosecution.     It  was  customary  for  the  man 
who  brought  criminal  suit  to  get  other  citizens  to  support  him  in  the 
charge.     This  was  called  subscriber  e.     Nepos  says,  then,  that  Atticus 
never  brought  criminal  action  himself  against  any  one,  nor  supported 
any  one  else  in  a  criminal  charge. 

4.  in  ius  de  sua  re :  "he  never  brought  a  civil  suit," 


ISO  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 

LINE 

4.  indicium  nullum  :  he  avoided  being  chosen  to  sit  in  judgment  at  civil 
trials,  an  office  to  which  his  rank  as  eques  made  him  eligible. 

5.  praefecturas  :  consuls  and  praetors,  after   concluding  their  term  of 

office  at  Rome,  received  the  government  of  provinces.  They  had  the 
power  of  appointment  to  the  subordinate  offices  under  them,  the  prae- 
fecturae,  which  were  particularly  lucrative.  Atticus  never  accepted 
any  of  these,  although  many  were  offered  him. 

7.  rei  familiaris  fructum  :  "  the  profit  to  his  estate,"  that  he  might  de- 

rive from  offices  that  brought  more  gain  in  revenue  than  in  honor. 

8.  ne  cum  Quinto  quidem  :  "not  even  with  Q.  Cicero," his  own  brother- 
in-law. 

9.  legati  locum  :  the  highest  position  under  the  provincial  governor. 
10.  cum  praeturam  gerere  noluisset  :  since  he  had  been  unwilling  to 

discharge  the  office  of  praetor  he  did  not  wish  now  to  accept  an  infe- 
rior office  under  one,  although  he  might  have  made  much  money  by 
so  doing. 

13.  criminum  :  extortion  in  provincial  administration,  which  was  so  com- 
mon that  all  provincial  officers  ran  the  risk  of  being  suspected 
of  it. 

16.  VII.  Caesarianum  civile  bellum  :  against  Pompey  in  49  B.  c. 

16.  cum  haberet :  causal. 

17.  aetatis  vacatione  :  subjective  gen.  ;  "  exemption  from  public  duties 
because  of  age."     The  limit  for  all  Romans  except  senators  was  set  at 
sixty. 

28.  ex  Pompei  castris  :  they  had  been  on  Pompey's  side,  and  were  par- 
doned by  Caesar  at  Atticus's  request. 
30.  VIII.  illud:   "  as  follows." 

30.  occiso  Caesare  :  44  B.  c. 

31.  Brutos  :  the  chief  conspirators  against  Caesar  were  M.  and  D.  Junius 
Brutus  and  Cassius. 

Page  72 

1.  ille  adulescens  :  "he  [M.  Brutus],  though  a  young  man,  was  on  more 
familiar  terms  (sc.  usus  sit]  with  no  man  of  his  age  than  with  him 
[Atticus],  although  he  was  an  old  man." 

3.  in  convlctu  :  sc.  prmcipem. 

4.  privatum  aerarium  :  "  a  private  fund  for  Caesar's  murderers." 

6.  contulissent :  fut.  cond.  in  ind.  disc. 

10.  qul  .  .  .  existimaret  :  rel.  clause  of  cause.  "Because  he  thought 
that  his  obligations  to  his  friends  ought  to  be  met  without  partisan- 
ship." 


NOTES  ISI 

LINE 

12.  usurum  quantum  eae  paterentur:  "he  [Brutus]  would  use  them  as 
far  as  they  went." 

17.  dicis  causa  :  "  for  the  sake  of  form."  Brutus  and  Cassius  were  prae- 
tors, and  as  such  were  not  permitted  to  leave  the  city  for  more  than 
ten  days  at  a  time.  They  had  fled  through  fear  of  Caesar's  veterans, 
and  did  not  dare  return.  To  excuse  their  absence  M.  Antonius,  the 
consul,  proposed  that  they  be  given  commissions  (provinciae)  to  pro- 
vide for  the  shipment  of  grain  to  the  city. 

19.  florentl :  "  when  it  was  prosperous." 

20.  sestertium  centum  milia :  $4,000. 

21.  trecenta  :  sc.  milia  sestertium  ;  $12,000. 

22.  eo  magis  potent! :  "  any  more  when  he  was  in  power." 

24.  IX.  bellum  apud  Mutinam  :  between  Antony  and  Brutus  in  43  B.  c. 

25.  tantum  :  modifies prudentem  ;  "merely." 

29.  restituendi :  "restoration." 

Page  73 

2.  omnibus  rebus  spoliare  :  abl.  of  separation. 
5.  nihil  els  indulsit  ad  :  "  did  not  allow  them  to." 

7.  quibus  rebus  indiguerunt :  abl.  of  means  depending  on  adiuvit. 

8.  Volumnio  :  an  adherent  of  Antony's. 

8.  ea  ut  plura  :   "  so  much  that  more  could  not  come  from  a  father." 
12.  stiterit  vadimonium  :    "stood  her  bail,"  literally,  but  not  in  the 

English  sense.     He  means  when  she  did  not  default  after  giving  bail, 

but  appeared  in  court. 
14.  secunda  fortuna  :  "in  times  of  prosperity." 

14.  in  diem :  on  credit  which  expired  on  a  fixed  day. 

15.  versuram  facere  :  raise  a  loan. 

20.  cum  faciebat:  "at  the  time  that  he  did."  The  indie,  with  the  im- 
perf.  after  cum  temporal  is  used  to  define  the  time  of  the  principal 
verb.  W.  536  ;  B.  288.  i.  A  ;  A.  G.  325.  a  ;  H.  601. 

24.  sui  iudicii  :  "  of  independent  judgment."     Gen.  of  quality. 

28.  X.  nemo  non  :  "  everybody." 

30.  de  ford  decesserat :  he  did  not  appear  in  public. 

Page  74 

2.  in  summo  aut  fastigio  aut  periculo :  "  either  in  the  highest  posi- 
tion or  in  the  greatest  danger." 

4.  sui:  gen.  with  similis,  W.  352;  B.  204.  3;  A.  G.  234.  d.  2  ;  H, 
435-  4- 


152  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


7.  tanto  odio  ferebatur  :  "  was  moved  by  such  hatred  toward." 

10.  Attic!  memor  officii  :  memor  governs  the  gen.  officil,  which  is  lim- 
ited by  Atticl. 

12.  ne  timeret,  veniret :  prohibition  and  command  in  ind.  disc. 
15.  in  summo  timore  :  "  in  a  position  to  excite  the  greatest  fear." 

17.  seiunctam  sibi  ab  eo  :  "he  wished  no  good  fortune  for  himself  that 
was  unshared  by  him  [Canus]." 

25.  XI.  praemiis  imperatorum :  because  of  the  rewards  offered  by  the 
generals. 

28.  proelium  Philippense :  Philippi,  42  B.  c. 

31.  par!  fortuna  :  "by  a  like  misfortune." 

32.  els  omnia  Samothraciam  :  "  everything  [they  needed]  to  be  shipped 
to  them  to  Samothrace." 

Page  75 

2.  temporariam :  =  temporis  causa,  "  time-serving." 
6.  post  mortem  ems :  the  death  of  Brutus. 

13.  lit  videatur  :  pres.  subj.  after  fecit ,  because  the  present  time  is  clearly 
thought  of.     W.  469  ;  B.  268.  7.  a  ;  A.  G.  287.  a ;  H.  550. 

14.  sill  cuique  :  a  verse  from  an  unknown  poet,     cuique  stands  in  appo- 
sition to  hominibus.     We  may  roughly  translate:  "men's  manners 
make  their  fortune."     mores,  however,  means  more  nearly  "  character." 

15.  se  ipse :  we  should  expect  the  intensive  to  agree  with  the  reflexive  ; 

instead  it  is  nom. 

18.  XII.  adulescenti  Caesari:  the  young  Augustus. 

19.  potentiam  :  observe  the  distinction  in  meaning  between  this  word  and 
potestdtem  in  the  next  line. 

20.  nullms  condicionis  :  he  had  the  chance  to  make  any  kind  of  a  match 
he  chose. 

24.  triumvirum  :  part,  gen.,  **  [a  member]  of  the  board  of  three  for  organ- 
izing the  government." 

29.  sub  ipsa  .  .  .  proscriptione  :  "  near  the  very  time  of  the  proscrip- 

tion." 

30.  aequalis  sui  :  strictly  the  Latin  should  use  eius  here. 

Page  76 

2.  consuetudine  ea  :  according  to  the  practice  that  then  obtained. 
6.  Lucretii  Catullique :    well-known   poets   whose  works   have  come 
down  to  us.     They  both  died  not  far  from  50  B.  c. 

11.  praefecto  fabrum:  chief  military  engineer,    fdbrum  is  gen.  pi.  of 

the  3d  decl. 


NOTES  153 


12.  absentem  relatum  :  to  be  taken  with  in  proscrlptorum  numerum  ; 

*'  after  he  had  been  put  on  the  list  of  proscribed  while  he  was  away." 
12.  expedivit  :  "freed  him  from  danger." 
12.  quod  :  the  relative  equivalent  to  the  demonstrative  referring  to  the 

help  given  Saufeius.     The  second  quod  is  the  conjunc.  "because." 
19.  XIII.  minus  fuit  emax  :  he  was  not  given  to  spending  money  in 

buying  rare  and  costly  works  of  art  or  in  putting  up  expensive  struc- 

tures.    These  were  common  ways  in  which  more  vulgar  men  of  wealth 

squandered  their  property. 
19.  neque  tamen  non  :  "  and  yet.'* 

22.  Tamphilianam  :  from  its  former  owner,  Tamphilus. 

23.  non  aedificio  :  "  consisted  in  the  park,  not  the  building."     domum 
is  here  equivalent  to  one  word,  place,  whereas  tectum  is  the  house 
itself. 

26.  familia  :  the  body  of  slaves  attached  to  a  household. 

28.  pueri  litteratissimi  :  young  slaves  very  well  educated,  who  included 
both  andgnostae,  slaves  trained  to  read  out  loud  before  company,  and 
librarii,  copyists,  whose  business  it  was  to  copy  off  books. 

30.  utrumque  horum  :  read  and  copy. 

Page  77 

1.  domi  factum  :  they  were  born  and  trained  in  his  household  ;  home- 

made. 
4.  quod  a  plurimis  videas  :  "  which  one  can  see  that  many  desire." 

Potent,  subj.,  sc.  concuplscl. 
4.  continentis  :  gen.  with  the  verb  esse  (understood).    A.  G.  214.  d\  H. 

447- 

10.  quamquam  putem  :  the  subj.  with  quamquam  is  rare  in  good  Latin 
use.  W.  570;  A.  G.  213.  £•;  H.  586. 

12.  non  parum  liberaliter  :  "  freely  enough.  " 

13.  terna  milia  :  sc.  sestertium.     Three  thousand  sesterces  each  month, 

or  about  $120. 

14.  ex  ephemeride  :  "  according  to  his  diary." 

14.  eum    expensum    solitum    (esse)  :    ind.   disc,   depending  on  prae- 
terlbo.     "  That  he  was  accustomed  to  enter  in  his  account  [ferre]  as 
paid  out  for  expenses." 

15.  non  auditum  :   "  not  hearsay,  but  by  actual  knowledge." 

18.  XIV.  acroama  :  a  general  word  for  entertainment  that  appealed  to 
the  ear.  It  would  include  recitation,  music,  song,  and  dramatic  rep- 
resentation. 


154  CORNELII    NEPOTIS 


21.  animo,  ventre  :  abl.  of  specification. 

26.  sestertio  viciens  :  sc.  centena  mliia.    Two  million  sesterces,  $80,000. 

in,  "  with."     centiens,  10,000,000  sesterces,  $400,000. 
28.  par!  fastigio :  loc.  abl.     "  He  kept  on  the  same  level  [of  living]  in 

both  conditions  of  wealth." 
30.  hortos :  parks  were  a  common  cause  of  luxurious  expense,  as  were 

also  summer  resorts  at  the  seashore  (maritimam  villain]  or  among 

the  hills  of  Latium  (suburbanam). 
32.  rusticum  praedium  :  a  country  estate  farmed  as  a  source  of  revenue. 

Page  78 

1.  urbanis  possessionibus  :  <4  real  estate  in  the  city." 

2.  usum  pecuniae :  "he  was  wont  to  measure  the  value  of  money  not 
by  its  amount,  but  by  its  management." 

6.  XV.  intellects  :  the  latter  supine. 

8.  religiose  promittebat :  "  was  scrupulous  about  making  promises." 

8.  liberales,  leves  :  subj.  ofpolliceri. 

11.  mandatam  :  "taken  in  trust." 

26.  XVI.  el  rei  sunt  indieio  :  two  datives. 

27.  qui  in  vulgus   sunt   edit!  :   "  which  have  been  published."      The 
letters  had  not  yet  been  published,  but  were  known  only  by  pri- 
vate circulation.     The  sixteen  books  of  letters  which  we  still  have 
date  from  68  B.  c.  to  44  B.  c. 

Page  79 

7.  XVII.  extulit :  "buried."     The  Latin  word  refers  to  the  carrying 
out  of  the  dead  body  from  the  house. 

7.  annorum  nonaginta  :  gen.  of  quality. 

9.  in  gratiam  redisse  :  "  he  never  made  up  with  his  mother  "  ;  imply- 

ing that  he  never  needed  to,  because  he  never  quarreled  with  her. 

12.  ea  in  suos  indulgentia  :  "  was  of  such  forbearance  toward  his  own 
relatives." 

14.  quamquam  omnes  el  paremus  :  "  although  we  all  obey  them  "  ;  i.  e. 
our  natural  impulses  (ndturd). 

19.  XVIII.  diligenter    habuit    cognitam :    "possessed    an    accurate 
knowledge  of." 

20.  in  eo  volumine  :  in  his  Liber  Annalis,  a  brief  outline  of  Roman  his- 
tory.    Cf.  Hannibal,  XIII. 

23.  suo  tempore  :  "  in  its  proper  time." 


NOTES  155 

LINE 

28.  quis  a  quo  ortus :  the  man's  name,  his  father's  name,  what  offices  he 
had  held,  and  at  what  times. 

29.  Marcelli   Claudil :  at  his  request  ;  sc.  rogatu.     The  same  with  Set- 
pionis  and  Fabii. 

Page  80 

1.  poeticen :  Gk.  ace.  ist  decl. 

2.  versibus  exposuit  :  "narrated  in  verse." 
7.  credendum  sit :  potent,  subj. 

10.  XIX.  Attico  vivo  :  the  first  edition  of  this  Life  closed  with  chap, 
xviii.  After  Atticus's  death  the  following  chapters  were  added. 

12.  rerum  exemplis  :  concrete  examples. 

14.  suds  cuique  mores :  a  repetition  in  prose  of  the  verse  quoted  in 
chap.  xi. 

16.  imperatoris,  DIvI  filii :  "  the  emperor,  the  son  of  Dlvus"  ;  i.  e.  Au- 
gustus, who  was  adopted  by  Julius  Caesar  and  hence  called  his  son. 
Julius  Caesar  after  his  death  was  given  the  honorary  title  of  divus, 
which  was  continued  to  the  emperors. 

18.  qua  ceteros  :  "by  which  he  had  attracted  other  political  leaders  of 

equal  worth  [to  Augustus],  although  inferior  in  fortune." 
24.  hanc  :  the  granddaughter  of  Atticus. 
24.  Ti.   Claudio   Neroni :    later  the  emperor  Tiberius.      His  mother, 

Livia  Drusilla,  married  Augustus  as  her  second  husband. 

30.  XX.  quin  Attico  scriberet :   "  without  writing  to  Atticus." 

Page  81 

2.  nullus  dies  temere  :  "hardly  a  day." 

5.  eius  verbosiores  epistulas  :  "  long  letters  from  him." 

6.  aedis  :  nom.     The  commoner  form  is  aedes. 

12.  hoc  quale  sit :  "what  that  means." 

13.  quantae  sit   sapientiae  :   "  of  how  great  wisdom  [the  task]  is  to 
keep  the  association  and  good  will  of  those  who." 

26.  XXI.  tenesmon  :  Gk.  ace.  sing. 

Page  82 

7.  quibus:  vobis. 

7.  me  nihil  reliqui  fecisse  :  "  that  I  have  left  nothing  undone "  ;  lit. 

"  that  I  have  made  no  remainder." 
10.  mihi  stat  desinere  :  "  I  have  made  up  my  mind  to  stop." 

19.  XXII.  ne  .  .  .  acceleraret  et  .  .  .  reservaret :    "not  to  hasten 
but  to  keep." 


156  CORNELII    NDPOTIS 


19.  quod  natura  cogeret  •  "  what  nature  was  forcing  him  to,"  i.  e.  death. 

20.  temporibus  superesse  :  "  to  survive  the  period  [of  sickness],"  "to 
weather  it." 

25.  pridie  Kalendas  Apriles  :  the  last  day  of  March.     B.  144.  2  ;  A.  G. 
376.  e\  H.  420.  5. 

26.  Cn.  Domitio  C.  Sosio :  32  B.  c. 

26.  elatus  est :  "was  carried  out  for  burial."  The  diminutive  lectlcula 
denotes  the  simplicity  of  the  ceremony.  It  was  just  his  ordinary, 
every  day  litter.  The  pompd  refers  to  formal  preparations  on  the 
part  of  his  family.  They  could  not  prevent  the  populace  from  fol- 
lowing, however. 

29.  viam  Appiam  :  one  of  the  most  famous  roads  of  Italy.  It  led  south 
from  Rome  along  the  coast. 

29.  quintum  lapidem :  the  fifth  milestone  from  the  city,  starting  from 
the  forum. 


VOCABULARY 


VOCABULARY 


A.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman  prae- 

nomen  Aulus. 
a  or  ab,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  of\ 

by. 
abalieno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ab-alie- 

no,  fr.  alienus],  i,  make  hostile, 

alienate. 
abdo,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [ab-do], 

3,  put  away,  hide. 
abhorred,    -horrere,    -horruT    [ab- 

horreo],  2,  shrink  from  ;  differ. 
abicio,    -icere,    -ieci,    -iectus    [ab- 

iacio],  3,  throw  away ;  drive  away. 
abripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [ab- 

rapio],  3,  carry  off  by  violence. 
abrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ab-rogo], 

I,  repeal,  revoke',  depose  from. 
abscedo,    -cedere,    -cessT,    -cessus 

[abs-cedo],  3,  go  away,  depart  \ 

desist. 
absens,   -entis   [part,   of  absum], 

adj.,  absent. 
absolve,    -solvere,    -solvl,    -solutus 

[ab-solvo],    3,    declare    innocent, 

acquit. 
abstinentia,  -ae  [abs-teneo],  F., 

self-restraint ;  integrity. 
abstineo,    -tinere,    -tinui,    -tentus 

[abs-teneo],     2,     abstain,     hold 

away  from. 
absum,  abesse,  afui  [ab-sum],  irr., 

be  absent',  be  distant',  be  far  from  ; 

be  averse  to  ;  be  foreign  to. 
ac,  conj.,  and-,  as  ;  see  atque. 
Acarnanus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of  Acar- 

nania,  a  state  of  central  Greece. 
accedo,    -cedere,   -cessT,    -cessurus 

[ad-cedo],    3,  go   to,   approach ; 

reach,  join  ;  come  ;  be  added. 


accelero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ad-cele- 
ro,  fr.  celer],  i,  hasten. 

acceptus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  accipio], 
adj.,  acceptable. 

accessio,  -onis  [accedo],  F.,  ap- 
proach ;  increase. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi  [ad-cado], 
^,fallto',  happen,  befall. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ad- 
capio],  3,  take,  receive  ;  acquire  ; 
hear,  understand',  inherit. 

accresco,  -crescere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[ad-cresco],  3,  grow,  increase. 

accumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tus  [ad-cumbo],  3,  lie  down  ;  re- 
cline at  table. 

accurate,  compar.  accuratius  [ac- 
curatus,  fr.  ad  and  cura],  adv., 
carefully ;  definitely. 

accuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  and 
causa],  i,  accuse. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.,  sharp  ;  vigor- 
ous, spirited. 

acerbitas,  -atis  [acerbus],  F., 
harshness,  severity. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um  [related  to  acer], 
adj.,  bitter,  harsh ;  premature, 
regretted. 

acies,  -ei  [related  to  acer],  F., 
sharp  point ;  line  of  battle. 

acquiesco,  -quiescere,  -quievi  [ad- 
quiesco],  3,  come  to  rest',  pass  to 
rest,  die. 

acriter,  compar.  acrius,  superl. 
acerrime  [acer],  adv.,  sharply ; 
shrewdly,  busily. 

acroama,  -atis  [Gk.  a/cp^o/ia],  N., 
entertainment  for  the  ear,  in- 
cluding reading,  music,  and  jest- 
ing, 

159 


ACTA 


1 60 


AEDIS 


acta,  -ae  [Gk.  <XKT^],  F.,  seashore. 

actor,  -oris  [ago],  M.,  doer,  actor-, 
agent. 

acumen,  -inis  [acuo,  sharpen],  N., 
sharpness,  keenness. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace.,  to,  toward,  of 
motion  ;  at,  near,  of  place  ;  till, 
toward,  of  time ;  for,  of  purpose  ; 
about ;  according  to. 

ad  do,  -dere,  -did!,  -ditus  [ad-do], 
3,  add,  put  to. 

adduce,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus  [ad- 
duco],  3,  lead  to,  bring  to,  bring', 
lead,  induce,  persuade. 

adeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [ad-eo],  irr., 
go  to ;  undergo. 

adeo  [ad-eo],  adv.,  to  that  point, 
so  ;  so  very,  so  far ;  to  such  a  de- 
gree. 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [ad-habeo], 
2,  apply,  exercise  ;  show  ;  employ, 
devote. 

adhuc  [ad-huc],  adv.,  thus  far, 
hitherto. 

adicio,  -icere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [ad- 
iacio],  3,  add,  join  to. 

Adimantus,  -I,  M.,  an  Athenian 
commander. 

adimo,  -imere,  -eml,  -emptus  [ad- 
emo],  3,  take  away. 

adipiscor,  -ipisci,  -eptus  sum  [ad- 
apiscor],  3,  dep.,  take,  obtain  ; 
gain,  win. 

aditus,  -us  [adeo],  M.,  approach, 
access. 

adiungd,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus 
[ad-iungo],  3,  join  to,  add',  at- 
tach ;  enter  into  friendship  with. 

adiutor,  -oris  [adiuvo],  M.,  helper, 
assistant. 

adiuvo,  -are,  -iuvi,  -iutus  [ad- 
iuvo], I,  help,  aid,  assist. 

Admetus,  -I,  M.,  king  of  the  Mo- 
lossians,  in  Epirus. 

administro,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ad- 
ministro,  fr.  minister],  i,  man- 
age, conduct. 

admirabilis,  -e  [admlror],  adj., 
admirable,  commendable  ;  strange. 

admlrandus,  -a,  -um  [gerund,  of 
admlror],  adj.,  wonderful,  strange. 

admlratio,  -onis  [admlror],  F.,  ad- 
miration, wonder. 


admlror,  -an,  -atus  sum  [ad-miror, 
fr.  minis],  i,  dep.,  admire,  won- 
der at ;  wonder. 

admitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ad-mitto],  3,  send  in  ;  let  in ,  ad- 
mit •  commit. 

admodum  [ad  and  modus],  adv., 
to  the  limit ;  quite  ;  rather. 

admonitus,  -us  [admoneo],  M., 
warning,  advice  ;  instance. 

adopto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ad-opto], 
I,  adopt. 

adorior,  -oriri,  -ortus  sum  [ad- 
orior],  4,  dep.,  attack. 

adsum,  adesse,  affui  [ad-sum],  irr., 
be  present ;  assist. 

adulescens,  -entis  [adolesco],  M., 
young  man. 

adulescentia,  -ae  [adulescens], 
F. ,  youth  ;  the  period  of  youth. 

adulescentulus,  -I  [dim.  of  adu- 
lescens], M.,  youth,  young  man  ; 
lad. 

adulor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  flat- 
ter. 

advenio,  -venire,  -venl,  -ventus  [ad- 
venio],  4,  come  to,  arrive. 

advento,  -are  [freq.  of  advenio], 
I,  come  toward,  approach. 

adventus,  -us  [advenio],  M.,  com- 
ing, approach  ',  arrival. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um  [adversor], 
adj . ,  opposed  to  ;  hostile',  assubst., 
opponent,  enemy. 

adversor,  -an,  -atus  sum  [adver- 
sus],  i,  dep.,  be  opposed  t»,  be  hos- 
tile to,  oppose,  resist. 

adversum  or  adversus  [adver- 
sus],  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
opposed  to,  against. 

adversus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ad- 
vert 6],  adj.,  opposed  to,  hostile  to  ; 
disastrous ;  adversa  fortuna,  ill 
fortune. 

aedificator,  -oris  [aedifico],  M., 
builder  ;  as  adj.,  fond  of  building. 

aedificium,  -I  [aedifico],  N.,  build- 
ing, structure. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [aedis 
and  the  root  of  facio],  i,  build. 

aedis,  -is  [originally  fireplace,  from 
the  root  aed,  to  burn],  FM  temple ; 
plur.,  house,  dwelling-house.  . 


AEGATES 


161 


ALIENO 


Aegates,  -ium,  F.  plur.,  the  Aegates, 
a  group  of  three  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  west  of  Sicily. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  adj.,  sick, 
feeble. 

Aegos  flumen  [Gk.  Alybs  Trora/xoi, 
goat-river],  N.,  a  river  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus. 

Aegyptius,  -a,  -um  [Aegyptus], 
adj.,  Egyptian ;  as  subst.,  an 
Egyptian. 

Aegyptus,  -1,  F.,  Egypt. 

Aemilius,  -I,  M.,  the  name  of  a 
celebrated  Roman  gens :  (i)  Z. 
Aemilius  Paulus  was  killed  at 
Cannae  in  216  B.  c.  ;  (2)  L.  Ae- 
milius Paulus  was  consul  at  Rome 
in  182  B.  c.  ;  Aemilii,  -orum, 
plur.,  members  of  the  Aemilian 
gens. 

aemulatio,  -onis  [aemulor],  F., 
emulation,  rivalry. 

aeneus,  -a,  -um  [aes],  adj.,  bronzen, 
of  bronze. 

Aeolis,  -idis,  F.,  Aeolis,  a  country 
of  Asia  Minor. 

aequalis,  -e  [aequus],  adj.,  equal 
in  age ;  as  subst.,  an  equal  in  age ; 
fellow  ;  contemporary. 

aeque  [aequus],  adv.,  equally, 
equally  well. 

aequipero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [aequi- 
par,  from  aequus  and  par],  i,  be- 
come equal  to,  equal. 

aequitas,  -atis  [aequus],  F.,  even- 
ness, fairness. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  even;  fair; 
favorable ;  aequo  animo,  with 
resignation,  contentedly. 

aerarium,  -I  [aes],  N.,  treasury; 
public  money,  fund. 

aes,  aeris,  N.,  copper,  bronze ; 
money ;  aes  alienum,  debt,  lit. 
another's  money. 

aestimo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [aes], 
I,  set  a  value  on  ;  set ;  fix. 

aetas,  -atis  [aevum,  for  aevitas], 
F.,  age  ;  time  of  life  ;  time  ;  active 
life. 

affabilis,  -e  [ad-for],  adj.,  friend- 
ly, sociable. 

affecto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
ad-ficio],  i,  seek  to  obtain,  aim  at. 


affero,  afferre,  attuli,  allatus  [ad- 
fero],  irr.,  bring;  bring  word,  re- 
port; add; produce  ;  cause  \  manus 
afferre,  use  violence,  assist. 

afficio,  -ficere,  -feel,  -fectus  [ad- 
facio],  3,  bestow  upon  ;  afflict,  at- 
tack ;  poena  afficefe, /****>£. 

affinis,  -e  [ad-finis],  adj.,  adjoin- 
ing ;  related  to  ;  as  subst.,  relative. 

affinitas,  -atis  [affinis],  F.,  rela- 
tionship. 

affirmo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ad- 
flrmo],  i,  assert,  declare. 

affllctus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ad-fllgo], 
adj.,  downcast;  needy. 

affluenter,  compar.  affluentius  [ad- 
fluens],  adv.,  lavishly. 

affluentia,  -ae  [ad-fluens],  F.,  lav- 

_  ishnejss. 

Afer,  Afri,  M.,  an  African. 

Africa,  -ae,  F.,  Africa. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um  [Africa],  adj., 
African. 

ager,  agri,  M.,  field;  land. 

Agesilaus,  -I,  M.,  Agesilaus,  king 
of  Sparta. 

aggredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  sum  [ad- 
gradior],  3,  dep.,  approach;  at- 

_  tack. 

Agis,  -idis,  M.,  Agis,  king  of 
Sparta. 

agito,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
ago],  i,  set  in  motion  ;  stir  up, 
plot ;  rouse,  disturb. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novi,  -nitus 
[ad-gnosco],  3,  acknowledge,  own. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  3,  lead,  con- 
duct, transact ;  take,  action  ;  make 
an  effort ;  treat,  deal,  plead,  make 
proposals  ;  pass.,  be  at  stake  ;  lege 
agere,  beat  law  ;  gratias  agere, 
thank. 

Agrippa,  -ae,  M.,  M.  Vipsdnius 
Agrippa,  son-in-law  of  Augustus. 

aid,  imperf.  aiebam,  def.,  say. 

Alcibiades,  -is,  M.,  Alcibiades,  an 
Athenian. 

Alcmaeon,  -onis,  M.,  Alcmaeon,  a 
character  in  Greek  fable. 

alias  [alius],  adv.,  at  other  times; 
otherwise. 

alieno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [alienus], 
i,  estrange ^  make  hostile \ 


ALIENUS 


162 


ANIMUS 


alienus,  -a,  -um  [alius],  adj.,  of 
another •,  another's  ;  of  strangers  ; 
foreign  ;  out  of  place  ;  unfavor- 
able. 

aliquando  [alius  and  quando], 
adv.,  at  some  time  ;  at  length. 

aliquanto  [aliquantus.jw^],  adv., 
somewhat,  rather. 

aliquantum  [aliquantus],  adv., 
somewhat. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod  [alius  and 
qui],  indef.  pron.  adj.,  some, 
any. 

aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid  [alius  and 
quis],  indef.  pron.,  some  one, 
somebody ;  any  one  ;  something, 
anything. 

aliquot  [alius  and  quot],  indef. 
num.  adj.  indecl.,  several. 

aliter  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  dif- 
ferently. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.,  other,  another', 
alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  an- 
other ;  plur. ,  alii  .  .  .  alii,  some 
.  .  .  others. 

aid,  alere,  alui,  altus  or  alitus,  3, 
nourish,  support. 

Alpes,  -ium,  F.  plur.,  the  Alps. 

Alpicus,  -a,  -um  [Alpes],  adj., 
Alpine',  as  subst.,  an  inhabitant 
of  the  Alps. 

alte,  compar.  altius,  superl.  altis- 
sime  [altus],  adv.,  high,  highly. 

alter,  altera,  alterum  [from  the 
same  root  as  alius],  pron.  adj., 
one  of  two,  one,  the  one  ;  second, 
the  second',  alter  .  .  .  alter, 
one  .  .  .  the  other. 

alteruter,  -utra,  -utrum  [alter- 
uter],  pron.  adj.,  one  or  the  other  ; 
one  of  two. 

altitude,  -inis  [altus],  F.,  height. 

altus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  aid],  adj., 
high,  tall ;  deep. 

amator,  -dris  [amo],  M.,  lover. 

ambitus,  -us  [ambio],  M.,  going 
around ;  canvassing  ;  bribery. 

amice  [amicus],  adv.,  friendly, 
in  a  friendly  manner. 

amicitia,  -ae  [amicus],  F.,  friend- 
ship. 

amiculum,  -I  [amicio],  N.,  cloak, 
mantle. 


amicus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  amicior 
[amo] ,  adj . ,  loving,  kind,  dear  ; 
favorable  ;  as  subst.,  friend. 

amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[a-mitto],  3,  let  go  ;  lose. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  love. 

amoenitas,  -atis  [amoenus],  F., 
delight  fulness. 

amor,  -oris  [amo],  M.,  love. 

Amphipolis,  -is,  ace.  -im,  F.,  Am- 
phipolis,  a  city  of  Macedonia. 

amphora,  -ae  [Gk.  apQopevs],  F., 
jar,  wine-jar. 

amplitude,  -inis  [amplus],  F., 
size  ;  greatness. 

amplius  [neut.  compar.  of  am- 
plus], adj.,  adv.,  and  indecl. 
subst.,  more. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  great  in  ex- 
tent ;  great ;  grand. 

Amyntas,  -ae,  M.,  Amyntas,  king 
of  Macedonia. 

an,  conj.,  or,  used  to  introduce  the 
second  half  of  a  double  question. 

anagnostes,  -ae,  ace.  -en  [Gk. 
cLvayiHaffTfis],  M.,  reader. 

anceps,  -cipitis  [ambi-caput],  adj., 
double  ;  uncertain  ;  perilous. 

ancora,  -ae  [Gk.  &jKvpa],  F.,  an- 
chor ;  in  ancorls,  at  anchor. 

Andocides,  -is  or-i,  M.,  Andocides, 
a  Greek  orator  and  general. 

angustiae,  -arum  [angustus],  F. 
plur. ,  narrowness  ;  narrows  ; 
straits  ;  angustiae  locorum,  nar- 
row place,  defile. 

angustus,  -a,  -um  [ango,  press 
close\,  adj.,  narrow. 

Anicia,  -ae,  F.,  Anicia,  a  Roman 
woman. 

anima,  -ae,  F.,  breath  of  life,  life  ; 
soul. 

animadvert 6,  -vertere,  -verti,  -ver- 
sus [animum  ad  vert  6],  3,  turn 
the  attention  toward',  notice,  ob- 
serve ;  punish. 

animatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ani- 
mo],  adj.,  minded,  disposed. 

animus,  -I,  M.,  mind,  spirit',  sen- 
timent ;  feelings  ;  courage  ;  atten- 
tion ;  animo  ,aequo,  with  resig- 
nation ;  animo  bond,  with  good 
intent, 


ANNALIS 


I63 


ARMATUS 


annalis,  -is  [annus],  M.,  yearly 
record  of  events  ;  history  ;  an- 
nals. 

anniculus,  -a,  -um  [annus],  adj., 
a  year  old. 

annuo,  -nuere,  -nui  [ad-nuo],  3, 
assent  to. 

annuus,  -a,  -um  [annus],  adj.,  of  a 
year  j  yearly,  annual. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep.,  before,  of 
time  or  place  ;  ante  quam,  conj., 
before. 

antecedo,  -cedere,  -cessi  [ante- 
cedo], 3,  go  before\  exceed  \ 
excel. 

anteeo,  -Ire,  -il  [ante-eo],  irr.,  go 
before  ;  exceed. 

antefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [ante- 
fero],  irr.,  put  before  ;  prefer. 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[ante-pono] ,  3 ,  place  before,  place 
ahead,  rank  ahead ;  prefer. 

Antiochus,  -I,  M.,  Antiochus,  king 
of  Syria. 

antiquitas,  -atis  [antiquus],  F., 
age  ;  antiquity  ;  ancient  times. 

antiquitus  [antiquus],  adv.,  long 
ago  ;  in  former  times. 

antisto,  -stare,  -steti  [ante-sto],  i, 
stand  before  ;  surpass  ;  have  the 
advantage  over. 

Antonius,  -I,  M.,  Antony,  a  Roman 
general  and  statesman. 

aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  -tus  [ab-verio], 
4,  open  ;  show,  disclose. 

apertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  aperio], 
adj.,  open. 

Apollo,  -inis,  M.,  Apollo,  the  Greek 
god  of  poetry  and  music. 

appareo,  -parere,  -parui  [ad-pa- 
red], 2,  appear,  become  evident', 
be  plain,  be  in  sight ;  be  appar- 
ent. 

apparo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ad-paro], 
I,  prepare  ;  prepare  for. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad-pello, 
from  the  same  root  as  pello,  pel- 
lere],  i,  call. 

appello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [ad- 
pello],  3,  drive  to  ;  sail',  bring  to 
land. 

Appenmnus,  -i,  M.,  the  Apennines, 
a  range  of  mountains  in  Italy. 


Appius,  -a,  -um,   adj.,  Appian,  fr. 

Appius,  a  Roman  personal  name  ; 

Appia  via,  the  Appian    Way,  a 

road     running     from     Rome     to 

Capua, 
applied,  -are,  -avi/pr  -ul,  -atus  [ad- 

plico],  i,  add,  join.  _ 

apporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad-por- 

\,Q],"L,I  bring. 
apprime  [ad,  primus],  adv.,  in  the 

highest  degree,  exceedingly. 
appropinqup,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad- 

propinquo],    I,   draw   near,   ap- 
proach. 
Aprilis,    -e     [perhaps    related    to 

aperio],  adj.,  of  April. 
aptus,  -a,  -um  [part,   of  apiscor, 

take~\,  adj.,  adapted  to,  suited  \  Jit. 
apud,    prep,   with    ace.,   at,    with, 

among;  in  the  presence  of,  before  ; 

near,  on  ;  pugna  apud,  the  battle 

-  °f- 

Apulia,  -ae,  F.,  Apulia,  a  country 
of  southeastern  Italy. 

aquilo,  -onis,  M.,  the  north  wind. 

ara,  -ae,  F.,  altar. 

arbitrium,  -I  [arbiter,  judge\,  N., 
judgment,  decision  \  will ;  man- 
agement. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [arbiter], 
i,  &vp.,  judge,  think. 

arbor,  -oris,  F.,  tree. 

Arcadia,  -ae,  F.,  Arcadia,  a  coun- 
try of  southern  Greece. 

Areas,  -adis,  adj.,  of  Arcadia-,  as 
subst.,  an  Arcadian. 

arcesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus  [perhaps 
for  accesso,  fr.  accedo],  3,  sum- 
mon, invite. 

argentum,  -I,  N.,  silver  ;  money. 

Arglvus,  -a,  -um  [Argos],  adj.,  of 
Argos,  A r give  ;  as  subst.,  an  Ar- 


Argos,  N.,  used  only  in  nom.  and 
ace.,  Argos,  a  city  in  Greece. 

arguo,  -ere,  -ul,  -utus,  3,  accuse. 

Aristides,  -is,  M.,  Aristides,  an 
Athenian  general  and  statesman. 

arma,  -orum,  N.  plur.,  arms,  im- 
plements of  war. 

armatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  armo], 
adj.,  armed \  as  subst.,  armed man^ 
soldier. 


ARMO 


164  : 


AVUNCULUS 


armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [arma],  i, 
furnish  with  arms,  arm,  equip. 

Arretinus,  -a,  -um  [Arretium,  a 
town  of  Etruria],  adj.,  of  Arre- 
tium ;  at  Arretium. 

arripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [ad- 
rapio],  3,  seize. 

ars,  artis,  F.,  art,  skill  \  plur.,  arts, 
branches. 

Artaphernes,  -is,  ^l.,  Artaphernes, 
a  Persian  general. 

Artaxerxes,  -is,  ace.  -en,  M.,  Ar- 
•  taxerxes,  king  of  Persia. 

Artemisium,  -I,  N.,  Artemisium,  a 
promontory  of  Euboea. 

artifex,  -ids  [ars  and  facio],  M., 
artist  ;  artisan  ;  specialist. 

arx,  arcis,  F.,  citadel ;  acropolis. 

ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus  [ad-scando],  3,  ascend, 
mount ;  embark  in,  board ;  em- 
bark. 

ascitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ascisco, 
assume],  adj.,  acquired,  adopted. 

Asia,  -ae,  F.,  Asia,  especially  A sia 
Minor. 

aspectus,  -us  [aspicio],  M.,  sight, 
view ;  looks,  appearance. 

aspergo,  -spergere  -spersi,  -spersus 
[ad-spargo],  3,  sprinkle;  stain, 
stain  one's  reputation. 

asperitas,  -atis  [asper],  F.,  harsh- 
ness, severity,  sternness. 

aspernor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [a-sper- 
nor],  I,  dep.,  disdain ,  reject. 

aspicio,  -spicere,  -spexT,  -spectus 
[ad-specio],  3,  look  at,  see ;  re- 
gard, face. 

assecla,  -ae  [adsequor],  M.,  fol- 
lower, attendant. 

assiduus,  -a,  -um  [assideo,  sit 
by],  adj.,  constant,  repeated. 

astu  [Gk.  &rn/|,  N.  indecl.,  city ; 
the  city  of  Athens. 

at,  conj.,  but,  but  yet;  however. 

Athenae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Athens, 
a  city  of  Greece. 

Atheniensis,  -is  [Athenae],  adj., 
Athenian  ;  as  subst.,  an  Athenian. 

athleta,  -ae  [Gk.  *0\irrfc],  M., 
athlete. 

atque,  shorter  form  ac  [ad-que], 
qonj.,  and,  and  also  ;  than,  as. 


attendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[ad-tendo],  3,  direct;  animum 
attendere,/^/  attention. 

Attica,  -ae,  F.,  Attica,  a  state  of 
Greece. 

Atticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Attica, 
Attic  ;  as  subst.,  an  Athenian. 

Atticus,  -T,  M.,  Atticus,  the  cog- 
nomen of  T.  Pomponius  Atticus. 

attingo,  -tingere,  -tig!,  -tactus  [ad- 
tango],  3,  touch  ;  engage  in,  try 
one's  hand  at. 

auctor,  -oris  [augeo],  M.,  author, 
authority ;  promoter,  instigator. 

auctoritas.  -atis  [auctor],  F.,  au- 
thority ;  influence. 

audeo,  -ere,  -ausus  sum  [avidus], 
2,  semi-dep.,  dare. 

audio,  -ire,  -IvT,  -Itus,  4,  hear ;  hear 
of;  listen  ;  listen  to,  heed ;  audiens 
dicto,  obedient;  audiens  dicto 
esse,  obey. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatus 
[au-fero,  fr.  au,  an  old  prepo- 
sition], irr.,  take  away. 

augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctus,  2,  in- 
crease. 

Aulus,  -T,  M.,  Aulus,  a  Roman 
praenomen. 

Aurelius,  -I,  M.,  a  Roman  name  ; 
C.  Aurelius  Cotta. 

aureus,  -a,  -um  [aurum],  adj., 
golden. 

auris,  -is,  F.,  ear. 

aurum,  -T,  ^.,gold. 

aut,  conj.,  or ;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 
.  .  .  or. 

aut  em,  conj.,  postpositive,  but,  how- 
ever ;  now. 

Automatia,  -ae  [Gk.  av-ro^aria}, 
F.,  Automatia,  the  goddess  of 
Chance. 

auxilium,  -I  [augeo],  N.,  aid; 
plur.,  auxiliary  troops. 

avaritia,  -ae  [a virus,  greedy],  F., 
greed,  greediness. 

avert  6,  -vert  ere,  -verti,  -versus 
[a-verto],  3,  turn  away,  keep 
off. 

avoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [a-voco],  i, 
call  away,  divert. 

avunculus,  -T  [dim.  of  avus,  grand- 
father], M.,  uncle. 


BAEBIUS 


I65 


CANTO 


B 

B'aebius,  -T,  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name. 

Bagaeus,  -I,  M.,  Bagaeus,  a  Per- 
sian. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um  [Gk.  j8ap/8apos], 
adj . ,  foreign  ;  barbarous',  as  subst., 
foreigner ;  barbarian  ;  Persian. 

Barca,  -ae,  M.,  Barca,  a  Cartha- 
ginian. 

beatus,  -a,  -um  [part  of  bed,  bless], 
adj.,  happy,  fortunate  ;  rich. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um  [bellum],  adj., 
warlike. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um  [bellum],  adj.,  of 
war,  in  war,  warlike. 

bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [bellum],  i, 
wage  war,  war. 

bellum,  -I  [for  older  duellum,  fr. 
duo],,N.,  war. 

bene,  compar.  melius,  superl.  op- 
time  [bonus],  adv.,  well. 

beneficium,  -I  [bene-facio],  N., 
favor,  benefit',  kindness. 

benevolentia,  -ae  [bene-volens, 
fr.  bene  and  void],  F.,  kindness, 
good-will. 

benlgnitas,  -atis  [benignus,  kind}, 
F.,  kindness,  favor. 

biduum,  -I  [related  to  duo  and 
dies],  N.,  period  of  two  days; 
two  days. 

bini,  -ae,  -a  [related  to  bis  and  duo], 
distributive  numeral,  two  each ; 
two. 

bis  [duo],  num.  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  -ae,  F.,  Bithynia,  a  coun- 
try of  Asia  Minor. 

Bithynus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Bithynian, 
of  Bithynia  ;  as  subst.,  Bithynian. 

Bizanthe,  -es,  ace.  -en,  F.,  Bizan- 
the,  a  city  of  Thrace, 

blandus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasant; 
courteous. 

Boeotus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Boeotian,  of 
Boeotia,  a  country  of  Greece ;  as 
subst.,  Boeotian. 

bonitas,  -atis  [bonus],  F.,  good- 
ness ;  kindness  ;  virtue. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  melior, 
superl.  optimus,  z.&}.,good;  bona, 
N.  plur.,  blessings,  favors,  bene- 
12 


fits  ;  goods,  property  ;  good  quali- 
ties. 

boreas,  -ae  [Gk.  Bopcos],  M.,  the 
north  wind. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short,  brief;  brevi, 
in  a  short  time. 

brevitas,  -atis  [brevis],  F.,  short- 
ness, brevity. 

breviter  [brevis],  adv.,  shortly,  in 
a  brief  space. 

Brutus,  -I,  M.,  Brutus,  a  Roman 
name. 

Byzantium,  -I,  N.,  Byzantium,  a 
city  of  Thrace. 


C.,  abbreviation  for  Gaius,  a  Roman 

praenomen. 
Cadmea,  -ae,  F.,  the  Cadmea,  the 

citadel  of  Thebes. 
cado,    -ere,   cecidi,   casus,  3,  fall; 

happen,  turn  out. 
caduceus,  -I   [Gk.   /crjpv/cetoj/],   M., 

herald's  staff. 
Caecilius,  -I,   M.,  Q.  Caecilius,  a 

Roman  name. 
caedes,   -is   [caedo],   F.,   killing, 

slaughter. 
caerimonia,  -ae,   F.,  sacred  rite ; 

sanctity. 
Caesarianus,   -a,   -um    [Caesar], 

adj.,  of  Caesar,  Caesar's. 
calamitas,     -atis     [perhaps    from 

cado,  fall},  F.,  misfortune   dis- 
aster. 

Callias,  -ae,  M.,  Callias,  an  Athe- 
nian. 

callide  [callidus],  adv.,  shrewdly. 
callidus,  -a,  -um  [calleo,  be  skilled}, 

adj.,    shrewd,    cunning;    crafty; 

calculating. 
Calliphron,  -onis,  M.,  Calliphron, 

a  Greek  teacher. 
Callistratus,  -T,    M.,   Callistratus, 

an  Athenian  orator. 
campus,   -I,   M.,  field,  open  field; 

plain. 
Cannensis,  -e  [Cannae],  adj.,  of 

Cannae,  a  town  in  southern  Italy, 
cano,  -ere,  cecinl,  3,  sing ;  prophesy. 
canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

cano],  i,  sing. 


CAPESSO 


1 66 


CHARES 


capesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -iturus  [intens.  of 
capio],  3,  take  hold  of;  under- 
take. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  3,  take, 
capture ;  take,  accept ;  catch  ;  move, 
influence. 

Capitolium,  -T,  N.,  the  Capitol,  a 
temple  on  the  Capitoline  Hill  a£ 
Rome. 

captlvus,  -a,  -um  [capio],  adj., 
captive ;  as  subst.,  captive, prisoner 
of  war. 

Capua,  -ae,  F.,  Capua,  a  city  of 
Campania. 

caput,  -itis,  N.,  head;  life;  a  capi- 
tal charge :  capitis  damnare, 
condemn  to  death  ;  capitis  abso- 
lutus,  cleared  on  a  capital  charge. 

Car,  Caris,  M.,  a  Carian. 

cared,  -ere,  -ul,  2,  be  without,  lack  ; 
deny  one's  self,  refrain  from. 

Caria,  -ae,  F.,  Caria,  a  province  of 
Asia  Minor. 

caritas,  -atis  [carus],  F.,  love. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e  [Carthago], 
adj.,  Carthaginian  ;  as  subst.,  a 
Carthaginian. 

Carthago,  -inis,  F.,  Carthage,  a 
city  of  Africa. 

carus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear;  beloved; 
esteemed. 

casa,  -ae,  F.,  small  hottse  ;  cottage. 

Cassius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Cassius  Longi- 
nus,  a  Roman  name. 

castellum,  -I  [castrum],  N.,  fort, 
redoubt. 

castrum,  -I,  N.,  fort;  fortress; 
plur.,  castra,  camp. 

casus,  -us  [cad 6],  M.,  happen- 
ing, event ;  misfortune,  disaster  ; 
chance  ;  casu,  by  chance,  accident- 
ally. 

caterva,  -ae,  F.,  crowd;  company, 
troop. 

Cato,  -onis,  M.,  M.  Porcius  Cato, 
a  Roman  name. 

Catullus,  -I,  M.,  Q.  Valerius  Ca- 
tullus, a  Roman  poet. 

Catulus,  -T,  M.,  Q.  Lutatius  Catu- 
lus,  a  Roman  general. 

causa,  -ae,  F.,  cause,  reason  ;  pre- 
text ;  cause,  case ;  sake ;  causa, 
for  the  sake  of. 


cave 6,  -ere,  cavl,  cautus,  2,  be  cau- 
tious ;  take  care. 

cedo,  cedere,  cess!,  cessus,  3,  go, 
go  away  ;  leave  ;  give  in  to, yield; 
happen. 

celebro,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [celeber, 
frequent],  I,  throng,  crowd;  cele- 
brate ;  spread  abroad,  praise. 

celer,  celeris,  celere,  compar.  cele- 
rior,  superl.  celerrimus,  adj., 
swift,  speedy. 

celeritas,  -atis  [celer],  F.  speed; 
readiness. 

celeriter,  compar.  celerius,  superl. 
_celerrime,  adv.,  quickly,  speedily. 

celo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  I,  conceal; 
conceal  from  ;  hide,  cover  up. 

cena,  -ae,  F.,  dinner,  the  most  for- 
mal meal  of  the  day  among  the 
Romans,  taken  at  the  end  of  the 
day. 

ceno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [cena],  i, 
dine  ;  dine  upon. 

censeo,  -ere,  censul,  census,  2,  stip- 
pose,  think  ;  decide. 

Centenius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Centenius,  a 
Roman  general. 

centiens  [centum],  adv.,  a  hun- 
dred times;  centienssestertium, 
sc.  centena  milia,  ten  million 
sesterces. 

centum,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  hundred; 
one  hundred. 

cera,  -ae,  F.,  wax. 

cerno,  cernere,  crevl,  cretus,  3,  dis- 
tinguish ;  see  ;  decide. 

certamen,  -inis  [certo,  struggle], 
N.,  contest. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  certior, 
superl.  certissimus  [part,  of 
cerno],  adj.,  certain,  sure  ;  flxed; 
reliable ;  certiorem  facere,  in- 
form. 

ceterum  [ceterus],  adv.,  but. 

ceteri,  -ae,  -a,  plur.  adj.,  the  other ; 
as  subst.,  the  others ;  everybody 
else. 

Cethegus,  -T,  M.,  P.  Cornelius 
Cethegus,  a  Roman  consul. 

Chabrias,  -ae,  M.,  Chabrias,  an 
Athenian  general. 

Chares,  -etis,  M.,  Chares,  an  Athe- 
nian general. 


CHERSONESUS 


I67 


COLLIS 


Chersonesus,  -I,  F.,  the  Chersonese, 

a  peninsula  of  Thrace. 
Chius,  -I,  F.,  Chios,  an  island  in  the 

Aegean  Sea. 
chorda,  -ae  [Gk.  x°P8^]»  F.,  string, 

of  a  musical  instrument, 
cibus,  -I,  ^.,  food. 
Cicero,  -onis,  M.,  Cicero ;  M.  Tul- 

litts    Cicero,   the   orator,    and   his 

brother,  Q.  Tullius  Cicero. 
Cimon,  -onis,   M.,  Cimon,  a  Greek 

general. 
Cinnanus,  -a,  -um  [Cinna],  adj., 

of  Cinna,  a  Roman  politician. 
circa,    adv.    and   prep,    with   ace., 

around. 
circiter,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 

about. 

circulus,  -I  [circus,  circle],  M.,  cir- 
cle ;  social  gathering. 
circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus  [cir- 

cum-do],  IL, put  around;  surround. 
circumeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus   [circum- 

eo],  irr.,  go  around ;   surround; 

go  the  rounds. 
circumfundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus 

[circum-fundo],  3,  pour  around  ; 

surround. 
circumvenio,   -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 

tus     [circum-venio],     4,      come 

around,  surround. 
citharizo,   -are   [Gk.    KiOapifa],    i, 

play  the  cithara. 
Citium,  -I,    N.,   Citium,  a   city  in 

Cyprus, 
clvilis,  -e  [civis],   adj.,  civil;  of 

citizens ;  over  citizens. 
Civis,  -is,  M.  and  F.,  citizen;  fellow- 
citizen  ;  native. 

civitas,   -atis    [civis],   F.,   citizen- 
ship ;  state,  city. 
clam,  adv.,  secretly. 
clandestlnus,  -a,  -um  [clam],  adj., 

secret. 
clare,  compar.  clarius,  superl.  cla- 

rissime    [clarus],   adv.,  clearly; 

brilliantly. 
clarus,  -a,   -um,   compar.   clarior, 

superl.  clarissimus,  adj.,  clear; 

famous,  celebrated. 
classiarius,  -a,  -um  [classis],  adj., 

belonging  to  the  fleet;  assubst,  M. 

plur.,  naval  forces  ;  seamen. 


classis,  -is,  F.,  fleet. 

Clastidium,  -I,  N.,  Clastidium,  a 
town  of  northern  Italy. 

Claudius,  -I,  M.,  Claudius,  a  Ro- 
man name  ;  M.  Clauditts  Mar- 
cellus  and  Ti.  Claudius  Nero. 

claudo,  -ere,  clausi,  clausus  [fr. 
clavis,  key,  and  do,  put\  3, 
shut ;  shut  in  ;  hem  in ;  in- 
vest. 

claudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  limping, 
lame. 

clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild,  gently. 

dementia,  -ae  [clemens],  F.,  mild- 
ness, clemency ;  mercy. 

Clinias,  -ae,  M.,  Clinias,  an  Athe- 
nian. 

clipeus,  -I,  M.,  shield;  a  round 
metal  shield. 

coarguo,  -ere,  -argui  [co-arguo], 
3,  prove  guilty  ;  expose. 

coeo,  -ire,  -M,  -itus  [co-eo],  irr., 
come  together ;  unite. 

coepi,  coeptus,  3,  def.,  began. 

coerceo,  -ere,  -ercui,  -ercitus  [co- 
arceo],  2,  check  ;  stop. 

cogitatio,  -onis  [cogito],  F.,  mind, 
thoughts  ;  reflection  ;  plan. 

cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [co-agito], 
i,  think  over,  consider  ;  plan  ;  in- 
tend. 

cognitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  cog- 
nosco],  adj.,  known;  apparent; 
made  apparent. 

cognomen,  -inis  [com-g-nomen], 
N.,  name  ;  family  name  ;  epithet; 
additional  name. 

cognosce,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus 
[com-gnosco],  3;  recognize  ; 
learn  ;  hear  ;  find ;  make  appar- 
ent ;  perf. ,  know. 

cogo,  -ere,  coegl,  coactus  [co-ago], 

3,  gather,  collect ;  compel,  force. 
cohortatio,    -onis   [cohortor,   ex- 
hort], F.,  exhortation. 

collabefio,  -fieri,  -factus  sum  [com- 
labefio],  irr.,  fall;  be  overthrown. 

collaudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [corn- 
laud  6],  I,  praise. 

collega,  -ae,  M.,  colleague. 

colligo,  -ere,  -leg!,  -lectus  [corn- 
lego],  3,  gather,  collect. 

collis,  -is,  M.,  hill. 


COLLOCO 


1 68  - 


CONCUPISCO 


colloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [corn- 
loco],  i,  place  ;  station,  post  \  set- 
tle in  marriage,  marry. 

colloquium,  -I  [colloquor],  N., 
conference ;  conversation. 

colloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus  sum  [com- 
loquor],  3,  dep.,  talk ;  talk  over  ; 
confer. 

colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  3,  cultivate  ; 
inhabit ;  honor,  worship  ;  cherish. 

colonia,  -ae  [cole],  F.,  colony. 

colonus,  -I  [colo],  M.,  colonist,  set- 
tler. 

comes,  -itis  [com-  and  the  root  of 
eo],  M.  and  F.,  follower  ;  com- 
panion. 

comitas,  -atis  [comis,  kind'],  F., 
kindness ;  affability. 

comitium,  -I  [com-  and  the  root  of 
eo],  N.,  place  of  assembly  ;  place 
of  meeting',  plur.,  assembly  ;  elec- 
tion. 

comitor,  -an,  -atus  sum  [comes], 
I,  dep.,  accompany. 

commeatus,  -us  [cpmmeo,^  to  and 
fro\,  M., provisions',  supplies. 

commemoro.  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
memoro],  I,  recall,  mention. 

commendatio,  -onis  [commendo], 
F.,  commendation  ;  excellence. 

comminus  [com-manus],  adv., 
hand  to  hand ;  at  close  quarters. 

commiseror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [com- 
miseror],  i,  dep.,  pity;  bewail. 

committo,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus  [com- 
mitto],  3,  bring  together  ;  engage 
in  ;  begin  ;  do  ;  entrust ;  se  com- 
mittere,  entrust  one's  self;  com- 
missum,  -T,  action  ;  crime. 

commode,  compar.  commodius, 
superl.  commodissime  [corn- 
modus],  adv.,  rightly,  suitably ; 
readily*  well. 

commoditas,  -atis  [commodus, 
suitable],  ¥.,  fitness  \  advantage. 

commoveo,  -ere,  -movT,  -motus 
[com-moveo],  2,  move,  stir; 
arouse ;  affect ;  se  commovere, 
make  a  move,  undertake. 

communis,  -e,  adj.,  common. 

communitas,    -atis     [communis] 
F.,  fellowship',  courtesy;  approach- 
ability. 


commutatio,  -onis  [commute],  F., 
change. 

commute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
mute], I,  change  ;  exchange. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
pare], I,  get  ready,  prepare  ;  pre- 
pare for  ;  intend ;  compare  ;  con- 
sider equal. 

compello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [com- 
pello],  3,  drive,  force,  compel. 

compello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
pello], i,  address,  speak  to;  ac- 
cuse. 

comperio,  -ire,  -peri,  -pertus,  4,  find 
out,  learn. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus  sum 
[com-plecto],  3,  dep.,  clasp,  catch 
hold;  hold. 

compleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletus  [com- 
pleo],  2,  fill,  complete  ;  furnish. 

complures,  -a  or  -ia  [com-plures], 
adj.,  plur.,  several,  numerous. 

compono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 
[com-pono],  3,  compose,  settle ; 
end. 

comprehendo,  -ere,  -hendi,  -hen- 
sus  [com-prehendo],  3,  seize; 
arrest ;  grasp,  understand. 

comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
probo],  i,  approve. 

concede,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [com- 
cedo],  3,  go  away,  withdraw; 
yield ;  grant. 

concido,  -ere,  -cidi  [corn-cade],  3, 
fall ;  be  killed ;  be  overthrown. 

concido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [com- 
caedo],  3,  cut  to  pieces. 

conciliator,  -oris  [concilio],  M., 
promoter. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
cilium], i,  ivin  over ;  bring  about ; 
counsel ;  make. 

concilium,  -I,  N.,  council,  assembly. 

concinnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  neat,  to 
the  point ;  apt,  pleasing. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
concieo],  i,  arouse,  excite. 

conclude,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clusus  [com- 
claudo],  3,  shut  up,  imprison ; 
include,  embrace. 

concupisco,  -ere,  -cupivl,  -cupitus 
[com  and  cupio],  3,  become  eager 
for,  desire. 


CONCURRO 


169 


CONSERO 


concurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus  [com- 
curro],  3,  run  together,  run  up, 
hasten  up ;  come  together,  collect ; 
fight ;  happen. 

concursus,  -us  [concurro],  M., 
meeting ;  attack,  onset ;  engage- 
ment. 

concutip,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus  [com- 
quatio],  3,  shatter. 

condicio,  -onis  [com  and  the  root 
of  dico],  F.,  condition,  terms ; 
match,  marriage. 

condiscipulatus,  -us  [condiscipu- 
lus],  M.,  companionship  in  school. 

condiscipulus,  -I  [com-discipu- 
lus],  M.,  fellow-student,  school- 
mate. 

conditor,  -oris  [condo],  M.,  founder. 

condo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [corn- 
do],  3,  establish,  build,  found. 

conducticius,  -a,  -urn  [conduco, 
hire],  adj.,  hired ;  mercenary. 

confero,  -ferre,  contuli,  collatus 
[com-fero],  irr.,  bring  together, 
collect,  gather  ;  center ;  apply,  use  ; 
contribute,  bestow  ;  compare  ;  se 
conferre,  betake  one's  self. 

confestim,  adv.,  at  once,  straight- 
way. 

conficio,  -ere,  -feel,  -fectus  [com- 
facio],  3,  do  thoroughly,  finish, 
complete  ;  carry  out,  perform  ;  put 
an  end  to  ;  compose. 

confido,  -ere,  -fisus  sum  [com-fldo], 
3,  semi-dep.,  trust. 

confirmo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [com- 
firmo],  i,  strengthen  \  reassure. 

confiteor,  -eii,  -fessus  sum  [corn- 
fat  eor],  2,  dep.,  admit,  confess. 

conflicto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
confllgo],  i,  come  in  conflict,  com- 
bat ;  in  the  passive,  conflictor,  as 
dep.,  contend,  struggle. 

confligo,  -ere,  -flixi,  -flictus  [com- 
fligo]>  3»  strike  together,  clash', 
give  battle,  fight,  make  an  engage- 
ment. 

conflo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [com-flo, 
blow],  i,  kindle,  cause',  in  pass., 
spring  up. 

confluo,  -ere,  -fluxi  [com-fluo], 
3,  flow  together,  assemble,  col- 
lect. 


confugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [com-fugio], 
3, flee-,  take  refuge. 

congero,  -ere,  -gessi,  -gestus  [com- 
gero],  3,  bring  together,  col- 
lect. 

congredior,  -gredl,  -gressus  sum 
[com-gradior], 3,  dep.,  meet ;  con- 
tend, fight. 

conicio,  -icere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [com- 
iacio],  3,  throw,  cast, put;  guess, 
conjecture  ;  se  conicere,  cast  one's 
self. 

coniugium,  -I  [coniungo],  N., mar- 
riage. 

coniuncte,  compar.  coniunctius, 
superl.  coniunctissime  [coniun- 
go], adv.,  intimately,  on  close 
terms. 

coniunctio,  -onis  [coniungo],  F., 
connection,  relationship. 

coniunctus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
iungo], adj.,  connected,  connected 
by  friendship,  friendly. 

coniuratio,  -onis  [coniuro],  F., 
conspiracy. 

Conon,  -onis,  M.,  Conon,  an  Athe- 
nian general. 

conor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  try, 
attempt. 

conquiro,  -ere,  -quislvi,  -quisltus 
[com-quaero],  3,  seek  out;  bring 
together. 

conscius,  -a,  -um  [com  and  scio], 
adj.,  sharing  in  knowledge  of; 
conscious ;  as  subst.,  conspirator, 
accomplice. 

conscribo,  -ere,  -scripsl,  -scriptus 
[com-scribo],  3,  enroll;  patres 
conscript!,  senators. 

consector,  -an,  -atus  sum  [freq.  of 
_consequor],  i,  dep.,  pursue. 

consensio,  -onis  [consentio],  F., 
agreement ;  plot,  connivance. 

consentio,  -Tre,  -sens!,  -sensus 
[com-sentio],  4,  agree. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum 
[com-sequor],  3,  dep.,  accom- 
pany, attend ;  follow,  overtake, 
gain,  attain  ;  obtain  ;  arrive  ;  re- 
sult. 

consero,  -ere,  -semi,  -sertus  [com- 
sero],  3,  join  ;  manum  conse- 
rere,/0z'#  battle,  engage. 


CONSERVO 


170   ? 


CONTUMELIA 


conserve,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [corn- 
servo],  i,  preserve ,  save  ;  observe. 

considero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  con- 
sider, think  over. 

consilium,  -I  [consulo],  ^.,plan, 
judgment ;  advice  ;  design  ;  plot, 
stratagem  ;  resource,  strategy ;  con- 
silio  vincere,  outwit. 

consisto,  -ere,  -stitl,  -stitus  [com- 
sisto],  3,  take  position,  take  one 's 
place,  stand  ;  consist  of. 

consobrina,  -ae  [com-soror],  F., 
cousin. 

conspectus,  -us  [conspicio],  M., 
sight,  view. 

conspicio,  -ere,  -spexT,  -spectus 
[com-specio],  3,  get  sight  of,  see  ; 
pass.,  be  conspicuous. 

constantia,  -ae  [constans,  firm\, 
F '.,  firmness  ;  steadfastness. 

constituo,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitutus 
[com-statuo],  3,  establish  ;  deter- 
mine, decide  ;  regulate  ;  found, 
erect ;  station  ;  restore  ;  res  con- 
st it  uere,  set  matters  to  rights. 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus  [com- 
sto],  i,  be  fixed',  consist  of,  con- 
sist ;  be  certain. 

consuesco,  -ere,  -suevi,  -suetus 
[com-suesco],  3,  be  accustomed, 
be  wont. 

consuetude,  -inis  [consuesco],  F., 
custom,  habit,  practise  ;  discipline ; 
habits,  practise,  character  ;  asso- 
ciation, familiarity. 

consul,  -ulis,  M.,  consul,  the  chief 
executive  magistrate  at  Rome. 

consularis,  -e  [consul],  adj.,  con- 
sular, of  consular  rank  ;  as  subst., 
a  man  of  consular  rank. 

consulo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus  [com  and 
the  root  of  salio],  3,  consult,  ask 
advice  ;  consult  for  the  interests 
of,  look  out  for. 

consultum,  -I  [consulo],  N.,  de- 
liberation ;  decree  ;  senatus  con- 
sultum, a  decree  of  the  senate. 

consume,  -ere,  -sumpsi,  -sumptus 
[com-sumo],  3,  use  up ;  waste ; 
spend. 

contego,  -ere,  -texT,  -tectus  [com- 
tego],  3,  cover  over,  cover  \  con- 
ceal. 


contemno,  -ere,  -temps!,  -temptus 
[com-temno],  3,  despise. 

contendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[com-tendo],  3,  contend,  strug- 
gle ;  say,  aver,  assert,  insist,  plead ; 
hasten. 

contentio,  -onis  [contendo],  F., 
contest;  dispute. 

contentus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  con- 
tineo],  adj.,  content,  satisfied', 
contented  with. 

contexo,  -ere,  -texul,  -textus  [com- 
texo],  3,  interweave  ;  compose. 

contextus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
texo], adj.,  connected. 

continens,  -entis  [part,  of  con- 
tin  e  6] ,  adj . ,  Km  iting  ;  m  odera  te, 
temperate  ;  connected,  continuous  ; 
terra  continens,  or  continens 
as  subst.,  with  terra  omitted, 
mainland,  continent. 

continentia,  -ae  [continens],  F., 
continence,  moderation. 

contineo,  -ere,  -tinuT,  -tentus  [com- 
teneo],  2,  hold,  contain  ;  restrain  ; 
include. 

contingo,  -ere,  -tig!,  -tactus  [com- 
tangO],  3,  touch  ;  befall,  fall  to, 
happen. 

contio,  -onis  [for  co-ventio,  fr.  co- 
and  venio],  F.,  assembly,  public 
assembly. 

contra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
against,  opposite  ;  in  reply  to  ; 
contra  ea,  or  simply  contra  as 
adv. ,  on  the  other  side,  on  the  other 
hand. 

contraho,  -ere,  -traxT,  -tractus 
[com-traho],  3,  gather,  collect. 

contrarius,  -a,  -um  [contra],  adj., 
opposite,  contrary ;  e  contrario, 
on  the  contrary. 

controversia,  -ae  [controversus], 
F.,  dispute,  controversy,  differ- 
ence. 

contueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus  sum  [com- 
tueor],  2,  dep.,  see,  observe. 

contumaciter,  compar.  contuma- 
cius,  superl.  contumacissime 
[contumax],  adv.,  insolently, 
stubbornly.  . 

contumelia,  -ae,  F.,  insult,  dis- 
grace. 


CONVENIO 


CURA 


convenio,  -Ire,  -vem,  -ventus  [com- 

venio],    4,    assemble ;    meet ;    be 

agreed ;  reconcile  ;  jmY,  fit,  apply 

to  ;  impers.,  convenit,  itis_agreed. 
conventus,    -us    [convenio],    M., 

gathering,  assembly. 
converto,  -ere,  -verti,  -versus  [com- 

verto],  3,  change,  turn  ;  go  over 

to  ;  fix,  center,  attract. 
convictus,    -us    [com-vivo],    M., 

living  together  ;  social  intercourse. 
convlva,  -ae  [com-vivo],  M.,  guest 

at  table. 

convfvium,  -I  [com-vivo],  N.,  so- 
cial entertainment,  banquet. 
coorior,    -oriri,    -ortus    sum     [co- 

orior],  4,  dep.,  arise,  appear. 
copia,  -ae  [co  and  ops],  ^ .,  plenty, 

abundance  ;  plur.,  copiae,  troops, 

forces. 

copula,  -ae,  F.,  band,  bond. 
coquo,  -ere,  coxi,  coctus,  3,  cook. 
coram,   adv.   and  prep,   with  abl., 

before,  in  the  presence  of ';  in  per- 
son. 
Corcyra,  -ae,  F.,  Corcyra,  an  island 

west  of  Greece. 
Corcyraeus,   -a,    -urn   [Corcyra], 

adj.,  of  Corcyra,   Corcyraean  ;  as 

subst.,  a  Corcyraean. 
Corinthius,   -a,  -urn  [Corinthus], 

adj.,   of  Corinth,    Corinthian  \  as 

subst.,  a  Corinthian. 
Corinthus,  -I,  F.,  Corinth,  a  city  of 

Greece. 
Cornelius,  -I,  M.,  a  Roman  name  ; 

the  gentile  name  of  L.  Cornelius 

Balbus,  P.   Cornelius  Scipio,  and 

P .  Cornelius  Cethegus. 
cornii,  -us,  N.,  horn  ;  wing  of  an 

army. 

corona,  -ae,  F.,  crown. 
Coronea,  -ae,  F.,  Coronea,  a  town 

of  Boeotia,  in  Greece, 
corpus,   -oris,    N.,    body ;   physical 

size. 
corrumpo,      -ere,     -rupi,      -ruptus 

[com-rumpo],   3,  corrupt,  spoil', 

bribe. 
Cotta,  -ae,  M.,  a  Roman  name,  L. 

Aurelius  Cotta. 
cottldianus,    -a,    -um    [cottldie], 

adj.,  daily. 


cottldie  [qtiotus  and  dies],  adv., 
daily. 

Cot  us,  -I,  M.,  Cotus,  a  Thracian 
king. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  thick , 
frequent. 

credo,  -ere,  credidi,  creditus,  3, 
believe,  trust ;  entrust,  loan. 

cremo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  i,  burn. 

creo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  i,  choose, 
elect ;  make,  create. 

cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretus  [from  the 
same  root  as  creo],  3,  grow,  in- 
crease ;  gain. 

Creta,  -ae,  F.,  Crete,  an  island 
southeast  of  Greece. 

Cretensis,  -e  [Creta],  adj.,  of 
Crete,  Cretan  ;  as  subst.,  a  Cretan. 

crimen,  -inis  [from  the  root  of 
cerno],  N.,  charge,  accusation  ; 
crime. 

Crinissus,  -i,  M.,  Crinissus,  a  river 
in  Sicily. 

Critias,  -ae,  M.,  Critias,  an  Athe- 
nian. 

crudelitas,  -atis  [crudelis,  cruel~\, 
F.,  cruelty,  severity. 

cruento,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [cruentus, 
bloody},  I,  stain  with  blood,  stain. 

cubitum,  -I  [cubo,  recline'],  N.,  el- 
bow. 

culpa,  -ae,  F. ,  fault. 

cult  us,  -us  [colo],  M.,  refinement ; 
manner  of  living  ;  dress  ;  cultus 
domesticus,  housekeeping. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with. 

cum,  conj.,  when  ;  since  ;  although  ; 
cum  .  .  .  turn,  both  ...  and, 
both  .  .  .  and  also,  in  general 
.  .  .  and  especially . 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  all  together, 
all. 

cupide  [cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly. 

cupiditas,  -atis  [cupidus],  F., 
eagerness,  desire ;  greed ;  ambi- 
tion. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um  [cupio],  adj., 
eager  for,  desirous  of. 

cupio,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  3,  desire,  be 
eager  for . 

cur,  rel.  and  interrog.  adv.,  why, 
wherefore,  that. 

cura,  -ae,  F.,  care. 


CURATIO 


172 


DEICIO 


curatio,    -onis    [euro],    F.,    care  ; 

cure,  doctoring. 
euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cura],  i,  care 

for,  take  measures  for,  provide. 
curro,  -ere,  cucurri,  cursus,  3,  run. 
cursor,  -oris  [curro],  M.,  runner, 

messenger. 
cursus,    -us    [curro],    M.,    course, 

passage. 

custodia,  -ae  [custos],  F.,  watch- 
ing, imprisonment ;  charge. 
custodio,  -ire,  -ivl,  -itus  [custos], 

4,  guard,  watch. 

custos,  -odis,  M.,  keeper,  guard. 
Cyclades,  -um,  F.  plur.,   the   Cy- 

c lades,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 

Aegean  Sea. 
Cyme,  -es,  ace.  -en,  F.,    Cyme,  a 

city  of  Asia  Minor. 
Cyprius,  -a,   -um  [Cyprus],  adj., 

of  Cyprus,    Cyprian  ;    as   subst., 

a  Cypriote. 
Cyprus,   -T,  F.,   Cyprus,  an  island 

south  of  Asia  Minor. 
Cyrenae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Cyrene, 

a  city  of  Africa. 
Cyrenaeus,   -a,    -um    [Cyrenae], 

adj.,  of  Cyrene  ;  as  subst.,  inhabi- 
tant of  Cyrene. 
Cyzicenus,   -a,   -um   [Cyzicus,  a 

town  of  Mysia],  adj.,  of  Cyzicus  ; 

as  subst.,  inhabitant  of  Cyzicus. 


D.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman 
praenomen  Decimus. 

damnatio,  -onis  [damno],  F.,  con- 
demnation. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dam- 
num],  i,  condemn  ;  votl  dam- 
nari,  to  have  a  prayer  granted. 

Damon,  -onis,  M.,  Damon,  an 
Athenian. 

Dareus,  -I,  M.,  Datius,  king  of 
Persia. 

Datis,  -idis,  ace.  Datim,  M.,  Datis, 
a  Persian  general. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  down 
from,  away  from  ;  on  account  of  , 
for  ;  about,  concerning,  of. 

debeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [de-habeo], 
2,  owe,  be  indebted ;  ought. 


debilito,  i,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [debilis, 

weak],  i,  weaken. 
decedo,    -ere,    -cessi,  -cessus   [de- 

cedo],  3,  withdraw,  retire,  leave  ; 

subside  ;  die. 
Decelea,  -ae,  F.,  Decelea,  a  town 

in  Attica. 

decem,  indecl.  num.,  ten. 
decemplex,  -plicis  [decem  and  the 

root  of  plico,  fold],  adj.,  tenfold, 

ten  times. 
decerno,  -ere,  -crevT,  -cretus    [de- 

cerno],  3,  decide,  settle  ;  vote,  de- 

cree ;  fight. 
decessus,  -us  [decedo],  M.,  depar- 

ture, death. 
decet,  decere,  decuit,  2,  impers.,  be 

proper,  be  fitting. 
decipio,    -ere,    -cepT,    -ceptus   [de- 

capio],  3,  catch  ;  deceive. 
declaro,    -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  and 

clarus],     i,    declare,     show,    set 

forth^    evince  ;  point   out,   throw 

light  on. 
deditio,    -onis    [dedo],     F.,    sur- 

render. 
deditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  dedo], 

adj.,  given  up,  devoted. 
dedo,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  [de-do],  3, 

give  up,  deliver  up  ;  devote  ;  sur- 

render. 
deduce,   -ere,   -duxi,   -ductus   [de- 

duce], 3,  lead,  bring,  take  ;  con- 

duct, lead  out  a  colony  ;  transport  ; 

steer  ;  land. 

defendo,  -ere,  -fend!,  -fensus  [de- 
' 


fendp],  3,  ward  off  ';  defend. 
[defendo],  F., 


de- 


defensio, -onis 

fense. 
defero,    -ferre,    -tulT,    -latus    [de- 

fero],    irr.,    bring,    offer  ;  bestow, 

confer  ;  transfer  ;  report. 
deficio,    -ere,    -fed,    -fectus     [de- 

facio],  3,  withdraw,  revolt  ;  fail, 

give  out. 
deformitas,    -atis   [deformis],  F., 

deformity. 
dehortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [de-hor- 

tor],   i,  dep.,  advise  against,  dis- 

suade. 
deicio,     -ere,    -iecl,     -iectus    [de- 

iacio],    3,    throw    down,   throw  ; 

destroy. 


DEIN 


173 


DETRAHO 


dein,  or  deinde,  adv.,  then,  next, 
in  the  second  place,  secondly,  next 
in  order  ;  thereafter. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
delicio,  entice},  I,  charm,  enter- 
tain. 

delectus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  deligo], 
adj.,  chosen,  select ;  as  subst.  plur., 
delecti,  picked  men. 

deled,  -ere,  -evT,  -etus,  2,  blot  out; 
destroy ;  finish,  end. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  and 
Hbra,  balance},  i,  weigh,  delib- 
erate ;  consult  an  oracle. 

delictum,  -I  [delinquo],  N.,  fault, 
offense,  crime. 

deligo,  -ere,  -leg!,  -lectus  [de- 
lego],  3,  select,  choose  ;  elect. 

deligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de-ligo], 
i,  bind. 

Delos,  -I,  F.,  Delos,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

Delphi,  -drum,  M.  plur.,  Delphi,  a 
city  in  Central  Greece. 

Demaenetus,  -!,  M.,  Demaenetus, 
a  Syracusan. 

Demetrius,  -I,  M.,  Demetrius  Pha- 
lereus,  a  Greek  statesman. 

demigratio,  -onis  [demigro],  F., 
emigration. 

demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
migro], i,  move,  emigrate. 

demolior,  -iri,  -itus  sum  [de-mo- 
lior],  4,  dep.,  demolish,  over- 
throw. 

demonstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
monstro],  i,  show  ;  prove. 

demum,  adv.,  at  length,  at  last. 

denuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
nuntio],  I,  announce,  declare. 

depello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [de- 
pello],  3,  drive,  drive  out. 

depingo,  -ere,  -pmxi,  -pictus  [de- 
pingo],  3,  paint,  depict. 

depono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus  [de- 
pono],  3,  lay  down,  lay  aside  ;  de- 
posit. 

depopulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [de- 
populor],  i,  dep.,  lay  waste,  pil- 
lage. 

deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de- 
port 6],  i,  carry  away;  ship; 
fetch  home. 


deprecor,    -ari,     -atus     sum     [de- 

precor],    I,   dep.,   beg  off;  avert 

by  intercession. 
deprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus  [de- 

_premo],  3,  check,  suppress. 
depugnp,     -are,    -avi,    -atus    [de- 

pugno],    I,    subdtie   by  fighting; 

resist  an  attack,  drive  away. 
descendo,    -ere,    -scendl,    -scensus 

[de-scando],    3,  go   down,   come 

down,  descend. 
desclscp,   -ere,  -scivl,  -scltus  [de- 

scisco],  3,  desert,  revolt. 
describe,     -ere,    -scrips!,    -scriptus 

[de-scribo],     3,     describe,     men- 
tion. 
desero,    -ere,    -serui,   -sertus   [de- 

sero],  3,  leave,  desert. 
desertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  desero], 

adj.,  abandoned,  deserted. 
desiderium,     -!     [desidero],    N., 

longing  for,  desire  ;  need ;  loss. 
desidero,  -are,   -av!,  -atus,   i,  long 

for;   ask  for,  require,  demand; 

miss. 
desino,  -ere,  -si!,  -situs  [de-sino], 

3,  cease,  stop. 

desistp,     -ere,    -stit!,    -stitus    [de- 
sist 6],  3,  leave,  stop,  cease. 
desperatio,   -onis    [despero],   F., 

despair. 

despero,     -are,    -avi,    -atus     [de- 
spero], i,  despair,  despair  of,  be 

hopeless. 
despicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus  [de- 

specio],  3,  look  down  on,  despise. 
desponded,  -ere,  -spond!,  -sponsus 

[de-spondeo],  2, promise;  engage; 

pledge  in  marriage. 
destituo,  -ere,  -stitu!,  -stitutus  [de- 

statuo],  3,  leave,  abandon. 
desum,  -esse,  -fu!  [de-sum],  irr.,  be 

lacking,  be  omitted ;  fail. 
detego,     -ere,    -tex!,    -tectus    [de- 

tego],  3,  uncover,  unroof. 
deterred,    -ere,   -u!,  -itus   [de-ter- 

reo],   2,  frighten  away  ;  prevent^ 

hinder. 
detestor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [de-testor], 

i,  dep.,  curse;  abhor,  detest. 
detraho,  -ere,   -trax!,  -tractus  [de- 

traho],    3,   draw  away,  remove ; 

disparage,  detract  from . 


DETRIMENTUM 


174    • 


DISPUTO 


detrimentum, -I  [detero],  N.,  loss, 
harm,  detriment. 

deus,  -T,  M.,  god. 

devincio,  -ire,  -vinxi,  -vinctus  [de- 
vincio], 4,  bind;  put  under  obli- 
gations ;  attach  to  one's  self. 

devinco,  -ere,  -vici,  -victus  [de- 
vinco], 3,  conquer,  subdue,  defeat, 
overcome. 

devotio,  -onis  [devoveo],  F.,  offer- 
ing', curse. 

devoveo,  -ere,  -vovi,  -votus  [de- 
voveo], 2,  devote\  curse. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  right,  on 
the  right  hand-,  dextra,  F.,  with 
manus  understood,  the  right  hand; 
pledge. 

Diana,  -ae,  F.,  Diana,  goddess  of 
the  moon. 

dicis,  gen.  of  a  noun  derived  from 
the  root  of  died  ;  it  occurs  only  in 
the  phrase  dicis  causa,  for  the 
sake  of  form. 

dico,  -ere,  dm,  dictus,  3,  say, 
speak',  speak  in  public,  plead  a 
case  ;  call ;  agree. 

dictator,  -oris  [dicto],  M.,  dictator, 
a  high  Roman  magistrate. 

dictum,  -I  [dico],  N.,  word;  com- 
mand', promise. 

dies,  diei,  M.  or  F.  in  sing.,  M.  in 
plur.,  day  ;  time,  period. 

differo,  -ferre,  distuli,  dilatus  [dis- 
fero],  irr.,  spread',  disturb',  put 
off,  postpone  ;  differ,  disagree. 

difficilis,  -e,  compar.  difficilior, 
superl.  difficillimus  [dis-facilis], 
adj.,  hard,  difficult ;  hard  to  please, 
disagreeable. 

diffido,  -ere,  -fisus  sum  [dis-fido], 
3,  semi-dep.,  distrust,  be  doubt- 
ful of  . 

dlgnitas,  -atis  [dignus],  F.,  worth, 
greatness,  rank ;  honor,  dignity, 
nobility. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy,  deserv- 
ing of. 

dilectus,  -us  [diligo],  M.,  select- 
ing ;  draft,  levy. 

diligens,  -entis  [part,  of  diligo], 
adj . ,  fond  of ;  careful,  diligent. 

diligenter,  compar.  diligentius, 
•  superl.  diligentissime  [dlli- 


gens],  adv.,  carefully,  assidu- 
ously. 

diligentia,  -ae  [diligens],  F.,  care, 
carefulness,  diligence. 

dlligo,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [di-lego], 
3,  love,  be  fond  of  . 

dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  fight, 
contend. 

dimitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus  [di- 
mitto],  3,  send  away,  dismiss  ;  let 
escape  ;  put  off ;  surrender. 

Diomedon,  -ontis,  M.,  Diomedon, 
an  inhabitant  of  Cyziciis. 

Dion,  -onis,  M.,  Dion,  a  Syracu- 
san. 

Dionysius,  -I,  M.,  Dionysius,  a 
Greek  name. 

dirigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [di- 
rego],  3,  direct,  steer,  head. 

dis,  dltis  ;  see  dives. 

discedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [dis- 
cedo],  3,  go  away,  leave,  depart; 
get  out  of,  come  out ;  come  off,  re- 
main. 

discepto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
capto],  i,  decide;  dispute. 

disciplma,  -ae  [discipulus,  pupil~\, 
F.,  discipline,  training;  teaching, 
study  ;  culture. 

disco,  -ere,  didicT,  3,  learn. 

discrimen,  -inis  [discerno],  N.,  de- 
cision ;  crisis. 

diserte  [disertus],  adv.,  learnedly, 
eloquently. 

disertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  dissero, 
argue],  adj.,  learned,  eloquent. 

disicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [dis- 
iacio],  3,  tear  down,  break  up  ; 
destroy  ;  scatter. 

dispalatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  strag- 
gling. 

dispergo,  -ere,  -spersi,  -spersus 
[dis-spargo],  3,  scatter. 

dispertio,  -Ire,  -Tv!  or  -ii,  -itus 
[dis-partio],  4,  divide  among, 
share. 

displicep,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [dis- 
placed], 2,  displease. 

dispono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 
[dis-pono],  3,  arrange,  dispose, 
station. 

dispute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
pute], I,  examine,  discuss. 


DISSENSIO 


DUCENTI 


dissensio,  -onis  [dissentio],  F., 
disagreement ;  dissension. 

dissentio,  -ire,  -sensl,  -sensus  [dis- 
sentio], 4,  disagree,  dissent ;  re- 
volt. 

dissideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [dis- 
sedeo],  2,  differ,  disagree. 

dissimilis,  -e  [dis-similis],  adj., 
unlike,  different. 

dissimilitude,  -inis  [dissimilis], 
F.,  unlikeness,  difference. 

dissocio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
socio],  i,  disunite ;  estrange. 

dissolutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  dis- 
solve], adj.,  careless,  dissolute, 
dissipated. 

dissolve,  -ere,  -solvT,  -solutus  [dis- 
solve], 3,  break  up,  destroy. 

distineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus  [dis- 
teneo],  2,  keep  apart;  engage, 
distract;  hinder. 

distringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -strictus 
[dis-stringo],  3,  draw  apart;  en- 
gage, distract. 

diu,  compar.  diutius,  superl.  diu- 
tissime,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long 
time. 

diutinus,  -a,  -um  [diu],  adj.,  long, 
lasting. 

diuturnitas,  -atis  [diuturnus],  F., 
length  of  time,  continuance. 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um  [diu],  adj.,  long, 
of  long  duration. 

diversus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  diverto], 
adj.,  opposite,  contrary,  conflicting. 

dives,  -itis  or  dls,  dltis,  compar. 
divitior  or  dltior,  super!,  divi- 
tissimus  or  ditissimus,  adj., 
rich,  wealthy. 

divide,  -ere,  -visi,  -visus,  3,  divide ; 
divide  among,  share. 

divinatio,  -onis  [divine],  F.,  divina- 
tion ;  divine  inspiration. 

divino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [divinus], 
I ,  foresee,  predict. 

divinus,  -a,  -um  [divus],  adj., 
divine,  divinely  inspired. 

divitiae,  -arum  [dives],  F.  plur., 
riches,  wealth. 

divus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  divine,  godlike  ; 
deijied,  sainted. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  \,give,  grant, 
present ;  devote  ;  assign  ;  provide  ; 


se  dare,  devote  one1  s  self ;  manus 
dare,  give  in,  surrender  ;  ope- 
ram  dare,  busy  one's  self,  take 
pains  to,  attend  to,  endeavor  ;  poe- 
nas  dare,  supplicium  dare,  be 
punished;  veniam  dare,  grant  a 
request ;  verba  dafe,  cheat. 

doceo,  -ere,  docuT,  doctus,  2,  teach, 
instruct ;  tell,  explain. 

docilitas,  -atis  [docilis,  teachable], 
F.,  docility,  aptitude. 

doctor,  -oris  [doceo],  M.,  teacher, 
instructor. 

doctrma,  -ae  [doctor],  F.,  teaching, 
learning  ;  plur. ,  studies,  branches 
of  learning. 

dodrans,  -antis,  M.,  three  quar- 
ters. 

Dolopes,  -um,  M.  plur.,  the  Dolo- 
pians,  a  people  of  Thessaly. 

dolor,  -oris  [doled],  M.,  pain; 
grief. 

dolus,  -I,  M.,  deceit,  trickery;  trick; 
sine  dolo,  in  good  faith. 

domesticus, -a,  -um  [domus],  adj., 
of  the  house,  of  the  home ;  do- 
mestic. 

domicilium,  -I  [domus],  N.,  dwell- 
ing-place, seat,  home. 

dominatio,  -5nis  [dominus],  F., 
mastery,  supremacy,  rule,  sway, 
authority. 

dominus,  -I  [domo],  M.,  master, 
ruler. 

Domitius,  -I,  M.,  Cn.  Domitius,  a 
Roman  consul. 

domus,  -us,  F.,  house,  home  ;  domi, 
at  home ;  domum,  home,  home- 
wards ;  dome,  from  home. 

donee,  or  donicum,  conj.,  while, 
until. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [donum],  I, 
give,  present. 

dos,  dotis  [do],  F.,  dowry. 

Drusilla,  -ae,  F.,  Drusilla,  the  wife 
of  Augustus. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dubius], 
i,  doubt,  hesitate. 

dubius,  -a,  -um  [duo],  adj.,  doubt- 
ful, uncertain  ;  sine  dubio,  with- 
out doubt. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a  [duo-centum], 
num.  adj.  plur.,  two  hundred. 


DUCO 


I76 


EO 


duco,  -ere,  duxl,  ductus,  3,  lead, 
bring ;  influence  ;  marry ;  think, 
consider  ;  prolong ;  tempus  du- 
cere,  kill  time. 

dulcis,  -e,  compar.  dulcior,  superl. 
dulcissimus,  adj.,  sweet,  pleas- 
ing. 

dum,  conj.,  while;  until. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.,  two. 

duodecim  [duo-decem],  num.  adj., 
twelve. 

duplex,  -icis  [duo  and  root  of  pli- 
co],  adj.,  twofold,  double. 

duplico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [duplex], 
I,  double. 

duritia,  -ae  [durus],  F.,  hardness ; 
austerity. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard;  rough; 
cruel ;  severe. 

dux,  duels  [root  of  duco],  M., 
leader,  commander. 

dynast  es,  -ae  [Gk.  Swao-rajs],  M., 
ruler. 


e,  prep.  ;  see  ex. 

ea  [abl.  F.  sing,  of  is,  with  via  un- 
derstood], adv.,  there. 

eadem  [abl.  F.  sing,  of  Idem,  with 
via  understood],  adv.,  by  the  same 
way  ;  likewise. 

editus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  edo],  adj., 
elevated,  high. 

edo,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  [e-do],  3, 
give  out,  publish  ;  perform,  cause. 

educo,  -ere,-duxi,  -ductus  [e-duco], 
3,  lead  out ;  disembark. 

educo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [e  and  root 
of  duco],  i,  bring  up,  rear,  edu- 
cate. 

effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatus  [ex- 
fero],  irr.,  carry  out,  carry  away  ; 
spread  abroad,  publish,  praise, 
laud;  carry  out  for  burial,  bury. 

efficio,  -ere,  -fed,  -fectus  [ex-fa- 
cio],  3,  do  ;  do  thoroughly,  accom- 
plish, complete  ;  procure  ;  bring 
about,  bring  to  pass. 

effugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [ex-fugio],  3, 
flee  from,  escape. 

effusus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  effundo], 
adj.,  lavish,  effuse. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  /. 


egomet,  emphatic  form  of  ego. 
egredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum   [e- 

gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  out,  depart; 

disembark  ;  come. 
egregius,   -a,   -um    [e   and    grex, 

herd\,  adj.,   extraordinary;    very 

great,  excellent. 
eicio,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [e-iacio], 

3,  cast  out,  drive  out,  expel. 
eius  modi ;  see  modus, 
elatus,  -a,  -um   [part,   of  effero], 

adj.,  exalted;  elated,  proud. 
elegans,    -antis,   compar.    elegan- 

tior,     superl.     elegantissimus, 

adj.,  tasteful,  select,  finished,  ele- 
_  gant. 
elegantia,  -ae  [elegans],  F.,  taste, 

elegance,  refinement. 
elephantus,  -I,  M.,  elephant. 
elicio,  -ere,  -lieu!  [e-lacio],  3,  draw 

out,  call  forth,  elicit ;  evoke. 
Elis,  -idis,  F.,  Elis,  a  province  of 

Greece, 
eloquentia,    -ae    [eloquens],    F., 

eloquence. 
Elpinice,  -es,  ace.  -en,  F.,  Elpinice^ 

daughter  of  Miltiades. 
eluceo,  -ere,  -luxi  [e-luceo],  2,  shine 

forth  ;  be  plain,  be  manifest ;  be 

prominent. 
emax,  -acis  [emo],   adj.,  fond  of 

buying. 
emendo,    -are,   -avi,    -atus  [e  and 

mendum,  fault\,   I,  correct,  im- 
prove;  atone  for . 
emergo,   -ere,   -mersi,   -mersus  [e- 

mergo],    3,    raise    up ;    extricate 

oneself,  escape. 
emineo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  be  prominent, 

be  eminent. 
eminiscor,  -mimsci,   -mentus   sum 

[e-miniscor],  3,  dep.,  devise,  con- 
trive. 
eminus  [e  and  manus],  adv.,  from 

a  distance,  at  long  range. 
emitto,  -ere,  -mlsi,  -missus  [e-mit- 

to],  3,  let  out,  release  ;  give  up. 
emo,  -ere,  eml,  emptus,  3,  buy. 
enim,  conj.,  for  ;  in  fact. 
enumero,    -are,  -avi,    -atus   [e-nu- 

mero],  I,  recount,  relate. 
eo,    ire,    ii,    itus,    irr.,    go,    march, 

move  ;  obviam  ire,  go  to  meet. 


EO 


1/7 


EXCELLO 


eo  [is],  adv.,  thither,  there ;  to  that 

point,  so;  with  compar.,  the ;  eo 

.  .   .  quod,  because. 
eodem  [Idem],  adv.,   to  the  same 

place ;  besides. 
Epaminondas,  -ae,  M.,  Epaminon- 

das,  a  Theban  general. 
ephebus,  -I  [Gk.  t^fas],  M.,  ephe- 

bus,  a  youth. 
ephemeris,  -idis  [Gk.  ttypcpls],  F., 

diary,  account-book. 
Ephesus,  -I,  F.,  Ephesus,  a  city  of 

Asia  Minor, 
ephorus,  -I  [Gk.  t</>opos],  M.,  ephor,  a 

Spartan  magistrate.  _ 
Epiroticus,  -a,  -um  [Epirus],  adj., 

of  Epirus,  in  Epirus. 
Epirus,  -I,  M.,  Epirus,  a  province 

of  northwestern  Greece, 
epistula,   -ae    [Gk.   ^7r«rroA.^],   F., 

letter,  epistle. 
eques,  -itis  [equus],  M.,  horseman, 

cavalryman  ;  knight,  a  civil  title 

at  Rome, 
equester,  -tris,  -tre  [eques],  adj., 

of  cavalry  ;  of  knighthood. 
equitatus,  -us  [eques],  M.,  cavalry. 
equus,  -I,  M.,  horse. 
Eretria,  -ae,  F.,  Eretria,  a  city  of 

Euboea. 
erga,  prep,  with  ace.,  toward,  with 

respect  to. 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore. 
erigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [e-rego], 

3,  erect,  brace  up  ;  arouse. 
eripio,   -ere,   -ripui,   -reptus  [e-ra- 

pio],  3,  snatch,  steal',  rescue. 
error,  -oris  [erro],  M.,  error,  mis- 
take. 
erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itus  [e  and  ru- 

dis],  4,  polish  ;  teach,  educate,  in- 
struct. 
erumpo,    -ere,    -rupl,    -ruptus    [e- 

rumpo],  3,  break  out. 
Eryx,  Erycis,  F.,  Eryx,  a  moun- 
tain in  Sicily. 
escendd,     -ere,    -scendi,    -scensus 

[e-scando],  3,  mount ;  embark. 
et,  adv.  and  conj.,  and,  even,  but; 

et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and. 
etiam   [et-iam],   adv.,  also,   even-, 

non  solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam,  not 

only  .  .  .  but  also. 


etiamnum  [etiam-num],  adv.,  still, 
even  yet. 

etiamtum  [etiam-tum],  adv.,  even 
then. 

Etruria,  -ae,  F.,  Etruria,  a  coun- 
try of  Italy,  north  of  Rome. 

etsl  [et-sl],  conj.,  although,  even  if. 

Euagoras,  -ae,  M.,  Euagoras,  a 
king  in  Cyprus. 

Euboea,  -ae,  F.,  Euboea,  an  island 
east  of  Greece. 

Eumenes,  -is,  M.,  Eumenes,  king 
of  Pergamum. 

Eumolpidae,  -arum,  M.  plur.,  the 
Eumolpidae,  a  family  at  Athens. 

Europa,  -ae,  F.,  Europe. 

Eurybiades,  -is,  M.,  Eurybiades,  a 
Spartan  admiral. 

Eurydice,  -es,  F.,  Eurydice,  queen 
of  Macedonia. 

Eurysthenes,  -is,  M.,  Eurysthenes, 
king  of  Sparta. 

evenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus  [e-ve- 
nio],  4,  come  out,  happen. 

evlto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [e-vlto],  i, 
avoid,  shun. 

ex  or  e,  prep,  with  abl.,  out  of, 
from  ;  of ;  according  to,  by,  with. 

exacuo,  -ere,  -acul,  -acutus  [ex- 
acuo],  3,  sharpen,  excite  ;  incite. 

exadversum  [ex-ad  versum],  prep, 
with  ace.  and  adv.,  opposite,  over 
against. 

exagito,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex- 
agito],  I,  arouse,  excite  ;  hunt. 

exanimo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex  and 
anima],  i,  deprive  of  life,  kill-, 
pass.,  expire. 

exardesco,  -ere,  -arsi,  -arsus  [ex- 
ardesco],  3,  be  excited,  be  stirred 
«/, 

excedo,  -ere,  -cessl,  -cessus  [ex- 
cedo],  3,  go  out,  depart,  leave  ; 
surpass. 

excellens,  -entis,  compar.  excel- 
lentior,  superl.  excellentissi- 
mus  [part,  of  excello],  adj.,  ex- 
celling, preeminent;  eminent;  un- 
usual. 

excellenter  [excellens],  adv.,  ex- 
cellently. 

excello,  -ere,  -celsus,  3,  be  eminent, 
excel. 


EXCIEO 


EXSTRUO 


exciep,  -cire,  -civi,  -citus  [ex- 
cieo],  4,  call,  summon. 

excipio,  -ere,  -cepl,  -ceptus  [ex- 
capio],  3,  take,  receive,  pick  up  ; 
await ;  except. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
excieo],  i,  rouse,  excite. 

exclude,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clusus  [ex- 
claudo],  3,  shttt  out,  cut  off] 
hinder. 

excogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex- 
cogito], I,  think  out,  think  over, 
plan. 

excursio,  -onis  [excurro],  F.,  raid, 
inroad,  expedition. 

excuse,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex  and 
causa],  i,  give  an  excuse  ;  excuse. 

exemplum,  -I  [eximo],  N.,  copy, 
example. 

exeo,  exlre,  exil,  exitus  [ex-eo], 
irr.,  go  out,  start  out ;  go  away,  de- 
part, leave ;  disembark ;  go  abroad ; 
come  from,  escape. 

exerceo,  -ere,  -ercui,  -ercitus  [ex- 
arceo],  2,  exercise,  train,  drill. 

exercitatio,  -onis  [exercito],  F., 
exercise,  drill. 

exercitatus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  ex- 
ercitatior,  superl.  exercitatis- 
simus  [part,  of  exercito],  adj., 
well  drilled,  trained,  skilled. 

exercitus, -us  [exerceo],  TA.,army. 

exhaurio,  -Ire,  -hausl,  -haustus 
[ex-haurio],  4,  drain,  exhaust, 
impoverish. 

exheredo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex  and 
heres,  heir],  i,  disinherit. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  small,  scanty. 

eximie  [eximius],  adv.,  exceed- 
ingly, very. 

eximo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus  [ex- 
emo],  3,  take  off,  remove  ;  free, 
release. 

existimatio,  -onis  [exlstimo],  F., 
opinion  ;  reputation. 

exlstimo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex- 
aestimo],  i,  estimate,  reckon ; 
think,  suppose. 

exitus,  -us  [exeo],  M.,  exit, outlet-, 
outcome,  result ;  death. 

expedio,  -Tre,  -Tvi,  -itus  [ex  and 
pes],  4,  set  free,  release,  extricate  ; 
be  of  advantage,  be  expedient. 


expedltus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  expe- 
ditior,  superl.  expedltissimus 
[part,  of  expedio],  adj.,  unfet- 
tered, free  of  movement ;  ready, 
free. 

expello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [ex- 
pello],  3,  drive  out,  expel,  banish  ; 
drive. 

expendo,  -ere,  -pendl,  -pensus  [ex- 
pendo],  3,  weigh  out,  pay  out,  ex- 
pend. 

experior,  -m,  -pertus  sum,  4,  dep., 
try  ;  find ;  measure  strength  with, 
test. 

expers,  -pertis  [ex-pars],  adj.,  not 
sharing  in,  exempt;  ignorant  of, 
free  from. 

explico,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex- 
plico],  i,  explain,  make  plain,  de- 
scribe ;  narrate  ;  deploy,  extend. 

explore,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex- 
ploro],  I,  explore,  investigate, 
test.  _ 

expono,  -ere,  -posul,  -positus  [ex- 
pono],  3,  set  forth,  explain,  de- 
scribe ;  expose,  abandon. 

exposed,  -ere,  -poposci  [ex-posco], 
3,  ask  for,  demand. 

exprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus  [ex- 
premo],  3,  express,  present,  rep- 
resent, portray. 

expugno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ex- 
pugno],  i,  take  by  siege,  capture ; 
take,  storm. 

exsilium,  -I  [exsul],  N.,  exile,  ban- 
ishment. 

exsisto,  -ere,  -stiti  [ex-sisto],  3, 
come  forth,  arise  ;  occur,  be ;  de- 
velop. 

exspectatio,  -onis  [exspecto],  F., 
expectation,  desire. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  i,  ex- 
pect, await,  wait  for. 

exsplendesco,  -ere,  -splendui  [ex- 
splendesco],  3,  shine,  be  distin- 
guished. 

exstinguo,  -ere,  -stinxT,  -stmctus 
[ex-stinguo],  3,  put  out,  blot  otit ; 
destroy,  kill',  take  away,  abolish. 

exsto,  -are  [ex-sto],  i,  exist,  live, 
be. 

exstruo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -structus  [ex- 
struo],  3,  buildup. 


EXSUL 


179 


FERETRIUS 


exsul,_exsulis  [ex  and  the  root  of 

salio],  M.,  exile. 
externus,    -a,   -um    [exter],    adj., 

outward,  external;  foreign. 
extimesco,  -ere,  -timui  [ex-times- 

co],  3,  fear,  dread. 
extra  [exter],  adv.  and  prep,  with 

ace.,  outside  of,  beyond,  except. 
extraho,  -ere,  -traxl,  -tractus  [ex- 

traho],  3,  draw  out ;  prolong. 
extremus,-a,  -um  [superl.  of  exter], 

adj.,   last,  final,    latest,  extreme ; 

extreme    tempore,     extremis 

temporibus,  or  extreme  alone, 

at  last,  finally. 


faber,  -brl,  M.,  blacksmith,  artisan  ; 
workman  in  the  army. 

Fabianus,  -a,  -um  [Fabius],  adj., 
of  Fabius-,  as  subst.,  Fabiani, 
plur.,  the  soldiers  of  Fabius. 

Fabius,  -T,  M.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name  ;  Q.  Fabius  Labeo,  and  Q. 
•  Fabius  Maximus. 

fades,  -el,  F.,  form,  figure,  face  ; 
appearance. 

facile,  compar.  facilius,  superl.  fa- 
cillime  [facilis],  adv.,  easily. 

facilis,  -e  [facio],  adj.,  easy  ;  favor- 
able^ 

facilitas,  -atis  [facilis],  F.,  easi- 
ness ;  good-nature. 

facio,  -ere,  fed,  factus,  3,  make,  do, 
act,  perform  ;  eertiorem  facere, 
inform  ;  fidem  facere,  make  one 
believe  ;  iter  facere,  march  ;  plu- 
ris  facere,  think  more  of;  po- 
testatem  facere,  give  a  chance 
at ;  praedas  facere,  take  booty  ; 
verba  facere,  make  an  address, 
plead;  mentionem  facere,  men- 
tion, suggest ;  facere  ut,  cause  ; 
require;  pass.,  fio,  fieri,  factus 
sum,  be  made,  be  done,  become,  be- 
come of;  occur;  fit  ut,  it  is 
brought  about  that,  the  result  is 
that,  hence. 

factio,  -onis  [facio],  F.,  faction, 
party ;  partisanship. 

factiosus,  -a,  -um  [factio],  adj., 
partisan,  factious. 


factum,  -I  [facio],  N.,  act,  deed, 
performance. 

facultas,  -atis  [facilis],  F.,  oppor- 
tunity ;  skill ;  plur. ,  means  ;  pow- 
ers, faculties  ;  advantages,  facili- 
ties. 

faenus,  -oris,  N.,  interest,  usury. 

Falernus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Falernian  ; 
Falernus  Ager,  a  district  of 
Campania,  the  Falernian  terri- 
tory. 

fallo,  -ere,  fefelll,  falsus,  3,  deceive, 
cheat ;  disappoint. 

falsus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  fallo],  adj., 
false,  pretended;  neut.  plur., 
falsa,  falsehoods;  falso,  adv.,  in 
vain  ;  falsely. 

fama,  -ae  [for,  speaK\,  F.,  report, 
rumor  ;  reputation,  fame. 

fames,  -is,  F.,  hunger. 

familia,  -ae  [famulus,  servant\,  F., 
household ;  family  servants  ;  fam- 
ily. _ 

familiaris,  -e,  compar.  familiarior, 
superl.  familiarissimus  [fami- 
lia], adj.,  belonging  to  the  house- 
hold or  family  ;  familiar,  inti- 
mate, friendly  ;  as  subst.,  friend, 
intimate  acquaintance. 

familiaritas,  -atis  [familiaris],  F., 
friendship,  intimacy. 

familiariter,  compar.  familiarius, 
superl.  familiarissime  [familia- 
ris], adv.,  intimately,  on  friendly 
terms. 

fanum,  -I,  N.,  shrine,  temple* 

fastigium,  -T,  N.,  top,  peak;  sum- 
mit ;  level ;  dignity ;  fastlgio,  at 
the  top. 

fautor,  -oris  [faveo],  M.,  patron, 
supporter. 

fautrix,  -Icis  [faveo],  F '., patroness, 
protectress. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fauturus,  2,  favor, 
support,  protect. 

febris,  -is,  F.,  fever. 

fellcitas,  -atis  [fellx,  fortunate'], 
F.,  good  luck,  good  fortune,  suc- 
cess. 

fere,  adv.,  almost,  about;  nearly; 
generally,  usually. 

Feretrius,  -I  [feretrum,  litter],  M., 
Feretrius,  an  epithet  of  Jupiter, 


FERO 


1 80 


FRUMENTUM 


fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  irr.,  bear, 
carry  ;  bear,  endure  ;  move,  impel ; 
think,  consider ;  cast  a  vote  ;  le- 
gem  ferre,  pass  a  law. 

ferocia,  -ae  [ferox,  fierce],  F., 
fierceness  ;  severity. 

ferox,  -ocis,  compar.  ferocior,  su- 
perl.  ferocissimus  [ferus],  adj., 
fierce,  wild',  formidable',  warlike. 

ferrum,  -I,  N.,  iron  ;  sword,  weapon, 
spearhead. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild,  savage; 
unfeeling. 

festus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  festal;  festus 
dies,  holiday. 

flctilis,  -e  [fingo],  adj.,  of  clay, 
earthen. 

fidelis,  -e,  compar.  fidelior,  superl. 
fidelissimus  [fides],  adj.,  faith- 
ful. 

fldens,  -entis  [part,  of  fido],  adj., 
confident,  bold. 

fides,  -el,  F.,  faithfulness,  relia- 
bility, honor  ;  reliance,  confidence, 
credence ;  trust,  keeping ;  credit, 
pledge,  word;  attachment. 

fiducia,  -ae  [fidus],  F.,  confidence, 
courage. 

filia,  -ae,  F.,  daughter. 

films,  -I,  M.,  son. 

fingo,  -ere,  flnxi,  fictus,  3,  make, 
form,  shape,  fashion  ;  contrive, 
invent. 

finis,  -is,  M.,  end,  limit,  bound',  ad 
eum  finem  quoad,  until;  fines, 
plur.,  boundaries  ;  territory. 

fid,  fieri,  factus  sum  ;  see  facio. 

firmitas,  -atis  [firmus],  F.,  firm- 
ness,  soundness,  vigor. 

fistula,  -ae,  F.,  ulcer,  abscess. 

flagitium,  -I,  N.,  outrage  ;  disgrace. 

flagrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  blaze, 
burn  ;  be  excited ;  be  inspired. 

Flaminius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Flaminius,  a 
Roman  consul. 

flamma,  -ae,  Y.,  flame,  fire. 

Flavius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Flavius,  a  Ro- 
man. 

fleo,  flere,  flevl,  fletus,  2,  weep  ;  be- 
wail. 

florens,  -entis  [part,  of  floreo],  adj., 
blooming,  flourishing ;  prosperous, 
in  good  circumstances  ;  in  power. 


floreo,  -ere,  florin  [flos,  fiower\,  2, 
bloom  ;  flourish  ;  be  successful ; 
be  prominent. 

fluctus,  -us  [fluo],  M.,  wave,  bil- 
low ;  commotion. 

flumen,  -inis  [fluo],  N.,  river. 

foederatus,  -a,  -um  [foedus],  adj., 
allied. 

foedus,  -eris,  N.,  treaty  ;  agreement. 

fore  ;  see  sum. 

forensis,  -e  [forum],  adj.,  of  the 
forum,  forensic. 

fores,  -ium,  F.  plur.,  door. 

forma,  -ae,  F.,  figure,  shape,  size, 
appearance  ;  beauty. 

formosus,  -a,  -um  [forma],  adj., 
handso?ne. 

forte  [abl.  of  fors,  chance~\,  adv., 
perchance,  perhaps. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  strong,  stout, power- 
ful•  brave. 

fortiter,  compar.  fortius,  superl. 
fortissime  [fortis],  adv.,  bravely, 
stoutly. 

fortitudo,  -inis  [fortis],  F.,  bravery, 
courage. 

fortuito  [forte],  adv.,  by  chance. 

fortuna,  -ae  [fors],  F.,  fortune, 
good  forttine,  luck  ;  fate,  circum- 
stances ;  fortunae,  ^\\M.,  fortune, 
property. 

forum,  -I,  N.,  forum,  market-place; 
at  Rome  the  chief  public  square. 

frango,  -ere,  fregi,  fractus,  3,  break, 
break  up ;  crttsh,  overwhelm. 

frater,  -tris,  M.,  brother. 

fraternus,  -a,  -um  [frater],  adj., 
of  a  brother,  brother's,  brotherly. 

fratricida,  -ae  [frater  and  caedo], 
^.,  fratricide. 

Fregellae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Fregel- 
lae,  a  city  of  Latium. 

frequens,  -entis,  compar.  frequen- 
tior,  superl.  frequentissimus, 
adj.,  repeated,  continual,  constant; 
crowded,  filled. 

frequentia,  -ae  [frequens],  F., 
crowd,  concourse. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  depending  on, 
relying  on. 

fructus,  -us  [fruor],  M.,  enjoyment; 
profit,  produce,  income  ;  reward. 

frumentum,  -I  [fruor],  N.,  grain. 


FRUOR 


HABEO 


fruor,  fruT,  fructus  sum,  3,  dep.,  en- 
joy ;  enjoy  the  company  of. 

frustra  [fraus],  adv.,  in  vain. 

frustror,  -an,  -atus  sum  [frustra], 
I.  dep.,  deceive,  disappoint. 

fuga,  -ae  [fugio],  Y.,  flight. 

fugio,  -ere,  fug!,  fugiturus,  3,  flee ; 
flee  from,  avoid ;  be  an  exile. 

fugo,  -are,  -a vi,  -atus  [fuga],  i,put 
to  flight,  rout,  scatter,  defeat. 

fuit ;  see  sum. 

Fulvia,  -ae,  F.,  Fulvia,  wife  of 
Mark  Antony. 

fundamentum,  -I  [fundo],  N.,  foun- 
dation. 

fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fusus,  3, pour  out; 
rout,  scatter. 

fundus,  -I,  M.,  farm,  estate. 

funestus,  -a,  -um  [funus],  adj., 
fatal,  calamitous. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  3,  dep., 
perform,  do,  execute  ;  discharge  an 
office. 

funus,  -eris,  N.,  funeral;  death. 

Furius,  -I,  M.,  L.  Furius,  a  Roman 
consul. 

futurus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  sum], 
adj.,  about  to  occur,  future. 


Gellius,  -I,  M.,  Q.  Gellius  Canus,  a 
friend  of  Atticus. 

gener,  -eri,  M.,  son-in-law. 

generatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  genero, 
begei\,  adj.,  descended,  sprttng. 

generosus,  -a,  -um  [genus],  adj., 
well-born,  of  good  birth,  of  good 
family  ;  noble,  generous. 

gens,  gentis,  F.,  gens,  a  subdivision 
of  the  Roman  people ;  nation, 
race,  tribe. 

genii,  -us,  N.,  knee. 

genus,  -eris,  N.,  kind,  class;  race, 
nationality  ;  family,  ancestry. 

germanus,  -a,  -um,  adj. *  full,  own, 
of  brothers  and  sisters. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  3,  do,  per- 
form, carry  on,  conduct;  cherish, 
hold;  se  gerere,  conduct  oneself, 
act ;  bellum  gerere,  wage  war ; 
rem,  or  res,  gerere,  transact  af- 
fairs, succeed ;  rem  male  gerere, 
13 


meet  with  disaster,  sustain  a  de- 
feat ;  res  male  geri,  go  badly  ; 
rel  gerendae,  action  ;  imperium 
gerere,  exercise  command ;  morem 
gerere,  gratify  ones  desire. 

gigno,  -ere,  genui,  genitus,  3,  be- 
get, produce. 

gladius,  -I,  M.,  sword. 

globus,  -I,  M.,  throng,  crowd,  clique. 

gloria,  -ae,  F.,  glory,  renown ; 
boasting. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [gloria],  I, 
dep.,  boast. 

gloriosus,  -a,  -um  [gloria],  adj., 
glorious,  creditable ;  boastful. 

Gortynius,  -a,  -um  [Gortyna],  adj., 
of  Gortyna,  Gortynian;  as  subst., 
a  Gortynian. 

gradus,  -us,  M.,  step  ;  position, 
ground;  stage,  degree. 

Graece  [Graecus],  adv.,  in  Greek, 
Greek. 

Graecia,  -ae,  F.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Greek;  as 
subst.,  a  Greek. 

Graius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Grecian;  as 
subst.,  a  Greek. 

gratia,  -ae  [gratus],  F.,  favor, 
gratitude;  gratia,  abl.  sing.,  for 
the  sake  of ;  gratiae,  -arum,  plur., 
thanks;  gratiis,  abl.  plur.,  gra- 
tis, for  nothing. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  gratior, 
superl.  gratissimus,  adj.,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable. 

gravis,  -e,  compar.  gravior,  su- 
perl. gravissimus,  adj.,  heavy, 
weighty  ;  serious  ;  severe  ;  of  au- 
thority, eminent. 

gravitas,  -atis  [gravis],  F.,  weight, 
importance ;  seriousness. 

Grynium,  -I,  N.,  Grynium,  a  town 
of  Asia  Minor. 

gubernator,  -oris  [guberno],  M., 
helmsman. 

gymnasium,  -I  [Gk.  7u/munoi/],  N., 
gymnasium,  school. 

H 

habeo,  -ere,  habui,  habitus,  2,  have, 
hold,  keep  ;  regard,  consider,  ac- 
count ;  render,  flnd ;  show,  be- 


HABITO 


182 


HUMILIS 


stow ;  get,  obtain ;  gratias  ha- 
bere, feel  thankful',  rationem 
habere,  take  account  of,  consider ; 
se  habere,  be  situated;  satis  ha- 
bere, be  content. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
habeo],  I,  live,  reside. 

hac  [abl.  sing.  F.  of  hie,  with  via 
understood],  adv.,  by  that  way, 
here. 

hactenus  [hac  and  tenus],  adv., 
thus  far. 

Hadrumetum,  -I,  N.,  Hadrume- 
tum,  a  town  in  Africa. 

Hamilcar,  -aris,  M.,  Plamilcar,  a 
Carthaginian  general. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  M.,  Hannibal,  a 
Carthaginian  general. 

haruspex,  -icis  [an  old  word  haru, 
entrails,  and  specie],  M.,  sooth- 
sayer. 

Hasdrubal,  -alis,  M.,  Hasdrubal,  a 
Carthaginian. 

hasta,  -ae,  F.,  spear ;  spear  set  up 
as  a  sign  of  an  auction,  auction  ; 
hasta  publica,  public  auction. 

hastile,  -is  [hasta],  N.,  spear. 

haud,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all. 

Hellespontus,  -i,  M.,  the  Helles- 
pont, the  strait  between  Europe 
and  Asia. 

hemerodromus,  -I,  nom.  plur.  -oe 
[Gk.  ^u€po5p<fyio;r],  M.,  day-runner, 
courier. 

Hercules,  -is,  M.,  Hercules,  a  Greek 
demi-god. 

hereditas,  -atis  [heres,  heir\,  F., 
inheritance. 

heres,  -edis,  M.  and  F.,  heir\  heir- 
ess. 

Hermes,  -ae,  M.,  a  bust  of  Hermes, 
a  Greek  god. 

hibernacula,  -orum,  N.  plur.,  win- 
ter quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  huius,  dat.  huic, 
dem.  pron.,  this  ;  the  present;  the 
following  •  this  man,  this  woman, 
this  thing ;  he,  she,  it. 

hie  [hie],  adv.,  here  ;  on  this  point. 

Hicetas,  -ae,  M.,  Hicetas,  a  ruler 
in  Sicily. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [hiems],  i, 
pass  the  winter. 


hiems,  hiemis,  F.,  winter,  storm. 

hilaritas,  -atis  [hilaris,  gay\,  F.; 
merriment. 

hinc  [hie],  adv.,  from  here,  hence; 
from  this,  from  it ;  of  it. 

Hippo,  -onis,  M.,  Hippo,  a  city  in 
Africa. 

Hipponicus,  -I,  M.,  Hipponicus,  an 
Athenian. 

Hispania,  -ae,  F.,  Spain. 

Hister,  -tri,  M.,  tne  Hister,  the 
Danube. 

Histiaeus,  -I,  M.,  Histiaeus,  tyrant 
of  Miletus. 

historia,  -ae  [Gk.  io-Topid],  F.,  his- 
tory. 

historicus,  -a,  -um  [historia],  adj., 
of  history,  historical;  as  subst. 
M.,  historian. 

hodie  [hie  and  dies],  adv.,  to- 
day. 

homo,  -inis,  M.  and  F.,  man,  per- 
son ;  plur., people. 

honestus,  -a,  -um  [honos],  adj., 
honorable ;  respectable,  creditable. 

honor,  or  honos,  -oris,  M.,  honor ^ 
respect;  high  public  office,  office. 

honoratus  -a,  -um  [part,  of  honoro], 
adj.,  honored;  respected. 

hoplites,  -ae  [Gk.  dirXirris],  M.. 
hoplite,  heavy-armed  soldier. 

Hortensius,  -I,  M.,  Q.  Hortensius, 
a  Roman  orator. 

hortor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  ex- 
hort, urge,  encourage. 

hortus,  -I,  M.,  garden,  park. 

hospes,  -itis,  M.,  host,  entertainer; 
guest,  stranger. 

hospitium,  -I  [hospes],  N.,  hospi- 
tality, entertainment ;  bond  of  hos- 
pitality, friendship. 

hostia,  -ae,  F.,  victim,  sacrifice. 

hostis,  -is,  M.,  enemy. 

hue  [hie],  adv.,  to  this  place,  hither  ; 
thither  ;  there  ;  in  addition. 

humanitas,  -atis  [humanus],  F., 
kindness  ;  culture,  refinement. 

humanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  human  ;  hu- 
mane, kind. 

humilis,  -e,  compar.  humilior, 
superl.  humillimus  [humus, 
ground],  adj.,  low,  humble;  low 
in  station  ;  short. 


IACEO 


183 


IMPONO 


I 

iaceo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  lie,  lie  prostrate  ; 
be  situated, 

iacio,  -ere,  ieci,  iactus,  3,  throw. 

iacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
iacio],  i,  throw,  toss ;  boast. 

iam,  adv.,  now,  at  present ;  still,  al- 
ready ;  presently,  soon. 

ianua,  -ae,  F.,  door. 

ibi,  adv.,  in  that  place,  there  ;  there- 
upon. 

ibidem,  adv.,  in  the  same  place. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  gen.  eiusdem, 
dat.  eidem  [is],  dem.  pron.,  the 
same ;  the  same  man,  the  same 
woman,  the  same  thing ;  he  also, 
she  also,  it  also  ;  with  a  pers.  pron., 
also,  likewise. 

ideo  [id-eo],  adv.,  for  that  reason, 
therefore. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,  proper, 
suitable. 

igitur,  adv.,  therefore,  accordingly. 

Ignis,  -is,  M.,  fire. 

ignorant ia,  -ae  [ignorans],  F.,  ig- 
norance. 

Ignoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Ignorus], 
i,  not  to  know  at  all  ;  be  ignorant ; 
be  ignorant  of. 

Ignosco,  -ere,  Ignovi,  Ignotus  [in- 
gnosco],  3,  forgive,  pardon. 

ignotus,  -a,  -um  [in-gnotus],  adj., 
unknown,  strange ;  as  subst., 
stranger. 

illacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
lacrima],  i,  weep  at,  weep  over, 
bewail. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  gen.  illms,  dat.  illi, 
dem.  pron.,  that ;  that  man,  that 
woman,  that  thing',  he,  she,  it', 
the  former  ;  that  well-known. 

illo  [ille],  adv.,  to  that  place,  thith- 
er. 

illuc  [ille],  adv.,  thither,  there',  to 
that  point ;  from  that. 

illudd,  -ere,  -lusi,  -lusus  [in-ludo], 
3,  make  sport  of;  deceive. 

illustris,  -e,  adj.,  bright;  illustri- 
ous, notable,  noteworthy. 

illustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in-lus- 
tro],  i,  illumine;  ilhistrate;  dis- 
tinguish. 


imago,  -inis,  F.,  likeness,  image ; 
picture,  portrait. 

imitator,  -oris  [imitor],  M.,  imi- 
tator. 

imitor,  -arT,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  imi- 
tate ;  copy. 

immitto,  -ere,  immisi,  immissus 
[in-mitto],  3,  admit ;  let  loose. 

immoderatus,  -a,  -um  [in-modera- 
tus],  adj.,  excessive,  immoderate. 

immodestia,  -ae  [immodestus],  F., 
recklessness. 

immolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  sacrifice. 

immortalis,  -e  [in-mortalis],  adj., 
immortal,  everlasting,  eternal. 

imparatus,  -a,  -um  [in-paratus], 
adj.,  unprepared. 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [in  and 
pes],  4,  impede,  hamper;  hinder; 
prevent. 

impellp,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [in- 
pello],  3,  impel,  urge,  incite. 

impended,  -ere  [in-pendeo],  2, 
overhang ;  threaten. 

imperator,  -oris  [impero],  M., 
general,  commander. 

imperatorius,  -a,  -um  [impera- 
tor], adj.,  of  a  general. 

impente  [imperltus],  adv.,  unskil- 
fully, ignorantly. 

imperitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unskilled, 
ignorant. 

imperium,  -i  [impero],  N.,  com- 
mand, rule,  po^ver  ;  military  com- 
mand; authority,  commission; 
administration,  government,  em- 
pire. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in-paro], 
I,  command,  rule,  dictate. 

impertio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itus  [in-par- 
tio],  4,  share,  bestow ;  devote. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  get  a 
request,  get,  obtain. 

impetus,  -us  [in-peto],  M.,  assault, 
attack  ;  violence. 

impius,  -a,  -um  [in-pius],  adj., 
wicked,  impious. 

implied,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus  or 
-itus  [in-plico],  i,  involve,  impli- 
cate, infiict  with  ;  in  morbum  im- 
plicitus,  taken  sick. 

impono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus  [in- 
pono],  3,  put  on,  impose,  infiict. 


IMPRAESENTIARUM 


184 


INFERUS 


impraesentiarum  [in  praesentia 
rerum],  adv.,  for  the  time  being, 
now. 

imprimis  [in  primls],  adv.,  espe- 
cially, particularly,  exceedingly. 

imprudens,  -entis  [in-prudens], 
adj.,  unexpecting,  unsuspecting', 
ignorant. 

imprudenter  [impriidensj,  adv., 
ignorantly,  unwisely. 

imprudentia,  -ae  [imprudens],  F., 
ignorance,  folly. 

impugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in- 
pugno],  i,  attack. 

impune  [impunis],  adv.,  unpun- 
ished, with  impunity. 

imus  ;  see  Inferus. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.  :  with 
ace.,  into,  to,  toward ;  against ; 
among;  till;  for;  with  abl.,  in, 
on,  upon,  over ;  among  ;  during  ; 
in  the  case  of. 

inanis,  -e,  adj.,  empty,  without  men  ; 
worthless  ;  lifeless, 

incendium,  -I  [incendo],  N.,  burn- 
ing, fire. 

incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census,  3,  set 
on  Jire  ;  rouse,  inspire. 

inceptum,  -I  [incipio],  N.,  begin- 
ning ;  undertaking ;  purpose. 

incido,  -ere,  -cidi  [in-cado],  3,  fall 
into,  incur  ;  occur,  happen. 

incido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [in-caedo], 
3,  cut ;  inscribe  ;  interrupt. 

incipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [in- 
capio],  3,  begin. 

incite,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [in-cito], 
I,  arouse,  excite. 

incognitus,  -a,  -um  [in-cognitus], 
adj . ,  unknown  ;  as  subst. ,  stranger. 

incola,  -ae  [incolo],  M.,  inhabit- 
ant. 

incolo,  -ere,  -coluT  [in-colo],  3, 
dwell  in,  inhabit. 

incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  safe,  unharmed. 

incolumitas,  -atis  [incolumis],  F., 
safety,  security. 

incommodum,  -I  [incommodus], 
N.,  inconvenience,  difficulty. 

incredibilis, -e  [in-credibilis],  adj., 
incredible. 

inciiria,  -ae  [in-cura],  F.,  negli- 
gence ;  neglect. 


incurro,  -ere,  -cum,  -cursus  [in- 
curro],  3,  rush  upon,  attack, 
charge. 

inde,  adv.,  from  there,  thence ;  af- 
ter that. 

indicium,  -I  [indico],  N.,  indica- 
tion ;  proof,  evidence. 

indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [index],  i, 
point  out,  show. 

indico,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictus  [in-dico], 
3,  declare,  proclaim. 

indidem  [inde],  adv.,  from  the 
same  place ;  indidem  Thebis, 
like^vise  from  Thebes. 

indigeo,  -ere,  -ui  [indu-egeo],  2, 
be  in  wattt  of,  be  in  need  of,  need. 

indiligens,  -entis  [in-diligens],  adj., 
careless. 

induce,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [in- 
duce], 3,  lead  into,  draw  into  ;  in- 
duce, persuade. 

indulgentia,  -ae  [indulgens],  F., 
kindness,  consideration. 

indulged,  -ere,  -dulsi,  -dultus,  2, 
indulge,  encourage ;  grant,  con- 
cede, yield. 

industria,  -ae  [industrius],  F., 
diligent  labor,  diligence,  industry. 

indutiae,    -arum,    F.    plur.,    truce, 

armistice. 

;  ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [in-eo],  irr., 
come  into,  enter  upon,  adopt ;  be- 
gin ;  iniens  adulescentia,  early 
youth. 

inermis,  -e  [in  and  arma],  adj., 
without  arms,  unarmed. 

inertia,  -ae  [iners],  F.,  ignorance  ; 
idleness,  laziness. 

Infamia,  -ae  [infamis],  F.,  dis- 
grace ;  scandal. 

infamis,  -e  [in-fama],  adj.,  dis- 
graceful, disreputable,  infamous. 

infamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [infamis], 
I,  disgrace,  dishonor,  brand. 

infectus,  -a,  -um  [in-factus],  adj., 
undone,  unfinished. 

Infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  illatus  [in- 
fero],  irr.,  bring  in,  bring  upon  ; 
bear  against;  bellum  inferre, 
make  war  upon. 

Inferus,  -a,  -um,.  compar.  inferior, 
superl.  infimus  or  imus,  adj.,  low, 
lower. 


INFESTUS 


I85 


INTERFECTOR 


infest  us,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hostile. 

Infimus ;  see  inferus. 

Infinitus,  -a,  -um  [in-flriltus],  adj., 
endless,  countless. 

Infirmus,  -a,  -um  [in-flrmus],  adj., 
weak,  infirm. 

Infitiae,  -arum  [in  and  fateor],  F. 
plur.,  denial ';  Infitias  ire,  deny. 

Infitior,  -an,  -atus  sum  [Infitiae],  i, 
dep.,  deny. 

ingenium,  -I  [in  and  glgno],  N., 
nature,  character  ;  mind,  intellect ; 
talent. 

ingratils  [in-gratils],  adv.,  unwill- 
ingly, against  one's  will. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um  [in-gratus],  adj., 
unpleasant ;  ungrateful. 

inicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [in-iacio], 
3,  throw  in,  throw  over  ;  inspire, 
suggest. 

inimlcitia,  -ae  [inimicus],  F.,  hos- 
tility, enmity. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um  [in-amlcus],  adj., 
unfriendly,  hostile  ;  as  subst.,  ene- 
my, personal  enemy. 

initium,  -I  [ineo],  N.,  beginning. 

iniuria,  -ae  [in-ius],  F.,  injury, 
wrong. 

iniuste  [iniustus],  adv.,  unjustly. 

innitor,  -mti,  -nisus  or  -mxus  sum 
[in-nitor],  3,  dep.,  lean  on. 

innocens,  -entis  [in-nocens],  adj., 
harmless  ;  innocent. 

innocentia,  -ae  [innocens],  F., 
innocence  ;  integrity,  uprightness. 

innoxius,  -a,  -um  [in-noxius],  adj., 
harmless  ;  innocent. 

inopia,  -ae  [inops],  F.,  want,  pov- 
erty. 

inops,  -opis  [in-ops],  adj.,  in  want, 
poor,  needy. 

inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  def.,  say ; 
said  I,  said  he. 

Insciens,  -entis  [in-sciens],  adj., 
without  the  knowledge  of,  una- 
ware of. 

Inscitia,  -ae  [inscitus],  F.,  igno- 
rance. 

Inscribe,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scrlptus 
[in-scrlbo],  3,  write  on,  inscribe. 

Insequor,  -I,  -secutus  sum  [in-se- 
quor],  3,  dep.,  follow  up,  pursue  ; 
persecute. 


Inservio,  -ire,  -itus  [in-servio],  4, 
wait  on,  attend',  pursue. 

insidiae.  -arum  [Insideo],  F.  plur., 
ambush,  ambuscade ;  -tlots. 

Insidior,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [Insidiae], 
I,  dep.,  lie  in  ambush  \plotagainst. 

Inslgniter,  compar.  Inslgnius  [In- 
signis],  adv.,  nctably,  in  a  distin- 
guished manner. 

Insolens,  -entis  [in-solens],  adj., 
insolent,  overweening. 

Insolentia,  -ae  [Insolens],  F.,  arro- 
gance, conceit. 

Instituo,  -ere,  -uT,  -utus  [in-sta- 
tuo],  3,  resolve ;  arrange,  plan ; 
establish  ;  begin,  introduce. 

Institutum,  -I  [part  of  Instituo], 
N.,  resolve, plan  ;  practise  ;  consti- 
tution, decree. 

Insto,  -are,  -stiti  [in-sto],  i,  press 
upon,  approach,  charge  ;  be  pres- 
ent, be  near  at  hand',  threaten. 

Instruo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -striictus  [in- 
struo],  3,  arrange,  make  ready ; 
build,  construct ;  aciem  In- 
struere,  draw  up  the  line  of 
battle. 

Insula,  -ae,  F.,  island. 

Insum,  inesse,  Infui  [in-sum],  irr., 
be  in  ;  belong  to. 

intellego,  -ere,  -lexl,  -Iectus  [inter- 
lego],  3,  understand. 

intemperans,  -antis  [in-tempe- 
rans],  adj.,  immoderate,  intem- 
perate. 

intemperanter  [intemperans], 
adv.,  immoderately,  intemperately. 

intemperantia,  -ae  [intemperans], 
F.,  excess,  intemperance ;  arro- 
gance. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace.,  among,  be- 
tween ;  dtiring. 

intercede,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [in- 
ter-cedo],  3,  come  between  ;  hin- 
der \  occur. 

interdum  [inter-dum],  adv.,  some- 
times, often,  now  and  then. 

interea  [inter-ea],  adv.,  mean- 
while. 

intereo,  -ire,  -ii  [inter-eo],  irr., per- 
ish, die  \  be  lost,  be  squandered. 

interfector,  -oris  [interficio],  M., 
murderer,  slayer. 


INTERFICIO 


1 86 


1TER 


interficio,  -ere,  -fed,  -fectus  [inter- 
facio],  3,  kill,  murder  ;  destroy. 

interim  [inter],  adv.,  meanwhile. 

interimo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus  [inter- 
em  6],  3,  take  away  ;  kill,  murder. 

interior,  -ius,  gen.  -ioris,  adj.,  corn- 
par.,  superl.  intimus  [inter],  in- 
ner ;  more  hidden,  more  secret ;  in- 
timate. 

interitus,  -us  [inter-eo],  M.,  death  ; 
destruction. 

internuntius,  -I  [inter-nuntius], 
M.,  messenger,  mediator. 

interpono,  -ere,  -posul,  -positus 
[inter-pono],  3,  put  between,  in- 
terpose ;  put  forward ;  se  inter- 
ponere,  step  in,  interfere. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [inter- 
rogo],  i,  ask,  question. 

intersero,  -ere  [inter-sero],  3,  in- 
terpose, add. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fuT  [inter-sum], 
irr.,  be  present ;  take  part  in  ;  in- 
terest, impers.,  it  concerns. 

intestlnus,  -a,  -um  [intus],  adj., 
internal,  intestine. 

intestinum,  -I  [intestlnus],  N., 
intestines. 

intime  [intimus],  adv.,  intimately. 

intimus  ;  see  interior. 

intra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
among,  within ;  during. 

intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [intra],  i, 
enter. 

introeo,  -ire,  -ii  [intro-eo],  irr., 
enter. 

intueor,  -eri,  -tuitus  sum  [in-tueor], 
2,  dep.,  look  upon,  regard,  see ; 
perceive. 

inutilis,  -e  [in-utilis],  adj.,  of  no 
use,  useless. 

invado,  -ere,  -vasi,  -vasus  [in- 
vado],  3,  enter,  invade. 

inveho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectus  [in- 
veho],  3,  ride  into,  fall  upon,  at- 
tack. 

invenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus  [in- 
venio],  4,  come  upon,  Jind. 

inventum,  -T  [part,  of  invenio],  N., 
invention,  device. 

inveterasco,  -ere,  inveteravi  [in- 
vet erased],  3,  become  old,  be  estab- 
lished. 


inveteratus,  -a,  -um  [inveteras- 
co], adj.,  of  long  standing,  deep- 
rooted,  old. 

invictus,  -a,  -um  [in-victus],  adj., 
unconquered. 

invidia,  -ae  [invideo],  F.,  envy\ 
ill-will',  dislike,  hatred,  unpopti- 
larity. 

inviolatus,  -a,  -um  [in-violatus], 
adj.,  unharmed. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  invite. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unwilling-, 
reluctant. 

invocatus,  -a,  -um  [in-vocatus], 
adj.,  uninvited. 

iocor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [iocus],  i, 
&t\>.,  joke,  jest. 

iocus,  -I,  M.,  joke,  jest. 

I  ones,  -um,  M.  plur.,  lonians. 

Ionia,  -ae,  F.,  Ionia,  a  district  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Iphicratensis,  -is  [iphicrates], 
adj.,  of  Iphicrates. 

iphicrates,  -is,  M.,  Iphicrates,  an 
Athenian  general. 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  gen.  ipsius,  dat. 
ipsi,  dem.  pron.,  self',  himself, 
herself,  itself ;  the  very  one  ;  own. 

Ira,  -ae,  F.,  anger,  passion. 

Irascor,  -T,  Iratus  sum  [Ira],  3,  dep., 
get  angry,  be  vexed  with. 

Iratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  Irascor], 
adj.,  angry,  provoked. 


irrldeo,  -ere,  -risi,  -risus  [in-rideo], 
2,  laugh  at,  jeer . 

is,  ea,  id,  gen.  eius,  dat.  el,  dem. 
pron.,  that,  this  ;  this  man,  this 
woman,  this  thing ;  he,  she,  it',  is 
qul,  he  who ;  is  ut,  such  that ; 
eo  quod,  because. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  gen.  istlus,  dat. 
isti,  dem.  pron.,  that,  this',  that 
of  yours  ;  he,  she,  it. 

ita,  adv.,  thus,  so,  so  very,  as  fol- 
lows. 

Italia,  -ae,  F.,  Italy.  _ 

Italicus,  -a,  -um  [Italia],  adj., 
of  Italy,  Italian. 

itaque  [ita-que],  adv.,  therefore, 
accordingly. 

item,  adv.,  likewise. 

iter,  itineris  [eo],  N.,road\  march, 
trip. 


ITERUM 


187 


LECTICULA 


iterum,  adv.,  a  second  time,  again  ; 

the  second  time. 
iubeo,  -ere,  iussT,  iussus,  2,   order, 

command. 
iucundus,  -a,  -um,    adj.,  pleasant, 

delightful,  congenial. 
iudex,   -icis   [ius  and   died],   M., 

judge. 

iudicium,    -I    [iudex],    N.,   judg- 
ment, trial ;  lawsuit. 
iudico,   -are,   -avi,    -atus    [iudex], 

I,  judge,  form  a  judgment,   con- 
sider ;  pass  judgment,  declare,  pro- 
nounce. 
lulius,   -I,    M.,  L.  Julitts    Calidus 

and   L.  Julius  Mocilla,    Roman 

names, 
iumentum,  -I  [iungo],  N.,  a  beast 

of  burden,  horse,  mule  ;  iumenta, 

plur.,  cattle. 
iungo,  -ere,  iunxl,  iunctus,  3,  join 

together  ;  yoke. 
lunius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Junius,  a 

Roman, 
luppiter,   lovis,    M.,  Jupiter,  the 

highest  Roman  god. 
iuro,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [ius],    i, 

swear,  take  oath. 
ius,   iuris,   N.,  law,  right,  justice  ; 

iure,  justly,   deservedly ;    in    ius 

ire,  go  to  law. 

iusiiirandum,  iurisiurandl,  N.,  oath. 
iussum,   -I   [part,    of  iubeo],  N., 

order,  command. 
iustitia,  -ae  [ius],  F.,  justice. 
iustus,    -a,    -um    [ius],    adj.,   just, 

upright. 
iuvencus,  -I  [iuvenis],  M.,  a  young 

bullock,  steer. 
iuxta,   adv.    and   prep,   with  ace., 

near,  beside,  close  to. 

K 

Kal.,  abbreviation  for  Kalendae, 
-arum,  F.  plur.,  the  first  day  of 
the  month,  the  Calends. 


L.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman 
praenomen  Lucius. 

labor,  -oris,  M.,  labor,  toil\  endur- 
ance. 


laboriosus,  -a,  -um  [labor],  adj., 
hard-working,  toiling ;  toilsome, 
difficult. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labor], 
I,  labor,  toil,  work. 

Lacedaemon,  -onis,  F.,  Sparta,  a 
city  of  Greece. 

Lacedaemonius,  -a,  -um  [Lace- 
daemon],  adj.,  Spartan,  Lace- 
daemonian ;  as  subst.  pi.,  the 
Spartans. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  3,  excite , 
arouse,  harass. 

Laco,  -onis,  M.,  a  Spartan,  a  La- 
conian. 

lacrima,  -ae,  F.,  tear. 

lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lacri- 
ma], I,  shed  tears,  weep. 

laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesus,  3,  hurt, 
harm  ;  violate. 

laetitia,  -ae  [laetus],  Y.,joy. 

Lamachus,  -I,  M.,  Lamachus,  an 
Athenian  general. 

Lamprus,  -I,  M.,  Lamprus,  an 
Athenian. 

Lampsacus,  -I,  F.,  Lampsacus,  a 
city  in  Asia  Minor. 

Laphystius,  -I,  M.,  Laphystius,  a 
Syracusan. 

lapideus,  -a,  -um  [lapis],  adj.,  of 
stone. 

lapis,  -idis,  M.,  stone ;  mile-stone. 

largitio,  -onis  [largior],  F.,  lavish- 
ness  \  free  distribution,  dispens- 
ing ;  bribery. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  keep  in  hiding,  be 
concealed ;  escape  notice. 

Latlne  [Latinus],  adv.,  in  Latin, 
in  the  Latin  language. 

laudatio,  -onis  [laudo],  F '.,  praise, 
eulogy. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [laus],  I, 
praise. 

laureus,  -a,  -um  [laurus],  adj.,  of 
laurel. 

laus,  laudis,  F.,  praise. 

laute  [lautus],  adv.,  elegantly,  taste- 
fully. 

lautijs,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  lavo,  wasti\, 
adj.,  neat,  elegant,  tasteful. 

lectica,  -ae,  F.,  litter,  sedan-chair. 

lecticula,  -ae  [dim.  of  lectica],  F., 
little  litter,  modest  litter  ;  bier. 


LECTIO 


1 88 


LUCRETIUS 


lectio,  -onis  [lego],  F.,  reading,  re- 
cital. 

lector,  -6ris  [lego],  M.,  reader,  re- 
citer. 

legatio,  -onis,  F..  embassy,  legation. 

legatus,  -i,  M.,  legate,  ambassador. 

legitimus,  -a,  -um  [lex],  adj.,  law- 
ful, legal. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus,  3,  choose, 
select ;  gather  ;  read. 

Lemnius,  -a,  -um  [Lemnus],  adj., 
of  Lemnos,  Lemnian  ;  as  subst., 
a  Lemnian. 

Lemnus,  -I,  F.,  Lemnos,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

Leonidas,  -ae,  M.,  Leonidas,  king 
of  Sparta. 

Leotychides,  -ae,  abl.  -e,  M.,  Leo- 
ty chides,  a  Spartan. 

lepos,  -oris,  M.,  grace,  charm. 

Lesbos,  -I,  F.,  Lesbos,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

Leuctra,  -orum,  N.  plur.,  Leuctra, 
a  town  in  Greece. 

Leuctricus,  -a,  -um  [Leuctra], 
adj.,  of  Leuctra. 

levis,  -e,  compar.  levior,  superl. 
levissimus,  adj.,  light;  free; 
trivial,  trifling. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [levis],  i, 
lighten,  relieve. 

lex,  legis,  F.,  law,  statute. 

libenter,  compar.  libentius  [li- 
bens],  adv.,  willingly,  readily, 
gladly,  liked  to. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  free,  inde- 
pendent ;  as  subst.,  liber,  -eri,  free- 
man ;  Hberi,  plur.,  children. 

liber,  -bri,  M.,  book. 

liberalis,  -e  [liber],  adj.,  free,  lib- 
eral, generous. 

liberalitas,  -atis  [liberalis],  F., 
kindness,  generosity  ;  generous  act. 

liberaliter,  compar.  liberalius  [li- 
beralis], 2i&v.,  freely,  generously. 

libere,  compar.  Hberius,  superl. 
Hberrime  [liber],  adv.,  freely. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [liber],  i, 
set  free,  release. 

libertas,  -atis  [liber],  F.,  liberty, 
freedom. 

libidinosus,  -a,  -um  [libido],  adj., 
licentious,  wanton. 


libido, -inis  [libet],  F.,  license,  wan- 
tonness. 

librarius,  -I  [liber],  M.,  scribe,  sec- 
retary ;  copyist. 

licentia,  -ae  [licet],  F.,  freedom  ; 
arbitrariness  ;  license. 

licet,  licere,  licuit,  2,  impers.,  be  per- 
mitted, be  allowed,  be  allowable, 
may. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um  [lignum],  adj.,  of 
wood,  wooden. 

lignum,  -I,  N.,  wood,  fire-wood ;  log. 

Ligus,  -uris,  M.,  a  Ligurian,  from 
northwestern  Italy. 

lingua,  -ae,  F.,  tongue;  language. 

linteus,  -a,  -um  [linum,  linen\,  adj., 
of  linen,  linen. 

Us,  litis,  F.,  contest,  lawsuit;  dam- 
ages. 

littera,  -ae,  F.,  letter,  of  the  alpha- 
bet ;  plur.,  letter,  epistle ;  litera- 
ture. 

litteratus,  -a,  -um  [littera],  adj., 
literary,  learned. 

litus,  -oris,  N.,  shore,  beach. 

locuples,  -etis  [locus  and  the  root 
of  pled],  adj.,  wealthy,  rich. 

locupleto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [locu- 
ples], i,  enrich. 

locus,  -I,  M., place,  locality  ;  station, 
position  ;  stead ;  chance,  opportu- 
nity ;  loca,  -orum,  N.  plur.,  coun- 
try, region. 

longe,  compar.  longius,  superl. 
longissime  [longus],  adv.,  long; 
far  ;  by  far. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  lon- 
ginquior  [longus],  adj.,  long,  of 
long  duration  ;  distant,  remote. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long,  tedious  ; 
navis  longa,  ship  of  war. 

Longus,  -I,  M.,  Ti.  Sempronius 
Longus,  a  Roman  consul. 

loquor,  -I,  -iitus  sum,  3,  dep.,  speak  ; 
say. 

lorica,  -ae  [lorum,  thong'],  F.,  breast- 
plate, ctdrass,  corselet. 

Lucanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Lucanian, 
of  Lucania,  a  province  of  south- 
ern Italy  ;  as  subst.,  a  Luca- 
nian. 

Lucretius,  -I,  M.,  T.  Lucretius  Ca- 
rus,  a  Roman  poet. 


LUCTOR 


189 


MATRIMONIUM 


luctor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  wres- 
tle ;  struggle. 

Lucullus,  -T,  M.,  L.  Licinius  Lu- 
culius,  a  Roman  consul. 

lucus,  -T,  M.,  grove,  wood. 

ludus,  -I,  M.,  play,  sport,  game. 

lumbus,  -I,  M.,  loin. 

lumen,  -inis,  N.,  light;  eye  ;  sight. 

Lutatius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Lutatius  Catu- 
lus,  a  Roman  consul. 

luxuria,  -ae  [luxus],  F.,  luxury. 

luxuriose  [luxuriosus],  adv.,  luxu- 
riously, extravagantly. 

luxuriosus,  -a,  -um  [luxuria],  adj., 
luxurious,  extravagant. 

Lycus,  -I,  M.,  Lycus,  an  Athenian. 

Lysimachus,  -I,  M.,  Lysimachus, 
an  Athenian. 

Lysis,  -idis,  M.,  Lysis,  a  Greek 
philosopher. 

M 

M.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman 
praenomen  Marcus. 

M'.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman 
praenomen  Manius. 

Macedo,  -onis,  M.,  a  Macedonian. 

magis  [from  the  same  root  as  mag- 
nus],  compar.  adv.,  more,  rather. 

magister,  -trl,  M.,  master  ;  teacher-, 
magister  equitum,  master  of 
horse. 

magistrates,  -us  [magister],  M., 
office,  magistracy ;  official,  magis- 
trate. 

Magnesia,  -ae,  F.,  Magnesia,  a 
city  of  Asia  Minor. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um  [magnus  and 
root  of  facio],  adj.,  noble,  splen- 
did, imposing. 

magnitude,  -inis  [magnus],  F., 
greatness,  size ;  amount. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  maior , 
superl.  maximus,  adj.,  great, 
large  ;  important ;  maior  natu, 
elder-,  maiores,  -um,  M.  plur., 
ancestors,  predecessors ;  maximus 
natu,  eldest-,  magno  opere  or 
magnopere,  adv.,  greatly,  very 
much. 

Mago,  -onis,  M.,  Mago,  a  Cartha- 
ginian. 


maior  ;  see  magnus. 

male,  compar.  peius,  superl.  pes- 
sime  [malusj,  adv.,  badly,  wick- 
edly ;  with  difficulty. 

maledicus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  male- 
dicentior,  superl.  maledlcen- 
tissimus  [male  and  died],  adj., 
abusive,  harsh. 

maleficus,  -a,  -um  [male  and  fa- 
cio], adj.,  harmful',  unpropi- 
tious. 

malitiose  [malitiosus],  adv.,  wick- 
edly, maliciously. 

malo,  malle,  maluT  [magis-volo], 
irr.,  prefer. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  peior,  su- 
perl. pessimus,  adj. ,bad,  wicked, 
evil;  unfavorable  ;  malum,  -I,  N., 
misfortune,  evil,  ill. 

Mamercus,  -I,  M.,  Mamercus,  a 
Sicilian. 

manceps,  -cipis  [manus  and  ca- 
pio],  M., purchaser  ;  contractor. 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [manus 
and  do],  I,  give  over,  deliver,  en- 
trust ;  command. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansus,  2,  re- 
main, stay,  stand ;  abide  by. 

Manlius,  -I,  M.,  Cn.  Manlius  Volso, 
a  Roman  consul. 

Mantinea,  -ae,  F.,  Mantinea,  a  city 
of  Arcadia,  in  Greece. 

manubiae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  spoils, 
booty. 

manus,  -us,  F.,  hand;  band,  force; 
action. 

Marathon,  -onis,  F.,  Marathon,  a 
town  of  Attica,  in  Greece. 

Marathonius,  -a,  -um  [Marathon], 
adj.,  of  Marathon. 

Mardonius,  -I,  M.,  Mardonius,  a 
Persian  general. 

mare,  -is,  N.,  sea  ;  body  of  water. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um  [mare],  adj., 
of  the  sea,  at  sea,  marine ;  ora 
maritima,  sea-shore. 

Marius,  -T,  M.,  C.  Marius,  a  Ro- 
man general. 

mater,  -tris,  F.,  mother. 

matricida,  -ae  [mater  and  caedo], 
M.,  matricide. 

matrimonium,  -I  [mater],  N.,  mar- 
riage. 


MATURE 


IQO 


MISSUS 


mature  [maturus],  adv.,  season- 
ably, early. 

mature,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [matu- 
rus], i,  hasten. 

maxima  [maximus],  adv.,  exceed- 
ingly, especially,  very ;  most. 

maximus  ;  see  magnus. 

me  ;  see  ego. 

medicina,  -ae  [medicus],  F.,  medi- 
cine. 

medicus,  -I  [medeor,  cure],  M., 
physician. 

medimnus,  -I  [Gk.  /ueSi^j/os],  M., 
medimmts,  a  Greek  dry  measure 
of  about  one  and  one-half  bushels. 

mediocris,  -e  [medius],  adj.,  me- 
dium, moderate  ;  inferior. 

meditor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep., 
consider,  plan. 

mel,  mellis,  N.,  honey. 

melior ;  see  bonus. 

memini,  -isse,  conjugated  in  the 
perfect  tenses  only,  remember, 
recall. 

memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful  of  . 

memoria,  -ae  [memor],  F.,  memory, 
recollection  ;  account,  narration. 

mendacium,-!  [mendax],  N.,  false- 
hood^ lie. 

Meneclides,  -is,  M.,  Meneclides,  a 
Theban. 

Menelaus,  -I,  M.,  Menelaus,  a 
mythical  king  of  Sparta ;  Mene- 
lai  Portus,  a  harbor  on  the  coast 
of  Africa. 

Menestheus,  -I,  M.,  Menestheus,  an 
Athenian. 

mens,  mentis,  F.,  mind,  intellect-, 
judgment ;  state  of  mind ;  mens 
sana,  good  sense. 

mensa,-ae,  F.,  table  \  course-,  mensa 
secunda,  dessert. 

mensis,  -is,  M.,  month. 

mensura,  -ae  [metier],  F.,  meas- 
ure. 

mentio,  -5nis,  F.,  mention. 

mentior,  -m,  -itus  sum,  4,  dep.,  lie, 
say  falsely. 

mercennarius,  -a,  -um  [merces], 
adj.,  hired,  mercenary,  as  subst., 
hireling,  mercenary. 

Mercurius,  -I,  M.,  Mercury,  god 
of  eloquence,  music,  and  trade. 


meridies,  ace.  -em,  abl.  -e  [me- 
dius (?)  and  dies],  M.,  midday, 
noon  ;  south. 

merito  [meritum],  adv.,  rightly, 
deservedly. 

Messene,  -es,  F.,  Messena,  a  city 
of  Sicily. 

metallum,  -I  [Gk.  jueVoAAoj/],  N., 
mine  ;  metal. 

metier,  -in,  mensus  sum,  4,  dep., 
measure. 

metuo,  -ere,  metui,  3,  fear,  dread. 

meus,  -a,  -um  [mel],  poss.  pron. 
adj.,  my,  mine. 

Micythus,  -I,  M.,  Micythus,  a  The- 
ban. 

migro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  migrate, 
move. 

miles,  -itis,  M.,  soldier. 

Milesius,  -a,  -um  [Miletus],  adj., 
of  Miletus,  an  Ionian  city,  Mile- 
sian. 

militaris,  -e  [miles],  adj.,  soldierly  ; 
military. 

mille,  in  sing,  an  indecl.  num.  adj., 
pi.  millia,  as  subst.,  thousand. 

Miltiades,  -is,  M.,  Miltiades,  an 
Athenian  general. 

Minerva,  -ae,  F.,  Minerva,  god- 
dess of  war  and  arts. 

minime  [minus],  superl.  adv.,  least, 
very  little,  little  ;  not  at  all. 

minor  ;  see  parvus. 

Minucius,  -I,  M.,  M.  Minucius 
Rufus  and  Q.  Minucius  Thermits, 
men  at  Rome. 

minuo,  -ere.  -ui,  -utus  [minus],  3, 
lessen,  diminish ;  violate. 

minus,  compar.  adv.,  less,  little  ;  not 
at  all. 

minutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  minuo], 
adj.,  small,  minute. 

mirabilis,  -e  [miror],  adj.,  wonder- 
ful. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [minis],  i, 
dep.,  wonder  at,  be  surprised ;  ad- 
mire. 

minis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wonderful, 
strange. 

misericordia,  -ae  [misericors],  F., 
pity,  compassion. 

missus,  -us  [mitto],  M.,  sending, 
despatching. 


MITTO 


MYSTERIUM 


mittd,  -ere,  mis!,  missus,  3,  send, 
despatch  ;  hurl,  discharge. 

moderate  [moderatus],  adv.,  mod- 
erately y  patiently. 

moderatid,  -onis  [moderor],  F., 
moderation,  restraint. 

modestia,  -ae  [modestus],  F.,  mod- 
eration, modesty,  dignity. 

modestus,  -a,  -um  [modus],  adj., 
modest,  temperate. 

modicus,  -a,  -um  [modus],  adj., 
modest,  moderate  ;  mediocre. 

modius,  -I  [modus],  M.,  modius, 
measure,  peck,  a  measure  of  grain 
containing  about  a  peck. 

modo  [modus],  adv.,  only ;  now, 
but  now ;  modo  .  .  .  modo,  now 
.  .  .  now. 

modus,  -I,  M.,  measure,  unit,  length, 
degree  ;  restriction  ;  manner  ', 
quern  ad  modum,  as. 

moenia,  -ium,  N.  plur.,  walls  of  a 
city,  walls,  ramparts. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  troublesome, 
disagreeable. 

mdlior,  -in,  -itus  sum  [moles],  4, 
dep.,  strive  for  ;  build. 

Molossi,  -orum,  M.  plur.,  the  Mo- 
lossians,  a  people  of  northwestern 
Greece. 

momentum,  -i  [moved],  N.,  mo- 
tion ;  moment ;  weight,  influence. 

moned,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  warn,  re- 
mind', advise. 

mons,  mentis,  M.,  mountain,  hill. 

monumentum,  -I  [moneo],  N.,  me- 
morial, monument',  tomb. 

mora,  -ae  [Gk.  /xopo],  F.,  mora,  a 
division  of  the  Spartan  army. 

morbus,  -I  [morior],  M.,  sickness, 
disease. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum,  3,  dep., 
die. 

moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mora,  de- 
lay\,  I,  dep.,  delay,  tarry. 

mors,  mortis,  F.,  death. 

mortifer,  -fera,  -ferum  [mors  and 
ferd],  adj.,  mortal,  fatal,  deadly. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  morior], 
adj.,  dead. 

mos,  moris,  M.,  usage,  custom, prac- 
tise ;  mores,  plur.,  morals,  habits, 
manners,  character,  customs. 


mot  us,  -us  [moved],  M.,  movement ', 
impulse  ;  agitation,  tumult. 

moved,  -ere,  movl,  motus,  2,  move, 
stir ;  influence  ;  se  movere,  make 
a  motion. 

muliebris,  -e  [mulier],  adj.,  woman- 
ly ;  woman's. 

mulier,  -ieris,  F.,  woman. 

multimodis  [multis  modis],  adv., 
in  many  ways,  variously. 

multiplied,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [mul- 
tiplex, manifold'},  I,  multiply, 
compound. 

multitude,  -inis  [multus],  F.,  mul- 
titude, great  number,  number, 
numbers  ;  mass  of  the  people. 

mult 6  [multus],  adv.,  by  much, 
much. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [multa,y$W], 
I,  flne,  impose  a  flne,  sentence. 

multum,  compar.  plus,  superl.  plu- 
rimum  [multus],  adv.,  much, 
greatly. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  plus,  su- 
perl. plurimus,  adj.,  much  ;  plur., 
many,  multa,  -orum,  N.  plur., 
many  things,  many  acts. 

munditia,  -ae  [mundus],  F.,  neat- 
ness, cleanness  ;  elegance. 

munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itus  [moenia], 
4,  fortify,  protect,  secure ;  iter 
munire,  build  a  road. 

munitio,  -onis  [munio],  F.,  forti- 
fications, defense. 

munus,  -eris,  N.,  gift,  reward', 
function,  duty. 

murus,  -I,  M.,  wall. 

musica,  ae,  or  -e,  -es,  ace.  -en  [Gk. 
fjLovffiKii},  F.,  music. 

musicus, -a, -um  [Gk. povvi^s], adj., 
of  music  ;  as  subst.,  musician. 

mutatio,  -onis  [muto],  F.,  change. 

Mutina,  -ae,  F.,  Mutina,  a  city  of 
northern  Italy,  the  modern  Mo- 
dena. 

muto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
moved],  I,  change,  move. 

Mycale,  -es,  ace.,  -en,  F.,  Mycale, 
a  promontory  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor. 

mysterium,  -I  [Gk.  /uwrn^wH/],  N., 
secret  rite,  mystery  ;  facere  mys- 
teria,  celebrate  the  mysteries. 


MY  US 


192 


NOBILIS 


Myus,  -untis,  ace.  -unta,  F.,  Myus, 
a  city  of  Asia  Minor. 

N 

nam,  conj.,  for. 

namque  [nam-que],  conj.,  for,  in- 
asmuch as. 

nanciscor,  -I,  nactus  sum,  3,  dep., 
hit  upon,  find)  get,  obtain  ;  catch, 
contract. 

nascor,  -I,  natus  sum,  3,  dep.,  be 
born. 

natalis,  -e  [natus],  adj.,  of  birth, 
natal ;  natalis  dies,  birthday. 

natio,  -onis  [natus],  F.,  race ;  na- 
tion. 

nativus,  -a,  -um  [natus],  adj.,  in- 
nate ;  native. 

nato,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
no],  i,  swim. 

natura,  -ae  [natus],  F.,  nature  ; 
character,  disposition. 

naturalis,  -e  [natura],  adj.,  natu- 
ral, innate,  native. 

natus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  nascor], 
adj . ,  born  ;  aged,  old. 

natus,  -us  [nascor],  M.,  birth, 
age. 

naufragium,  -I  [navis  andfrango], 
N.,  shipwreck. 

nauta,  -ae  [navis],  M.,  sailor. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um  [nauta],  adj., 
naval,  nautical. 

navalis,  -e  [navis],  adj.,  naval. 

navis,  -is,  F.,  ship. 

Naxus,  -T,  F.,  Naxos,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

ne,  adv.,  not;  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not 
even. 

ne,  conj.,  that  not,  lest;  ne  quis, 
that  no  one. 

-ne,  interrog.  particle,  enclitic  ;  in 
a  direct  question  untranslatable  ; 
in  an  indirect  question,  whether. 

nec  ;  see  neque. 

necessario  [necessarius],  adv.,0/ 
necessity. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um  [necesse], 
adj.*  necessary,  unavoidable ;  re- 
lated. 

necesse,  adj.,  in  neut.  sing.  nom. 
and  ace.  only,  necessary. 


necessitas,  -atis  [necesse],  F., 
necessity,  fate  ;  relationship. 

necessitudo,  -inis  [necesse],  F., 
relationship,  intimacy. 

Nectanabis  or  Nectenebis,  -idis, 
ace.,  -bin,  M.,  Nectenebis,  king  of 
Egypt. 

nefas  [ne-fas],  indecl.  subst.,  N., 
a  wicked  act,  sin,  crime  ;  wicked. 

neglegenter  [neglegens],  adv., 
carelessly. 

neglego,  -ere,  -lex!,  -lectus  [nee- 
lego],  3,  neglect,  despise. 

nego>  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  I,  say  not ; 
deny,  refuse. 

negotium,  -I  [nec-otium],  N., 
business,  occupation  ;  trouble  ;  ne- 
gotium dare,  engage. 

nemo,  -inis  [ne-homo],  M.,  no  one, 
nobody. 

Neocles,  -is  or  -I,  M.,  Neocles,  an 
Athenian. 

Neontlchos,  N.,  Neontichos,  a  town 
in  Thrace. 

neptis,  -is,  F.,  granddaughter. 

neque  or  nec  [ne-que],  adv.  and 
conj.,  and  not,  but  not,  nor\ 
neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither  .  .  . 
nor. 

nescio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii  [ne-scio], 
4,  not  know  ;  nescio  an,  perhaps ; 
nescio  quis,  some  one  or  other  ; 
nescio  qui,  some  or  other ;  ne- 
scio quo  modo,  somehow. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum  [ne-uter],  adj., 
neither. 

Nicias,  -ae,  M.,  Nicias,  an  Athe- 
nian general. 

nihil  or  nil,  N.  indecl.,  nothing', 
not  at  all. 

nihilo  [nihil],  adv.,  not  at  all,  by 
no  means  ;  nihilo  minus  or  nihilo 
setius,  none  the  less,  nevertheless. 

nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  too-,  very, 
exceedingly. 

nimius,  -a,  -um  [nimis],  adj.,  too 
great,  excessive. 

nisi,  conj.,  unless,  except. 

nitor,  -T,  mxus  or  msus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  strive,  endeavor;  lean  upon, 
depend  upon.  - 

nobilis,  -e,  compar.  nobilior,  superl. 
nobilissimus  [nosco],  adj.,  well- 


NOBILITO 


193 


OBOEDIO 


known,  famous  ;  prominent,  pre- 
eminent', honored',  as  subst.,  nd- 
bilis,  a  prominent  man. 

nobilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nobilis], 
I ,  make  famous,  celebrate. 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  harm,  hurt,  in- 
jure. 

noctu  [nox],  adv.,  by  night. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -urn  [nox],  adj.,  by 
night,  nightly,  night. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui  [ne-volo],  irr., 
be  unwilling,  not  wish,  not  want ; 
will  not',  noli,  nolite,  imper.,  do 
not. 

nomen,  -inis,  N.,  name,  reptita- 
tion. 

Nomentanus,  -a,  -um  [Momen- 
tum], adj.,  of  Nomentum,  a  town 
in  central  Italy. 

nominatim  [nomen],  adv.,  by  name. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nomen], 
i,  name,  call. 

non,  adv.,  not. 

nonaginta,  num.  adj.  indecl., 
ninety. 

nondum  [non-dum],  adv.,  not  yet. 

nonnihil  [non-nihil],  N.  indecl., 
some,  something. 

nonnullus,  -a,  -um  [non-nullus], 
adj.,  some,  several. 

nonnumquam  [non-numquam], 
adv.,  sometimes. 

nonus,  -a,  -um  [novem],  num.  adj., 
ninth. 

nos,  nobiscum  ;  see  ego. 

no sco,  -ere,  novl,  notus,  3,  become 
acquainted  with,  learn  ;  in  perf. 
tenses,  know. 

nosmet,  pers.  pron.,  emphatic  form 
of  nos,  we. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum  [nos],  possess, 
pron.,  our,  ours. 

notitia,  -ae  [notus],  F.,  mention, 
fame ;  acquaintance. 

noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nota,  mark~\, 
I,  mark ;  note,  mention. 

notus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  nosco], 
adj.,  well-known,  familiar  ;  fa- 
mous. 

novem,  num.  indecl.,  nine. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new,  recent; 
novissimus,  superl.,  last-,  no- 
vum,  N.,  novelty. 


nox,  noctis,  F.,  night. 

nubilis,  -e  [nubo],  adj.,  marriage- 
able, of  marriageable  age. 

nubo,  -ere,  nupsi,  nuptus,  3,  marry, 
be  a  bride. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nullius,  dat. 
nulll  [ne-ullus],  adj.,  no,  none  ; 
as  subst.,  nobody,  nothing. 

num,  inter,  adv.,  in  direct  questions, 
denotes  that  a  negative  answer  is 
expected ;  in  indirect  questions, 
whether,  if. 

numen,  -inis  [nuo,  nod},  N.,  nod, 
wish,  will;  divinity. 

numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nume- 
rus],  i,  number,  count;  count 
out,  pay. 

numerus,  -I,  M.,  number  ;  rank. 

Numida,  -ae,  M.,  a  Numidian. 

nummus,  -I,  com,  ready  money. 

numquam  [ne-umquam],  adv., 
never. 

nunc  [num-ce],  adv.,  now,  at  pres- 
ent. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntius], 
i,  announce,  report. 

nuntius,  -I,  M.,  announcement,  mes- 
sage, report;  messenger. 

nuptiae,  -arum  [nubo],  F.  plur., 
marriage,  wedding. 

nusquam  [ne-usquam],  adv.,  no- 
where. 

O 

ob,  prep,  with  ace.,  toward;  for,  on 

account  of ;  because  of. 
obductus,   -a,   -um    [part,   of   ob- 

duco],  adj.,  overspread,  overcast, 

dark. 
obeo,  -ire,  -il,   -itus   [ob-eo],   irr., 

meet ;  perform  ;   die ;    diem  su- 

premum  obire,  die. 
obicio,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [ob-iacio], 

3,  set  before,  present ;  set  against, 

oppose. 

obitus,  -us  [obeo],  M.,  death. 
oblivlscor,  -i,  oblitus  sum,  3,  dep., 

forget. 
obnitor,  -I,  -mxus  sum  [ob-nltor], 

3,  dep. ,  rest  against,  prop  against ; 
resist. 

oboedio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -Itus  [ob-audio  |. 

4,  listen  to,  obey. 


OBSECRO 


194 


OPPONO 


obsecro,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ob-sacro], 

I,  beseech,  beg,  implore. 
obsequor,  -I,  -secutus  sum  [ob-se- 
quor],  3,  dep.,    comply ;  gratify  ; 
indulge  in. 

observantia,  -ae  [observe],  F.,  re- 
gard, respect. 

obses,  -idis  [ob  and  sedeo],  M., 
hostage. 

obsideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [ob- 
sedeo],  2,  beset,  besiege,  blockade. 

obsidio,  -onis  [obsideo],  F.,  siege, 
blockade. 

obsisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus  [ob-sis- 
to],  3,  stand  in  the  way  of,  check, 
oppose. 

obsoletus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  obso- 
lesco],  adj.,  out  of  use ',  worn  out; 
poor,  ordinary. 

obsonium,  -I  [Gk.  o^xaviov],  N., 
what  is  eaten  with  bread,  side- 
dish  ;  food. 

obstinatio,  -onis  [obstino],  F.,  re- 
sistance, perseverance,  obstinacy. 

obsum,  -esse,  offul  [ob-sum],  irr., 
resist,  hinder,  impede. 

obtero,  -ere,  -trivi,  -tritus  [ob-tero], 
3,  detract  from,  degrade. 

obtestatio,  -onis  [obtestor],  F., 
entreaty,  prayers. 

obtineo,  -ere,  -ul,  -tentus  [ob- 
teneo],  2,  hold;  obtain;  keep. 

obtrectatio,  -onis  [obtrecto],  F., 
disparagement. 

obtrectator,  -oris  [obtrecto],  M., 
disparager,  rival. 

obtrecto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ob-trac- 
to],  I,  disparage,  belittle  ;  ob- 
trectare  inter  se,  to  be  rivals. 

obviam  [ob-viam],  adv.,  toward,  to 
meet ;  obviam  Ire,  go  to  meet. 

occasio,  -onis  [occido],  F.,  happen- 
ing ;  chance,  opportunity. 

occido,  -ere,  -cidi,  clsus  [ob-caedo], 
3,  kill. 

occulo,  -ere,  -uT,  -cultus  [ob  and  the 
root  of  eel 6],  3,  hide,  conceal. 

occupatio,  -onis  [occupo],  F..  busi- 
ness matter ;  occupation. 

occupo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ob  and  root 
of  capio],  I,  seize  ;  hold,  occupy ; 
engage,  employ. 

octoginta,  indecl.  num.,  eighty. 


oculus,  -T,  M.,  eye. 

odi,  odisse,  defect.,  hate. 

odium,  -I,  N.,  hatred. 

Oedipus,  -odis  or  -I,   M.,  Oedipus, 

mythical  king  of  Thebes. 
offendo,    -ere,   -fendi,   -fensus    [ob- 

fendo],  3,  meet,  find;  offend. 
offensio,    -onis   [offendo J,    F.,   of- 
fense ;  displeasure,  disfavor. 
officina,    -ae    [opifex,    workman], 

F.,  workshop,  manufactory. 
officium,    -I,    N.,    service,    favor; 
duty,  obligation ;  allegiance  ;  serv- 
ice,   voluntary   service ;   conscien- 
tiousness. 

olim,  adv.,  formerly,  anciently. 
Olympia,   -ae,  F.,   Olympia,  a  city 

of  Elis,  in  Greece. 
Olympiodorus,  -T,  M.,  Olympiodo- 

rus,  a  Theban. 

omitto,    -ere,    -misi,   -missus    [ob- 
mitto],  3,  let  go,  lose,  omit ;  not 
to  mention  ;  neglect. 
omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every. 
onerarius,  -a,  -um  [onus,  burden], 
adj.,  of  burden  ;  navis  oneraria, 
transport. 

onustus,  -a,  -um  [onus],  adj.,  load- 
ed, laden. 

opera,  -ae  [opus],  F.,  work,  labors, 
doings,  pains ;  attention,  assist- 
ance, services ;  contrivance,  in- 
strumentality; operam  dare,^-^ 
attention  to. 
operio,  -ire,  -ul,  opertus  [ob-verio], 

4,  cover. 

opinio,  -onis  [opinor],  F.,  opinion, 
judgment;  mind;  expectation; 
reputation. 

opinor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  be- 
lieve, think,  judge. 
oportet,   oportere,   oportuit,  2,   im- 
pers.,     be  proper,     be    necessary ; 
ought. 

oppidanus,  -a,  -um  [oppidum], 
adj.,  of  a  town  ;  as  subst.,  oppi- 
danus, inhabitant  of  the  toiun, 
townsman. 

oppidum,  -I,  N.,  town,  city. 
oppleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [ob-pleo], 

2,  fill,  cover. 

oppono,  -ere,  -posul,  -positus  [ob- 
pono],  3,  stand  against,  oppose. 


OPPORTUNUS 


195 


PARENS 


opportunus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,  fa- 
vorable, seasonable. 

opprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus  [ob- 
premo],  3,  oppress,  suppress,  crush, 
crush  out,  overpower,  overcome. 

opprobrium,  -I  [ob-probrum],  N., 
disgrace,  insult,  abuse. 

oppugnator,  -oris  [oppugno],  M., 
besieger,  assailant. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob-pug- 
no],  i,  attack,  besiege. 

ops,  opis,  F.,  aid,  help,  assistance  ; 
opes,  plur.,  resources,  power, 
forces. 

Optimas,  -atis  [optimus],  adj.,  aris- 
tocratic ;  as  subst.,  aristocrat,  oli- 
garch. 

optime  ;  see  bene. 

optimus ;  see  bonus. 

opulentia,  -ae  [opulens],  F.,  wealth. 

opulent  us,  -a,  .  -um  [opes],  adj., 
wealthy,  rich. 

opus,  -eris,  N.,  need ;  work  ;  opera, 
plur.,  military  works. 

6ra,  -ae,  F.,  shore,  coast. 

oraculum,  -I  [oro],  N.,  oracle. 

oratio,  -dnis  [oro],  F.,  speech  ;  dis- 
course ;  eloquence,  persuasion  ;  de- 
livery. 

orbis,  -is,  M.,  circle  ;  orbis  terra- 
rum,  world. 

ordino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ordo],  i, 
arrange  in  order,  draw  up  in 
ranks  ;  record,  narrate. 

ordior,  -in,  orsus  sum  [ordo],  4, 
dep.,  begin  ;  describe. 

ordo,  -inis,  M.,  row,  series',  class, 
order,  rank  ;  ordine,  in  detail. 

Orestes,  -is,  M.,  Orestes,  son  of 
Agamemnon,  a  mythical  hero. 

origo,  -inis  [orior],  F.,  origin  ; 
race,  family  ;  lineage. 

orior,  -In,  ortus  sum,  4,  dep.,  arise  ; 
be  born,  come  from,  descend. 

ornamentum,  -I  [orno],  N.,  mark  of 
distinction,  ornament,  decoration. 

ornatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  orno], 
adj.,  equipped;  polished',  distin- 
guished. 

ornatus,  -us  [orno],  M.,  equip- 
ment, decoration. 

Orni,  -drum,  M.  plur.,  Orni,  a  town 
in  Thrace. 


orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  fit  out, 
equip,  furnish  ;  adorn,  decorate. 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [6s],  i,  pray, 
beg,  beseech. 

6s,  oris,  N.,  mouth,  face,  lips  ;  voice, 
speech. 

os,  ossis,  N.,  bone. 

osculor,  -aii,  -atus  sum  [osculum], 
i,  dep.,  kiss. 

ostendo,  -ere,  -tend!,  -tentus  [obs- 
tendo],  3,  show,  explain  ;  pretend 
to  be. 

ostentatio,  -onis  [ostento],  F.,  dis- 
play ;  ostentation. 

ostracismos,  -I  [Gk.  b(rrpa.Ki(r^6s], 
M.,  ostracism. 

otium,  -I,  N.,  leisure  ;  rest,  quiet, 
peace. 


P.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman  prae- 

nomen  Publius. 

pactio,  -onis  [paciscor],  F.,  agree- 
ment, contract. 
pactum,  -I  [part,  of  paciscor],  N., 

agreement,  contract. 
Pactye,  -es,  ace.  -en,  F.,  Pactye,  a 

town  in  Thrace. 
Padus,  -T,  M.,  the  Po,  a  river  of 

northern  Italy. 
paene,  adv.,  almost. 
paeniteo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  make  repent; 

paenitet,  impers.,  be  sorry  for,  re* 

pent  of. 
palaestra,  -ae  [Gk.  TraAakrrpa],  F., 

gymnasium,  place  of  exercise. 
palam,  adv.,  openly,  known  ;  palam 

facere,  make  plain. 
Pamphylius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,   Pam- 

phylian,  of  Pamphylia,  a  province 

of  Asia  Minor. 
panis,  -is,  M.,  loaf,  bread. 
par,  paris,  adj.,  equal,  like  ;  a  match 

for  ;  equal  to  their  opponents ;  parl 

modo,  in  the  same  way,  equally ; 

par!  proelio,  with  equal  honors  ; 

as  subst.,  equal,  companion. 
paratus,  -a,   -um  [part,  of  paro], 

adj.,  prepared,  ready. 
parco,  -ere,  pepercl,  parsus,  3.  spare. 
parens,  -entis  [part,  of  pario],  M. 

and  F.,  parent;  father,  mother; 

relative. 


PARED 


196 


PENES 


pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  obey,  follow  ;  be 
subject  to. 

pario,  -ere,  peperi,  partus,  3,  bring 
forth,  produce  ;  give  birth  to  ;  ac- 
quire, win  ;  in  pass.,  spring  from. 

Parius,  -a,  -urn  [Paros],  adj.,  of 
Par os,  connected  with  Paros,  Pa- 
rian ;  as  subst.,  a  Parian. 

parma,  -ae,  F.,  a  round  shield,  tar- 
get. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  prepare  for  ; 
prepare,  furnish. 

Paros,  -I,  F.,  Paros,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

pars,  partis,  F.,  part,  share  ;  party  ; 
in  plur.,  political party. 

parsimonia,  -ae  [parco],  F.,  econo- 
my; stinginess,  parsimony. 

particeps,  -cipis  [pars  and  capio], 
adj.,  sharing',  as  subst.,  partner. 

partim  [pars],  adv.,  partly  ;  par- 
tim  .  .  .  partim,  partly  .  .  .  part- 

parum,  compar.  minus,  superl. 
mini  me,  adv.,  but  little,  too  little  ; 
as  subst.,  too  little. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um  [dim.  of  parvus], 
adj.,  little,  very  small. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  minor, 
superl.  minimus,  adj.,  small,  lit- 
tle. 

passus,  -us,  M.,  pace\  mille  pas- 
siis,  mile. 

patefacio,  -ere,  -fed,  -factus  [pa- 
teo  and  facio],  3,  open. 

pateo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  lie  open,  be  open. 

pater,  -tris,  M.,  father;  pater  fa- 
milias,  head  of  a  family ;  patres 
conscript!,  senators. 

paternus,  -a,  -um  [pater],  adj.,  of 
one's  father,  paternal. 

patiens,  -entis  [part,  of  patior], 
adj . ,  patient,  enduring. 

patientia,  -ae  [patiens],  F.,  pa- 
tience ;  endurance. 

patior,  -I,  passus  sum,  3,  dep ,  bear, 
endure,  suffer ;  permit,  allow. 

patria,  -ae  [F.  Of  patrius,  sc.  terra], 
F.,  native  land,  country. 

patrimonium,  -T  [pater],  N.,  in- 
heritance, patrimony. 

patrius,  -a,  -um  [pater],  adj.,  of 
one's  father,  paternal;  ancestral. 


patruus,  -I  [pater],   M.,  paternal 

uncle. 
pauci,  -ae,   -a,  plur.  adj.,  few  ;  as 

subst.,  few, 

paulum  [paulus],    dv.,  a  little. 
Paulus,  -I,  M.,  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 

a  Roman  consul, 
pauper,  -eris,   adj.,  poor,  needy ;  as 

subst.,  poor  man. 

paupertas,  -atis  [pauper],  F.,  pov- 
erty. 
Pausanias,    -ae,    M.,    Pausanias, 

King  of  Sparta. 
pax,  pads,  F.,  peace. 
peccans,   -antis   [part,  of  pecco], 

adj.,  sinful;    as   subst.,    offender, 

transgressor. 
pecunia,   -ae  [pecus],   F.,  money, 

wealth. 
pecuniosus,    -a,    -um    [pecunia], 

adj.,  wealthy,  rich. 
pedes,  -itis  [pes],  M.,  foot-soldier  ; 

infantry. 
pedester,  -tris,  -tre  [pedes],  adj., 

of  the  infantry,  infantry. 
pedisequus,  -T  [pes  and  sequor], 

M.,  footman,  attendant. 
Peducaeus,  -I,  M.,  Sex.  Peducaeus, 

a  Roman, 
peius  ;  see  male, 
pellis,  -is,  F.,  skin,  hide. 
pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  3,  drive, 

drive    away,    banish  ;     beat,    de- 
feat. 
Pelopidas,    -ae,    M.,   Pelopidas,   a 

Theban  general. 

Pelpponnesius,  -a,  -um  [Pelopon- 
nesus],  adj.,   Peloponnesian  ;   as 

subst.,  a  Peloponnesian. 
Peloponnesus,  -I,  F.,  the  Pelopon- 

nese,  the  southern  part  of  Greece, 
pelta,  -ae  [Gk.  ire ATIJ],  F.,  a  crescent- 
shaped  shield. 
peltastae,   -arum   [Gk.  TreArao-Taf], 

M.  plur.,  armed  with    the  pelta, 

peltasts. 
Penates,  -ium,   M.  plur.,  Penates, 

Roman   household   gods  ;  family 

gods. 
pendo,    -ere,    pependi,    pensus,   3, 

weigh  out ;  pay. 
penes,  prep,  with  ace.,  ivith,  in  the 

hands  of. 


PENETRO 


197 


PERVEHO 


penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  enter, 
penetrate. 

penitus,  adv.,  in  the  interior,  in- 
wardly ;  compJ  lely. 

per,  prep,  with1  .cc.,  through;  by 
means  of\  through  the  aid  of. 

peraeque  [per-aeque],  adv.,  equal- 
ly, uniformly. 

perago,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [per-ago], 
3,  carry  out,  finish. 

percello,  -ere,  -culT,  -culsus  [per- 
cello],  3,  overthrow,  ruin. 

percipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [per- 
capio],  3,  take,  receive ;  accept', 
understand. 

percutio,  -ere,  -cussl,  -cussus  [per- 
quatio],  3,  strike,  hit,  shoot. 

Perdiccas, -ae,  TA.,  Perdiccas,  King 
of  Macedonia. 

perduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [per- 
duco],  3,  bring,  lead,  conduct ; 
persuade,  win  over. 

peregrinatio,  -onis  [peregrlnor], 
F.,  sojourn  abroad,  travel. 

pereo,  -ire,  -il,  fut.  part,  periturus 
[per-eo],  irr.,  die,  perish  ;  be  lost, 
be  destroyed. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [per- 
fero],  irr.,  carry  through,  carry, 
bring ;  complete,  finish  ;  bear,  en- 
dure. 

perficio,  -ere,  -fed,  -fectus  [per- 
facio],  3,  finish,  accomplish,  effect. 

perfugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [per-fugio], 
?),flee,  desert. 

perfungor,  -T,  -functus  sum  [per- 
fungor],  3,  dep.,  perform  ;  un- 
dergo. 

Pergamenus,  -a,  -um  [Perga- 
mum],  adj.,  of  Pergamum,  a  city 
in  Asia  Minor. 

Pericles,  -is  or  -I,  M.,  Pericles,  an 
Athenian  statesman. 

periculum,  -I  [perior],  N.,  trial  \ 
danger,  risk. 

peritus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  perior, 
try  (not  in  use)],  adj.,  skillful, 
expert,  trained,  experienced. 

periurium,  -T  [periurus],  N.,  per- 
jury. 

permitto,  -ere,  -mlsi,  -missus  [per- 
mit to],  3,  give  over,  entrust ;  per- 
mit, allow. 

14 


permoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus 
[per-moveo],  2,  rouse,  excite,  dis- 
turb. 

pernicies,  -el,  F.,  ruin,  destruc- 
tion, death. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um  [pernicies], 
adj.,  ruinous,  destructive-,  harm- 
ful. 

peroro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per-oro], 
i,  conclude,  finish. 

perpetior,  -T,  perpessus  sum  [per- 
patior],  3,  dep.,  endure. 

perpetuo  [perpetuus],  adv.,  con- 
stantly, continually,  forever. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  continual, 
constant,  perpetual,  permanent ; 
continuous,  connected,  whole. 

perscribo,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scriptus 
[per-scribo],  3,  write  out,  com- 
pose ;  describe. 

persequor,  -I,  -secutus  sum  [per- 
sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow,  pursue ; 
proceed  against ;  continue  with. 

Perses,  -ae,  dat.  -I,  M.,  a  Persian. 
In  plur,  the  Persians,  the  country 
of  the  Persians. 

persevere,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per- 
severus],  I,  continue,  persevere. 

Persicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Persian, 
of  Persia. 

Persis,  -idis,  F.,  Per  sis,  a  country 
of  Asia. 

persona,  -ae,  F.,  person  ;  character. 

persuaded,  -ere,  -suasi,  -suasus 
[per-suadeo],  2,  persuade,  con- 
vince. 

pertaedet,  -ere,  pertaesum  est  [pfer- 
taedet],  2,  impers.,  -be  sick  of,  be 
disgusted  with. 

perterreo,  -ere,  -territus  [per-ter- 
rep],  2,  frighten. 

pertimesco,  -ere,  -timui  [per-ti- 
mesco],  3,  fear,  be  alarmed. 

pertinacia,  -ae  [pertinax],  F., 
stubbornness,  obstinacy. 

pertineo,  -ere,  -ui  [per-teneo],  2, 
extend,  reach  ;  belong  to,  pertain 
to  ;  relate,  apply. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per- 
turbo],  i,  disturb,  confuse. 

perveho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectus  [per- 
veho],  3,  carry,  convey.  In  pass., 
reach,  arrive  ;  sail, 


PERVENIO 


198 


POPULUS 


pervenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus  [per- 

venio],  4,  come  to,  reach,  arrive 

at. 
pervulgatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  per- 

vulgo],  ^}.,  spread  abroad,  widely 

known. 

pes,  pedis,  M.,/00/. 
peto,  -ere,  -w  or  -ii,  -itus,  3,  seek, 

ask  for  ;  aim  at ;  attack. 
petulans,  -antis  [peto],  adj.,  saucy, 

impudent ;  irritable. 
phalanx,   -angis  [Gk.  ^aAcu/l],  F., 

phalanx,  a  solid  battle  formation. 
Phalereus,  adj.,  of  Phalerum  ;  see 

Demetrius. 
Phalericus,  -a,  -um  [Phalerum], 

adj.,   of  Phalerum,   a  harbor   of 

Athens. 
Pharnabazus,-!,  W..,Pharnabazus, 

a  Persian  governor. 
Phidias,  -ae,  M.,  Phidias,  an  Athe- 
nian. 
Phidippus,  -I,   M.,  Phidippus,  an 

Athenian. 
Philippensis,  -e  [Philippus],  adj., 

of  Philip. 
Philippus,  -I,  M.,  Philip,  King  of 

Macedonia. 
Philocles,    -is,    M.,    Philocles,    an 

Athenian  general, 
philosophia,   -ae  [Gk. 

F.,  philosophy. 
philosophus,    -I    [Gk. 

M.,  philosopher. 
Phoenices,    -um,    M.    plur.,     the 

Phoenicians. 

Phrygia,  -ae,  F.,  Phrygia,  a  prov- 
ince of  Asia  Minor, 
pietas,  -atis  [plus],  F.,  duty,  devo- 
tion ;  obedience  \  fraternal  duty  ; 

patriotism  ;  affection,  loyalty. 
plla,  -ae,  F., pillar,  column. 
Piraeus,  -I,  M.,  the  Piraeus,  a  har- 
bor of  Athens. 
Pisander,   -dri,    M.,    Pisander,    a 

Spartan  general. 
Pisistratus,  -I,   M.,  Pisistratus,  a 

tyrant  of  Athens. 
placed,  -ere,  -in  or  placitus  sum,  2, 

please,    satisfy-,    placet,    impers., 

it  is  agreed. 
placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   I,  appease, 

pacify,  reconcile. 


Plataeae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Plataea, 

of  town  of  Boeotia,  in  Greece. 
Plataeenses,   -ium,    M.   plur.,   the 

Plataeans. 
plector,  -I,  3,  dep.,  be  punished,  be 

chastised ;  be  blamed. 
plenus,  -a,  -um  [pled],  adj.,  full, 

filled. 
plerique,  -orumque,  M.  plur.,  most 

men  ;  the  most,  the  majority  of. 
plerumque,  adv.,  for  the  most  part, 

generally. 

plumbum,  -I,  N.,  lead. 
plurimum     [superl.    of    multum], 

adv.,  most,  very  much. 
plurimus  ;  see  multus. 
plus  ;  see  multus  and  multum. 
Poecile,  -es  [Gk.  IIoiiefAij],  F.,  the 

Poecile,  a  picture  gallery  at  Athens, 
poema,  -atis  [Gk.  Tron^uo],  N.,  poem. 
poena,    -ae,   F.,  punishment ;  pen- 
alty ;     dare     poenas,     be    pun- 
ished. 
Poenicus,  -a,  -um  [Poenus],  adj., 

Punic,  Carthaginian. 
Poenus,  -T,  M.,  a  Carthaginian. 
poeta,  -ae  [Gk.  TTO/^T^S],  TA.,poet. 
poetice,  -es,  ace.  -en  [Gr. 

^ .,  poetry. 
poeticus,   -a,  -um  [Gk. 

adj . ,  of  poetry,  poetic. 
polliceor,    -eri,    pollicitus    sum,    2, 

dep.,  promise,  offer. 
Polybius,  -I,  M.,  Polybius,  a  Greek 

writer  of  Roman  history. 
Polymnis,  -idis  or  -I,  M.,  Polymnis, 

a  Theban. 
pompa,  -ae,  F.,  procession,  parade  ; 

pomp. 
Pompeius,   -T,   M.,    Cn.  Pompeius 

Magnus,  a  Roman  general. 
Pomponius,  -T,  M.,  T.  Pomponius 

Atticus,  a  Roman, 
pondus,  -eris,  N.,  weight. 
pond,   -ere,   posuT,    positus,    3,  put, 

place,    set  down  ;    set  up,   erect ; 

reckon,    regard,    declare  ;    castra 

ponere,  pitch  a  camp. 
pons,  pontis,  M.,  bridge. 
Pontus,  -T,  M.,  Pontus,  a  province 

of  Asia  Minor, 
populus,   -I,    M.,  people,  populace  ; 

populi  scitum,  popular  vote. 


PORTICUS 


I99 


PRAEOPTO 


porticus,  -us,  Y.,  portico,  colonnade, 
covered  promenade. 

porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  carry \ 
bring. 

portus,  -us,  yi.,port,  harbor. 

posco,  -ere,  poposci,  3,  ask,  request, 
require. 

possessio,  -onis  [possideo],  F., 
possession,  property,  estate. 

possessor,  -oris  [possideo],  M., 
owner,  possessor. 

possldo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus,  3,  take 
possession  of,  seize. 

possum,  posse,  potu!  [potis-sum], 
irr.,  be  able,  can. 

post,  adv.,  after,  afterwards,  since. 

post,  prep,  with  ace.,  after,  since. 

postea  [post-eal,  adv.,  afterwards, 
then. 

posteaquam,  conj.,  after. 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  poste- 
rior, superl.  postremus  or  pos- 
tumus  [post],  adj.,  following, 
later,  next',  postremus,  superl., 
last,  Jinal. 

postquam  [post-quam],  conj.,  af- 
ter, when,  since. 

postremo  [postremus],  adv.,  at 
last,  finally,  lastly. 

postremus  ;  see  posterus. 

postridie  [posterl  die],  adv.,  on 
the  next  day,  the  next  day. 

postulatum,  -I  [part,  of  postulo], 
N.,  demand,  request. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  ask,  de- 
mand, request. 

potens,  -entis,  compar.  potentior, 
superl.  potentissimus  [part,  of 
possum],  adj.,  able,  strong,  pow- 
erful; influential. 

potentia,  -ae  [potens],  F.,  pow- 
er. 

potestas,  -atis  [potis],  F.,  power, 
authority,  permission  ;  chance,  op- 
portunity. 

potior,  -iri,  -Ttus  sum  [potis],  4, 
dep.,  get  control  of,  get  possession 
of\  gain,  obtain. 

potissimum  [superl.  of  potis],  adv., 
preferably,  in  preference  to  all, 
above  all. 

potius  [compar.  of  potis],  adv., 
rather,  preferably. 


prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  before  ;  in  com- 
parison with. 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [prae-ha- 
beo],  2,  offer,  present,  show  ;  sup- 
ply, furnish ;  excite,  cause ;  se 
praebere,  prove  one's  self. 

praeceptor,  -oris  [praecipio],  M., 
instructor,  teacher. 

praeceptum,  -I  [praecipio],  M., 
instruction,  order,  command,  di- 
rection ;  precept;  in  plur.,  teach- 
ings. 

praecipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [prae- 
capio],  3,  instmct,  teach,  ad- 
vise, explain  ;  direct,  order,  com- 
mand. 

praecipito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prae- 
ceps],  i,  cast  headlong,  throw. 

praecipue  [praecipuus],adv.,  espe- 
cially, chiefly. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um  [prae  and  ca- 
pio],  adj.,  especial;  eminent ',  dis- 
tinguished. 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um  [prae-clarus], 
adj.,  very  bright;  famous;  very 
noble. 

praeda,  -ae,  F.,  booty,  spoils -plun- 
der. 

praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prae- 
dico],  i,  proclaim,  declare;  pro- 
nounce ;  assent,  state. 

praedico,  -ere,  -dixT,  -dictus  [prae- 
dico], 3,  foretell,  prophesy  ;  warn. 

praedium,  -I,  N.,farm. 

praedo,  -onis  [praeda],  M.,  robber  ; 
praedo  maritimus,  pirate. 

praedor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [praeda], 
I,  dep.,  rob,  plunder,  pillage. 

praefectura,  -ae  [praefectus],  F., 
office  of  prefect,  governorship,  pre- 
fecture. 

praefectus,  -i  [praeficio],  M.,  com- 
mander, prefect. 

praeficio,  -ere,  -feel,  -fectus  [prae- 
facio],  3,  put  at  the  head  of,  put 
in  command  of ;  imperio  praefi- 
cere,  put  in  power. 

praefinio,  -Ire,  -Tvi,  -Ttus  [prae- 
finio],  4,  prescribe,  limit. 

praemium,  -I  [prae-emo],  N.,  re- 
ward ;  prize  ;  advantage. 

praeopto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prae- 
opto],  i, prefer. 


PRAEPONO 


2OO 


PROCUL 


praepono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus 
[prae-pono],  3,  put  ahead,  put 
before,  prefer. 

praes,  praedis  [prae-vas],  M., 
bondsman. 

praescribo,  -ere,  -scripsl,  -scriptus 
[prae-scribo],  3,  write  before- 
hand ;  dictate,  direct. 

praesens,  -entis  [part,  of  prae- 
sum],  adj.,  present,  immediate  \ 
in  praesenti,  at  present. 

praesentia,  -ae  [praesens],  F., 
presence  ;  the  time  being  ;  in  prae- 
sentia, at  the  time  ;  at  present. 

praesertim,  adv.,  especially. 

praesidium,  -I  [praeses],  N., 
guard, protection,  garrison  ;  prae- 
sidio  esse, protect ;  in  praesidio 
esse,  be  posted;  praesidiis  oc- 
cupare,  garrison. 

praestans,  -antis  [part,  of  praesto], 
adj.,  excelling,  excellent,  preemi- 
nent, distinguished. 

praestituo,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitutus 
[prae-statuo],  3,  prescribe,  set, 
fix  in  advance. 

praesto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus  [prae- 
sto], I,  stand  before,  excel,  be 
preferable  ;  discharge,  perform  ; 
observe  ;  praestat,  impers.,  it  is 
better. 

praesum,    -esse,   -fui    [prae-sum],  ' 
irr.,  be  at  the  head  of,  be  in  com- 
mand of,    have    charge   of,   gov- 
ern. 

praeter,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
beyond,  above  ;  except,  besides,  but ; 
contrary  to. 

praeterea  [praeter-ea],  adv.,  be- 
sides, moreover. 

praetereo,  -ire,  -M.  -itus  [praeter- 
eo], irr. ,  pass  by,  pass,  omit. 

praetermitto,   -ere,   -misi,   -missus 
[praeter-mitto],  3,  let  pass,  omit;  \ 
overlook. 

praeterquam  [praeter-quam], 
adv.,  except,  beyond. 

praetor,  -oris,  M.,  leader,  com- 
mander ;  praetor,  a  Roman  magis- 
trate. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um  [praetor],  adj., 
pretorian,  of  a  praetor  ;  praeto- 
rius, as  subst.,  ex-praetor. 


praetura,  -ae,  F.,  office  of  praetor, 
praetor  ship,  magistracy. 

precor,  -an,  -atus  sum  [prex],  i, 
dep.,/raj/f  beg,  beseech  ;  invoke. 

premo,  -ere,  press!,  pressus,  ^,press, 
press  hard  ;  oppress,  trouble  ;  be- 
set. 

pretiosus,  -a,  -um  [pretium],  adj., 
precious,  costly,  valuable. 

pretium,  -I,  N.,  price,  value  ;  ex- 
pense ;  reward. 

prex,  precis,  T.,  prayer,  entreaty. 

pridie,  adv.,  on  the  day  before. 

primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  first. 

primum  [primus],  adv.,/rj/,  in  the 
first  place. 

primus,  -a,  -um  [superl.  of  prior], 
adj.,  first,  foremost,  chief. 

princeps,  -cipis  [primus  and  capio], 
adj.,  chief,  foremost;  as  subst., 
leaaer,  leading  man  ;  prince. 

principatus,  -us  [princeps],  M., 
leadership,  supremacy. 

principium,  -I  [princeps],  N.,  be- 
ginning. 

prior,  prius,  gen.  prioris,  compar. 
adj . ,  former,  first. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um  [prius],  adj., 
former, previous  ;  early,  original; 
pristinum,  N.,  former  ccndition. 

prius  [prior],  adv.,  before,  sooner. 

priusquam  [prius-quam],  conj., 
before. 

privatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  privo], 
adj.,  private  ;  as  subst.,  privatus, 
-I,  a  private  citizen. 

privignus,  -i,  M.,  stepson. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  deprive, 
rob. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  for,  in  behalf 
of;  instead  of ;  in  accordance  ?r  ith, 
in  keeping  with  ;  according  to. 

probo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [probus],  i, 
approve,  commend;  accept. 

procacitas,  -atis  [procax],  F.,  bold- 
ness, impudence. 

procella,  -ae,  F.,  gust,  blast,  squall, 
storm . 

Procles,  -is  or  -I,  M.,  Procles,  a 
mythical  founder  of  Sparta. 

procreo,  -are,  -aviK  -atus  [pro-creo], 
I,  beget ;  produce. 

procul,  adv.,  at  a  distance,  afar. 


PROCURATIO 


2OI 


PROSPICIO 


procuratio,  -onis  [procure],  F., 
management,  charge. 

procure,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro-euro], 
I,  care  for,  have  charge  of,  man- 
age ;  attend  to. 

prodeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus  [prod-eo], 
irr.,  come  forward,  speak,  appear. 

proditio,  -onis  [prddo],  F.,  betrayal, 
treason. 

prodo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [pro-do], 
3,  give  over,  tiand  over,  deliver; 
betray,  hand  down,  transmit', 
prodere  memoriae,  relate,  record, 
write. 

produco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [pro- 
duco], 3,  lead  out ;  lead  along,  en- 
tice ;  prolong,  extend. 

proelium,  -I,  N.,  battle. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [pro- 
fero],  irr.,  bring  forward,  produce, 
present. 

proficlscor,  -I,  profectus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  set  otit,  start,  go  away  ;  go, 
come ;  travel ;  start  for,  start  to 
join. 

profiteer,  -eri,  -fessus  sum  [pro- 
fateor],  2,  dep.,  profess,  declare, 
pretend. 

profligd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  rout, 
overthrow,  destroy. 

profugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [pro-fugio],  3, 
flee,  escape. 

progenies,  ace.  -em,  abl.  -e  [pro- 
gigno],  F.,  offspring,  posterity,  de- 
scendants. 

progenitor,  -oris  [pro-gigno],  M., 
ancestor,  founder. 

progredior,  -I,  -gressus  sum  [pro- 
gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  forward,  ad- 
vance. 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [pro-ha- 
beo],  2,  check,  prevent,  prohibit. 

prpicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [pro- 
iacio],  3,  put  forward,  present ; 
expel. 

proinde  [pro-inde],  adv.,  hence,  ac- 
cordingly ;  proinde  ac  si,  just 
as  if. 

prolabor,  -I,  -lapsus  sum  [pro-la- 
bor], 3,  dep.,  fall  down,  fall  to 
ruin. 

promitto,  -ere,  -mis!,  -missus  [pro- 
mitt  6],  3,  promise. 


promptus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  pro- 
mo], adj.,  ready, prompt. 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro- 
nuntio],  I,  announce,  proclaim  ; 
recite,  declaim. 

propago,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  extend, 
enlarge. 

propago,  -inis  [propago],  F.,  off- 
spring, descendants,  posterity. 

propatulum,  -I  [pro-pat ulus],  N., 
open  space,  court. 

prope,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
near ;  nearly. 

propere  [properus],  adv.,  quickly, 
speedily. 

propinquitas,  -atis  [propinquus], 
F.,  relationship. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um  [prope],  adj., 
near,  near  at  hand ;  related,  inti- 
mate. 

propius  [comp.  of  prope],  adv., 
nearer. 

propono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus  [pro- 
pono],  3,  set  forth,  offer ;  set, 
place  ;  imagine. 

Propontis,  -idis,  F.,  the  Propontis, 
the  sea  of  Marmora. 

propositum,  -i  [propono],  ^^prop- 
osition, plan,  purpose,  design. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace.,  near  ;  on 
account  of,  because  of. 

propugnaculum,  -i  [propugno], 
N.,  bulwark,  barrier,  fortification. 

prorumpo,  -ere,  -rupi,  -ruptus  [pro- 
rumpo],  3,  break  out,  attack. 

proscribe,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scriptus 
[pro-scribe],  3,  publish,  an- 
nounce ;  proscribe,  outlaw. 

proscriptio,  -onis  [proscribe],  F., 
proscription,  confiscation. 

proscriptus,  -I  [part,  of  proscribe], 
M., proscribed person,  outlaw. 

prosequor,  -I,  -secutus  sum  [prose- 
quor],  3,  dep.,  accompany,  escort. 

prospere  [prosperus],  adv.,  suc- 
cessfully. 

prosperitas,  -atis  [prosperus],  F., 
success,  prosperity,  blessing. 

prosperus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  successful, 
prosperous,  favorable. 

prospicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[pro-specid],  3,  look  forth,  look 
out,  watch. 


PROSTERNO 


201 


QUEO 


prosterno,  -ere,  -stravi,  -stratus 
[pro-sterno],  3,  scatter,  destroy, 
defeat. 

pro  sum,  prodesse,  profui  [pro- 
sum],  irr.,  be  of  advantage,  bene- 
fit, aid. 

protinus,  adv.,  straightway ;  at 
once. 

prout  [pro-ut],  couj.,just  as,  as. 

proveho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectus  [pro- 
veho],  3,  carry  forward,  advance. 

provided,  -ere,  -vidi,  -visus  [pro- 
video],  2,  foresee,  provide  ;  take 
precaution. 

provincia,  -ae,  F.,  official  duty, 
charge,  office  ;  commission  ;  prov- 
ince. 

proximus,  -a,  -um  [superl.  of 
prope],  adj.,  nearest,  next. 

prudens,  -entis  [for  providens, 
part,  of  provided],  adj.,  prudent, 
thoughtful,  wise. 

prudentia,  -ae  [prudens],  F.,  fore- 
thought, wisdom,  prudence,  good 
judgment. 

Prusias,  -ae,  M.,  Prusias,  King  of 
Bithynia. 

publice  [publicus],  adv.,  publicly, 
in  public  ;  by  the  state,  by  the  pub- 
lic. 

publico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [publicus], 
I,  make  public,  publish;  confiscate. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  people, 
public,  common. 

puer,  pueri,  M.,  boy,  child;  slave. 

puerllis,  -e  [puer],  adj.,  of  boyhood, 
boyish  ;  childish. 

pueritia,  -ae  [puer],  F.,  boyhood, 
childhood. 

puerulus,  -I  [dim.  of  puer],  M., 
little  boy,  child. 

pugna,  -ae,  ~F.,  fight,  battle,  engage- 
ment. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pugna], 
i,  fight. 

pulchre  [pulcher],  adv.,  beauti- 
fully, very  well. 

puppis,  -is,  F.,  stern  ;  ship. 

pus,  puris,  m.,  pus,  matter. 

put 6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  reckon, 
think,  suppose. 

Pydna,  -ae,  F.,  Pydna,  a  town  in 
Macedonia. 


Pyrenaeus,   -a,   -um,   adj.,   of  the 

Pyrenees. 
Pythagoreus,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    of 

Pythagoras,      Pythagorean  ;      as 

subst.,  a  follower  of  Pythagoras, 

a  Greek  philosopher. 
Pythia,   -ae,    F.,    the  Pythia,    the 

priestess  of  Apollo. 


Q.,  abbreviation  for  the  praenomen 

Quintus. 

qua  [qui],  adv.,  where ;  which  way. 
quacumque    [qua-cumque],    adv., 

wherever. 
quadringeni,   -ae,  -a,  distr.  num., 

four  hundred  each. 
quadringenti,  -ae,   -a,    num.  adj., 

four  hundred. 
quaere,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus,  3, 

seek,  ask  ;  ask  for,  require. 
quaestio,  -onis   [quaero],   F.,  in- 
quiry, investigation  ;  problem. 
quaestus,  -us  [quaero],  M.,  profit, 

gain. 
qualis,  -e,  inter,  adj.,  what  kind  of , 

what  a  ;  as  rel.,  of  such  a  kind, 

such  as,  as. 
quam  [qui],  adv.,  how,  as,  except; 

after;    with   comp.,    than;    with 

superl.,  as  possible. 
quamdiu  [quam-diu],  adv.,  as  long 

as. 
quamquam    [quam-quam],    conj., 

although,  and  yet. 
quanto  [quantus],  adv.,  how  much, 

by  how  much. 
quantum     [quantus],    adv.,    how 

much,  as  much  as. 
quantus,  -a,    -um,   rel.    and   inter. 

adj.,    how   much,   how  great ;    as 

much  as,  as  great  as. 
quare  [qua  re],  inter,  adv.,  why? 

wherefore?  rel.  adv.,  therefore. 
quartus,     -a,      -um,     num.      adj., 

fourth. 
quaterm,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.,  four 

each. 

quattuor,  indecl.  num.,  four. 
-que,  conj.,  enclitic,  and,  but. 
queo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  irr.,  can,  be 

able,  succeed  in. 


OUERIMONIA 


203 


RATUS 


querimonia,  -ae  [queror],  F.,  com- 
plaining, disagreement. 

queror,  -I,  questus  sum,  3,  dep.,  com- 
plain, lament. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  dat. 
cui,  rel.  pron.,  who,  which,  that, 
what ;  and  he,  and  she,  and  it ; 
he,  she,  it ;  this*  that. 

qui,  qua,  quod,  indef.  adj.  pron.,  any, 
used  after  si,  ne. 

qui  [qui],  inter,  adv.,  how?  why? 
rev.  adv.,  how,  with  which. 

quia,  conj.,  because. 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quodcum- 
que  [qui-cumque],  rel.  pron.,  who- 
ever, whichever,  whatever. 

quid  [quis],  inter,  adv.,  how?  why? 

quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam,  as  adj., 
quoddam,  indef.  pron.,  a  certain 
man,  a  certain,  a  ;  some  one,  some- 
thing. 

quidem,  adv.,  indeed,  at  least,  it  is 
true,  in  fact;  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  even. 

quies,  -etis,  F.,  rest,  repose,  peace 
and  quiet. 

quiesco,  -ere,  quievi,  quietus 
[quies],  3,  keep  quiet,  remain 
quiet,  rest,  repose. 

quln  [qui-ne],  conj.,  why  not?  that, 
but  that,  without ;  quln  etiam, 
nay  even. 

Quinctius,  -I,  M.,  a  Roman  name  ; 
see  Flamininus. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.,  five 
hundred. 

quini,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.,y?^  each. 

quinquagenl,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num., 
fifty  each  ;  fifty. 

quinquaginta,  indecl.  num.,  fifty. 

quinque,  indecl.  num.,  five. 

quinquiens  [quinque],  num.  adv., 
five  times. 

quintus,  -a,  -um  [quinque],  num. 
*.&).,  fifth. 

Quirmalis,  -e  [Quirinus],  adj.,  of 
Quirinus ;  as  subst.  with  collis 
understood,  the  Quirinal  hill. 

quis,  quae,  quid,  inter,  pron.,  who? 
which?  what? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron.  after  si, 
ne,  any,  some,  any  one,  some  one ; 
anything,  something ;  whatever. 


quisnam,  quaenam,  quidnam  [quis- 
nam],  inter,  pron.,  who  pray? 
what  pray  ? 

quisquam,  quaequam,  quicquam 
[quis-quam],  indef.  pron.,  any 
one,  anything ;  any ;  some  one, 
something. 

quisque,  quaeque,  quidque,  as  adj., 
quodque  [quis-que],  indef.  pron., 
each,  every ;  each  one,  every  one  ; 
everybody,  everything. 

quisquis,  quicquid,  as  adj.,  quod- 
quod  [quis-quis],  indef.  pron., 
whoever,  whatever. 

quivis,  quaevis,  quidvis  or  quodvls 
[qui- vis],  indef.  pron.,  any  you 
please,  any  ;  any  one,  anything. 

quo  [qui],  adv.,  inter.,  whither? 
rel.,  whither,  where,  wherefore, 
from  which. 

quo  [qui],  conj.,  with  comp.,  that, 
in  order  that,  the. 

quoad  [quo-ad],  adv.  and  conj.,  so 
long  as,  until ;  in  as  far  as. 

quod,  conj.,  because,  that;  whereas  ; 
quodsi,  but  if. 

quominus  [quo  minus],  conj.,  that 
.  .  .  not,  from. 

quondam,  adv.,  at  some  time,  once, 
formerly,  hereafter. 

quoniam  [quom-iam],  conj.,  since, 
because. 

quoquam  [quisquam],  adv.,  whith- 
ersoever, anywhere. 

quoque,  conj.,  also,  too. 

quotannis  [quot  annis],  &&v.,each 
year,  yearly,  annually. 

quotienscumque  [quot],  adv.,  as 
often  as,  however  often. 


radix,  -icis,  F.,  root  ;  base,  foot. 

rapid,  -ere,  -ui,  raptus,  3,  carry  off, 
seize  ;  pillage  ;  hasten. 

rarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  rare,  uncom- 
mon ;  at  intervals,  infrequent. 

ratio,  -onis -[reor],  F.,  reckoning, 
reasoning ;  account ;  plan  ;  man- 
agement. 

ratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  reor], 
adj.,  fixed,  established;  valid,  ap- 
proved. 


RECEDO 


204 


REPRIMO 


recede,  -ere,  -cessi,  '-cessus  [re- 
cedo],  3,  go  back,  withdraw,  re- 
tire ;  desist,  abandon. 

recido,  -ere,  -cidi  [re-cado],  3,  fall 
back,  relapse. 

recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [re- 
capio],  3,  take  back,^  recover,  get 
back,  receive  ;  se  recipere,  retire, 
withdraw. 

reconcilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re- 
concilio],  I,  win  back  ;  re- 
gain. 

recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-creo], 
I,  renew,  restore,  revive, 

recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  win 
back,  regain,  recover. 

recuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  and 
causa],  i,  refuse,  object. 

reddo,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus  [red-do], 
3,  give  back,  return,  restore  ;  ren- 
der, cause,  make. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [red-eo],  irr., 
go  back,  come  back,  return  ;  come 
in,  be  received ;  in  gratiam  re- 
dire,  make  up. 

redigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [red-ago], 
3,  bring  back,  bring,  reduce  ;  sub- 
ject. 

reditus,  -us  [redeo],  M.,  return  ; 
income. 

reduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [re- 
duco],  3,  lead  back ;  bring  back, 
restore ;  reduce. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatus  [re- 
fero],  irr.,  carry  back  ;  repay,  re- 
quite ;  refer,  compare,  judge ;  se 
referre,  retreat. 

reficio,  -ere,  -fed,  -fectus  [re-facio], 
3,  repair,  refit ;  recover,  renew  ; 
improve. 

refugio,  -ere,  -fug!  [re-fugio],  3, 
flee  back,  retreat ;  avoid. 

regio,  -onis,  F.,  region,  district,  lo- 
cality ',  country  district. 

regius,  -a,  -um  [rex],  adj.,  of  the 
king,  royal,  kingly ;  regii,  M. 
plur.,  followers  of  the  king. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [regnum], 
I,  reign,  rule. 

regnum,  -I  [rex],  N.,  royal  power, 
sovereignty,  rule,  throne. 

religio,  -onis,  F.,  obligation,  relig- 
ious obligation,  worship  ;  scruple, 


conscience,  scrupulousness  ;  relig- 
ious offense. 

religiose  [religiosus],  adv.,  scru- 
pulously, conscientiously. 

relinquo,  -ere,  -Hqui,  -lictus  [re- 
linquo],  3,  leave,  abandon. 

reliquiae,  -arum  [relinquo],  F. 
plur.,  remainder,  rest. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um  [relinquo],  adj., 
remaining,  rest,  the  rest  of;  reli- 
quum  tempus,  the  future. 

remaneo,  -ere,  -mansi,  -mansus  [re- 
maned], 2,  stay  behind,  remain  ; 
endure. 

remedium,  -I,  N.,  cure,  remedy. 

remigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-mi- 
gro],  i,  go  back,  return. 

reminiscor,  -I,  3,  dep.,  recall,  recol- 
lect. 

remissus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  remit- 
to],  adj.,  careless,  slack,  remiss. 

remitto,  -ere.  -misi,  -missus  [re- 
mit to],  3,  send  back,  return  ;  re- 
lax, slacken. 

removed,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus  [re- 
moved], 2,  send  away,  remove, 
drive  off. 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-no vo], 
I,  renew. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-nun- 
tio],  i,  bring  back  word,  an- 
nounce. 

reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  2,  dep.,  think, 
believe. 

repello,  -ere,  -pull,  -pulsus  [re- 
pello],  3,  drive  back,  defeat,  re- 
pulse. 

repente,  adv.,  suddenly,  unexpect- 
edly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sudden, 
unexpected. 

reperio,  -ere,  repperi,  repertus,  4, 
find,  discover,  learn. 

repo,  -ere,  repsi,  reptus,  3,  creep. 

repono,  -ere,  -posuT,  -positus  [re- 
pono],  3,  put  back,  restore-,  lay 
up,  deposit. 

reprehendo,  -ere,  -prehendl,  -pre- 
hensus  [re-prehendo],  3,  blame, 
chide,  reprove. 

reprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus  [re- 
premo],  3,  keep  T)ack,  check,  re- 
press. 


REPUGNO 


205 


SAEPIO 


repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-pug- 
no  J,  i,  resist,  oppose. 

repute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-puto], 
I,  think  over,  calculate,  reflect. 

require,  -ere,  -quislvi,  -quisitus  [re- 
quaero],  3,  learn  by  inquiry,  ask, 
inquire  ;  miss. 

res,  rel,  F.,  thing,  affair,  matter, 
business,  communication,  circum- 
stance ;  in  plur. ,  matters,  affairs, 
proceedings  ;  conditions,  concerns, 
operations  ;  means ;  res  gestae, 
exploits  ;  constitution  ;  res  male 
gestae,  disaster ;  res  gerere,  do 
things  ;  res  secundae,  successes  ; 
res  adversae,  reverses ;  res  nova, 
novelty ;  nulla  res,  nothing ;  res 
divina,  service  ;  res  publica,/^^- 
lic  affairs,  public  interests,  poli- 
tics, the  state  ;  res  militaris,  mili- 
tary affairs  ;  res  familiaris,  sub- 
stance, property,  estate  ;  re  vera, 
in  reality. 

resacro,  -are  [re-sacro],  i,  free 
from  a  curse. 

rescindo,  -ere,  -scidT,  -scissus  [re- 
scindo],  cut  down,  destroy ;  an- 
nul. 

rescisco,  -ere,  -scivl,  -scitus  [re- 
scisco],  3,  learn. 

resisto,  -ere,  -stitl,  3,  stand  against, 
resist,  oppose. 

respicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus  [re- 
specio],  3,  look  back  at,  regard', 
consider. 

responded,  -ere,  -spondi,  -sponsus 
[re-spondeo],  2,  answer,  reply. 

responsum,  -I  [responded],  N., 
reply,  response. 

restituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [re-statuo], 
3,  reestablish,  restore,  reinstate ; 
recover. 

retardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-tardo], 

1,  restrain,  retard,  check. 
retineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus  [re-teneo], 

2,  hold  back,    restrain,   keep  in  ; 
hold,  keep,  retain. 

retraho,  -ere,  -traxT,  -tractus  [re- 
traho],  3,  draw  back,  remove, 
rescue. 

reus,  -I,  M.,  defendant,  accused. 

revertor,  -I,  reversus  sum,  3,  dep., 
come  back,  return. 


revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-voco], 
I,  call  back,  recall. 

rex,  regis,  M.,  king,  sovereign. 

rhetor,  -oris  [Gr.  ^rwp],  M.,  rhe- 
torician, orator,  speaker. 

Rhodanus,  -I,  M.,  the  Rhone. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Rhodes, 
an  island  off  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor  ;  as  subst.,  a  Rhodian. 

risus,  -us  [rideo],  M.,  laughter. 

robustus,  -a,  -um  [robur],  adj., 
strong,  robust. 

rogatus,  -us  [rogo],  M.,  request. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  I,  ask,  re- 
quest, beg. 

Roma,  -ae,  F.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um  [Roma],  adj., 
Roman  ;  as  subst.,  a  Roman. 

Romulus,  -I,  M.,  Romulus,  mythi- 
cal founder  of  Rome. 

rostrum,  -I,  N.,  prow,  beak  of  a  ship. 

ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  red. 

rursus  [re-vorsus],  adv.,  back, 
again. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um  [rus],  adj.,  rustic, 
rural,  country. 


S.  or  Sex.,  abbreviation  for  the 
praenomen  Sextus. 

sacellum,  -I  [sacer],  N.,  chapel, 
shrine. 

sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,  adj.,  conse- 
crated, sacred,\  holy  ;  sacra,  N. 
plur.,  sacred  rites,  divine  wor- 
ship. 

sacerdos,  -otis  [sacer],  M.,  priest. 

sacrarium,  -I  [sacer],  N.,  sanctu- 
ary, shrine. 

sacrifice,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sacer 
and  facio],  i,  sacrifice. 

sacrilegium,  -I  [sacrilegus],  N., 
sacrilege,  impiety. 

sacrilegus,  -a,  -um  [sacer  and 
lego],  adj.,  sacrilegious,  impious  ; 
as  subst.,  sacrilegus,  an  impious 
man. 

saepe,  compar.  saepius,  superl. 
saepissime,  adv.,  often,  fre- 
quently. 

saepio,  -ire,  saepsT,  saeptus  [sae- 
pe s],  4,  enclose  ;  protect. 


SAGACItAS 


206 


SENECTUS 


sagacitas,  -atis  [sagax],  F.,  keen- 
ness, shrewdness. 

Saguntum,  -I,  N.,  Saguntum,  a 
town  in  Spain. 

sal,  salis,  M.  and  N.,  salt ;  wit ; 
elegance,  good  taste. 

Salaminius,  -a,  -um  [Salamls], 
adj.,  of  Salamis. 

Salamls,  -mis,  F.,  Salamis,  an  is- 
land near  Athens. 

salto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
salio],  I,  dance. 

saltus,  -us,  M.,  wooded  pass,  moun- 
tain pass,  pass. 

salum,  -I,  N.,  sea,  deep  water. 

salus,  -utis,  F.,  health,  safety  ;  pro- 
tection. 

salutaris,  -e  [salus],  adj  ,  health- 
ful, beneficial. 

salvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  safe,  saved', 
well,  sound. 

Samos,  -I,  F.,  Samos,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

Samothracia,  -ae,  F.,  Samothrace, 
an  island  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 

sancio,  -Ire,  sanxl,  sanctus,  4,  make 
sacred ;  ordain,  seal. 

sancte,  superl.  sanctissime  [sanc- 
tus], adv.,  reverently. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  sanctis- 
simus  [part,  of  sancio],  adj., 
sacred,  holy. 

sanguis,  -inis,  M.,  blood. 

sano,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [sanus],  I, 
make  well,  heal. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sound,  well', 
sane. 

sapienter,  comp.  sapientius  [sa- 
piens], adv.,  wisely. 

Sardis  or  -es,  -him,  F.  pi.,  Sardis, 
a  city  in  Asia  Minor. 

sarmentum,  -I,  N.,  fagot;  in  plur., 
brushwood. 

satelles,  -itis,  M.,  follower,  attend- 
ant. 

satis,  indecl.  N.,  enough,  consider- 
able ;  as  adv. ,  considerable,  very  ; 
compar.  satius,  preferable. 

satisfacio,  -ere,  -fed,  -factus  [sa- 
tis-facio],  3,  satisfy. 

satius  ;  see  satis. 

satrapes,  -is  [Gk.  o-aTpairTjs],  M., 
satrap,  governor. 


saucius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wounded, 
hurt. 

Saufeius,  -I,  M.,  L.  Saufeius,  a 
Roman. 

scapha,  -ae,  F.,  boat,  skiff,  tender. 

scelus,  -eris,  N.,  crime,  wicked- 
ness. 

scilicet  [scire  licet],  adv.,  evi- 
dently, of  course. 

scio,  scire,  scivl,  scltus,  4,  know, 
understand. 

Sclpio,  -on  is,  M.,  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio,  the  name  of  several  Ro- 
mans. 

scitum,  -I  [scisco],  N.,  decree,  vote. 

scopulosus,  -a,  -um  [scopulus], 
adj.,  rocky,  rough. 

scrlbo,  -ere,  scrips!,  scriptus,  3, 
write. 

scriptor,  -oris  [scrlbo],  M.,  writer, 
clerk,  scribe  ;  author. 

scutum,  -I,  N.,  shield. 

Scyrus,  -I,  F.,  Scyros,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea. 

Scythes,  -ae,  M.,  a  Scythian,  in- 
habitant of  Russia. 

se  ;  see  sui. 

secum  ;  see  sui. 

secundus,  -a,  -um  [sequor],  adj., 
following,  second ;  favorable,  suc- 
cessful, good-,  secunda  fortuna, 
good  fortune. 

securus,  -a,  -um  [se-cura],  adj., 
untroubled,  safe,  secure. 

secus,  indecl.  N.,  sex,  gender. 

secus,  conj.,  otherwise  ;  less. 

sed,  conj.,  but. 

sedecim  [sex-decem],  indecl. 
num.,  sixteen. 

segrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [se- 
grego],  I,  separate,  remove,  ex- 
clude. 

seiungo,  -ere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus  [se- 
iungo],  3,  separate,  part,  make 
apart  from. 

semel,  adv..  once,  only  once. 

semper,  adv.,  always. 

Sempronius,  -I,  M.,  Ti.  Sempro- 
nius  Longus,  and  Ti.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  Roman  consuls. 

senatus,  -us  [senex],  M.,  senate. 

senectus,  -utis  [senex],  F.,  old 
age. 


SENESCO 


207 


SIMULO 


senesco,  -ere,  senui  [seneo],  3, 
grow  old  ;  play  out,  grow  weak. 

senex,  senis,  M.,  old  man. 

seni,  -ae,  -a  [sex],  distr.  num.,  six 
each,  six. 

sensus,  -us  [sentio],  M.,  feeling, 
opinion,  sentiment,  view. 

sententia,  -ae  [sentio],  F.,  opin- 
ion, judgment',  desire,  wish  ;  ex- 
pectation ;  ex  sententia,  satis- 
factorily. 

sentio,  -ire,  sens!,  sensus,  4,  be 
aware  of,  feel,  perceive  ;  have  an 
opinion,  think,  judge  ;  hear,  see. 

separatim  [separatus],  adv.,  sepa- 
rately, individually. 

sepelio,  -ire,  sepelivl,  sepultus,  4, 
bury. 

septem>  indecl.  num.,  seven. 

septemtriones,  -um,  M.  plur.,  the 
Dipper,  the  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear  ;  the  north. 

septingenti,  -ae,  -a  [septem-cen- 
tum],  num.  adj.,  seven  hundred. 

septuagesimus,  -a,  -um  [septua- 
ginta],  num.  adj.,  seventieth. 

septuaginta,  indecl.  num.,  sev- 
enty. 

sepulcrum,  -I  [sepelio],  N.,  tomb, 
grave,  sepulchre. 

sequor,  -I,  secutus  sum,  3,  dep., 
accompany,  attend  ;  follow  ;  pur- 
sue, seek  to  attain. 

Ser.,  abbreviation  for  the  praeno- 
men  Servius. 

sermo,  -onis,  M.,  conversation, 
speech,  language  ;  discourse. 

sero,  adv.,  late,  too  late. 

serpens,  -ends  [part,  of  serpo], 
M.,  serpent,  snake. 

seftus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  sero], 
adj.,  interwoven,  linked  ;  joined. 

Servilia,  -ae,  F.,  Servilia,  a  Ro- 
man woman. 

Servllius,  -I,  M.,  Cn.  Servilius 
Geminus,  a  Roman  consul. 

servio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itus  [servus],  4, 
serve,  be  subject  to ;  labor  for, 
devote  one's  self  to  ;  watch  ;  aim 
at,  sue  for,  strive  for ;  regard, 
cultivate. 

servitus,  -utis  [servus],  F.,  slav- 
ery, servitude. 


servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [servus],  i, 
keep,  watch,  protect. 

servulus,  -I  [dim.  of  servus],  M., 
slave,  young  slave. 

servus,  -I,  M.,  slave,  servant. 

sestertius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  two  and 
a  half;  as  subst.,  sesterius,  2% 
asses,  a  sesterce,  worth  about  4 
cents;  sestertium,  -I,  N.,  100,- 
ooo  sesterces,  about  $4,000. 

setius,  compar.  adv.,  less,  otherwise. 

Seuthes,  -is,  M.,  Seuthes,  a  Thra- 
cian  king. 

severitas,  -atis  [severus],  F., 
harshness,  sternness,  strictness. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  harsh,  stern, 
strict,  severe. 

sex,  indecl.  num.,  six. 

sexageni,  -ae,  -a,  distr.  num.,  sixty 
each. 

sexaginta,  indecl.  num.,  sixty. 

sextus,  -a,  -um  [sex],  num.  adj., 
sixth. 

si,  conj  ,  if,  whether. 

sibi  ;  see  sui. 

sic,  adv.,  thus,  so. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  F.,  Sicily. 

sicut  [sic  ut],  adv.,  so  as,  as  ;  for 
instance,  thus. 

sido,  -ere,  3,  sit  down  ;  settle,  sink. 

Sigeum,  -I,  N.,  Sigeum,  a  promon- 
tory in  Asia  Minor. 

signified,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [signum 
and  facio],  i,  show,  indicate, 
point  out,  mark  ;  denote,  signify. 

signum,  -I,  N.,  sign,  mark,  token  ; 
signal. 

Silenus,  -I,  M.,  Silenus,  a  Greek 
historian. 

silva,  -ae,  F '.,  forest,  woods,  park. 

similis,  -e,  adj.,  like,  similar,  re- 
sembling. 

similitude,  -inis  [similis],  F.,  like- 
ness, resemblance. 

simplex,  -icis,  adj.,  of  one  kind 
only  •  simple,  unmixed ;  frank, 
sincere. 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time  ;  with  ; 
simulatque,  simulac,  as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -I  [simulo],  N.,  like- 
ness, image,  statue,  idol. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [similis], 
I,  imitate  ;  represent ;  pretend. 


SIMULTAS 


208 


STUDIUM 


simultas,  -atis,  F.,  rivalry,  hatred ; 

dispute. 

sin  [si-ne],  conj.,  but  if. 
sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 
singularis,  -e  [singuli],  adj.,  un- 
usual ;  single,  unique. 
singuli,   -ae,   -a,   adj.,   one   by   one, 

separately ;  each  individual,  each 

one,  each. 
situs,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  sino],  adj., 

placed,  situated ;  dependent  on. 
sive  or  seu,  conj.,  or  if,  whether  ; 

sive  .  .  .  sive,    either  .  .  .  or, 

whether  .  .  .  or. 
socer,  -eri,  M.,  father-in-law. 
socialis,  -e   [socius],   adj.,  of  the 

allies,  allied,  social. 
societas,  -atis   [socius],    F.,   alli- 
ance ;  partnership. 
socius,    -I,     M.,   ally,    confederate, 

companion. 
Socrates,  -is,  M.,  Socrates,  a  Greek 

philosopher. 
Socraticus,   -a,    -um   [Socrates], 

adj.,    of    Socrates,     Socratic  ;    as 

subst.,  Socraticus,  a  follower  of 

Socrates.  t 

soleo,    -ere,    solitus   sum,    2,    semi- 

dep.,  be  in  the  habit  of  ,  be  accus- 
tomed to  ;  used  to. 
solum  [solus],  adv.,  only,  merely. 
solus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  alone,  sole. 
solve,   -ere,   solvi,  solutus,  3,  loose  * 

undo,  open  ;  release  ;  pay  ;  navem 

solve  re,  set  sail. 
sonitus,  -us,  M.,  sound,  noise. 
sonus,  -I,  M.,  sottnd,  noise. 
soror,  -oris,  F.,  sister. 
Sosilus,   i,   M.,    Sosilus,    a   Greek 

historian. 
Sosius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Sosius,  a  Roman 

consul. 
Sparta,  -ae,  F.,   Sparta,  a  city  in 

southern  Greece, 
sparus,  -T,  M.,  hunting-spear. 
species,  ace.  -em,  abl.  -e,  F.,  form, 

appearance,  looks  ;  character. 
specimen,   -inis,   N.,   proof,   sign, 

evidence. 
speculator,  -oris  [speculor],   M., 

spy,  lookout. 
spero,   -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes],   i, 

have  good  hopes  of,  hope,  expect. 


spes,  spei,  F.,  hope*  expectation. 

splendide  [splendidus],  adv.,  bril- 
liantly ;  elegantly. 

splendidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  brilliant ; 
elegant ;  showy. 

splendor,  -oris,  M.,  brilliancy, 
splendor,  magnificence. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  deprive  ; 
rob,  plunder. 

spondeo,  -ere,  spopondi,  sponsus, 
2,  promise,  pledge. 

spons,  spontis,  F.,  only  in  abl.  sing.; 
sua  sponte,  of  his  own  accord. 

sponsalia,  -ium,  N.  plur.,  engage- 
ment, betrothal. 

sponsor,  -oris  [spondeo],  M., 
bondsman. 

statim  [sto],  adv.,  at  once,  on  the 
spot,  immediately. 

statua,  -ae,  F.,  statue. 

statuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  establish, 
build,  construct ;  decide,  resolve. 

statura,  -ae  [sto],  F.,  size,  stature. 

status,  -us  [sto],  ^\.,  position,  place, 
posture. 

Stesagoras,  -ae,  M.,  Stesagoras, 
an  Athenian. 

stipulatio,  -onis,  F.,  terms,  condi- 
tion, bargain. 

stirps,  stirpis,  F.,  stock,  branch, 
source  ;  progeny,  offspring. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  status,  i,  stand', 
remain  firm,  have  one's  mind 
made  up. 

stramentum,  -I  [stern 6],  N.,  cov- 
ering ;  straw,  litter. 

stratum,  -i  [sterno],  N.  coverlet ; 
bed. 

strenuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  vigorous, 
active. 

struo,  -ere,  striixl,  structus,  3,  build, 
construct. 

Strymon,  -onis,  M.,  the  Strymon,  a 
river  of  Thrace. 

studeo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  be  eager  for, 
desire  ;  sympathize  with. 

studiose  [studiosus],  adv.,  eager- 
ly ^  zealously. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um  [studeo],  adj., 
eager  to,  fond  of,  zealous. 

studium,  -I  [studeo],  N.,  zeal,  de- 
sire, eagerness  ;  effort,  study  ;  in- 
terest. 


STULTE 


209 


SUPPLICIUM 


stulte  [stultus],  adv.,  foolishly, 
stupidly. 

stultitia,  -ae  [stultus],  F.,  foolish- 
ness, stupidity. 

suavitas,  -atis  [suavis],  F.,  sweet- 
ness, pleasantness,  agreeableness. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.  ;  with 
ace.,  under,  toward,  up  to;  un- 
til ;  with  abl.,  under,  at  the  foot 
of ;  at  the  time  of,  during. 

subalaris,  -e  [sub-ala],  adj.,  car- 
ried under  the  arm. 

subdued,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [sub- 
duco],  3,  lead  away,  withdraw, 
take  secretly  away,  steal ;  se  sub- 
ducere,  elude. 

subeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus  [sub-eo],  irr., 
go  under,  approach  ;  undergo,  en- 
dure. 

subigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [sub-ago], 
3,  bring  under,  subdue  ;  compel. 

subito  [subitus],  adv.,  suddenly. 

sublevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sub- 
levo],  i,  lighten,  relieve  ;  assist. 

subscribe,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scriptus 
[sub-scribo],  3,  write  under, 
sign  one's  name  to  an  accusation, 
prosecute* 

subsidium,  -T,  N.,  reenforcement. 

substituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [sub- 
statuo],  3,  substitute. 

subsum,  -esse  [sub-sum],  irr.,  be 
under,  be  under  the  surface,  be  at 
the  bottom  ;  be  near  at  hand,  be 
present. 

subtexo,  -ere,  -ui  [sub-texo],  3, 
interweave  ;  compose  ;  add. 

suburbanus,  -a,  -um  [sub-urba- 
nus],  adj.,  near  the  city,  near 
Rome,  suburban. 

succedo,  -ere,  -cessT,  -cessus  [sub- 
cedo],  3,  follow  after,  succeed; 
approach ;  be  successful. 

succendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -census,  3, 
set  fire  to,  kindle. 

succumbo,  -ere,  -cubui  [sub-cum- 
bo],  3,  yield,  succumb. 

succurro,  -ere,  -cum,  -cursus  [sub- 
curro],  3,  run  to  aid,  assist,  suc- 
cor. 

sufficio,  -ere,  -feel,  -fectus  [sub- 
facio],  3,  put  in  place  of,  choose 
as  substitute  ;  suffice, 


suffragium,  -I  [suffragor],  N.,  bal- 
lot, vote. 

suffragor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep., 
vote  for,  support,  recommend. 

sui,  sibi,  se,  reflex,  pron.  sing, 
and  plur.,  himself,  herself,  itself, 
themselves  ;  secum,  with  himself, 
etc. 

Sullanus,  -a,  -um  [Sulla],  adj.,  of 
Sulla,  a  general  and  political  lead- 
er at  Rome. 

Sulpicius,  -I,  M.,  Sulpicius  Blitho, 
Ser.  Sulpicius  Galba,  and  P.  Sul- 
picius Rufus,  names  of  Romans. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  irr. ,  be,  exist ;  be 
true;  consist  of ;  happen. 

summa,  -ae  [summus],  F.,  top, 
chief  place,  control,  command; 
sum  ;  summa  imperil,  chief  com- 
mand. 

summus,  -a,  -um  [superl.  of  su- 
perus],  adj.,  highest,  greatest,  ex- 
treme, top  ;  great ;  top  of. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumps!,  sumptus  [sub- 
em  6],  3,  take,  get. 

sumptus,  -us  [sumo],  M.,  expense \ 
outlay,  living  expenses  ;  resources. 

supellex,  supellectilis,  F.,  house- 
hold utensils,  furniture. 

super,  adv.,  over,  remaining,  left. 

super,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 
over,  above. 

superbia,  -ae  [superbus],  F., 
pride,  haughtiness. 

superior,  -ius  [compar.  of  superus], 
adj.,  higher  ;  superior  ;  previous, 
former;  as  subst.,  superior  ;  con- 
queror. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [superus], 
I ,  go  above,  excel,  exceed ;  pass  by, 
sail  around ;  be  superior,  conquer, 
overcome. 

superstes,  -stitis  [supersto],  M., 
survivor. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui  [super-sum], 
irr.,  be  over,  be  left  over,  be  a  sur- 
plus, remain. 

suppedito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [sub 
and  pes],  i,  supply,  furnish. 

supplex,  -icis  [sub-plico],  M., 
suppliant,  worshiper. 

supplicium,  -T  [supplex],  N.,  en~ 
treaty  ;  punishment \ 


SUPPORTO 


2IO 


TERRESTRIS 


supports,  -are,  -avi  [sub-port 6], 
I,  convey ',  carry,  ship. 

supra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace., 
above,  beyond. 

supremus,  -a,  -um  [superl.  of  su- 
perus],  adj.,  last,  final. 

Susamithres,  -is,  M.,  Susamithres, 
a  Persian  man. 

suscipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [subs- 
capio],  3,  receive',  undertake. 

suspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus  [sub- 
specio],  3,  look  up  to,  admire  ; 
perceive. 

suspicio,  -onis  [suspicio],  F.,  idea, 
suspicion,  belief. 

sustineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus  [subs- 
teneo],  2,  hold  up,  sustain,  check, 
withstand ;  endure. 

suus,  -a,  -um  [sui],  poss.  pron. 
reflex.,  his,  her,  its,  their ;  his 
own,  her  own,  etc.  ;  sui,  his  men  ; 
sua,  N.  plur.,  his,  their  property. 

Syracusae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Syra- 
cuse, a  city  in  Sicily. 

Syracusanus,  -a,  -um  [Syra- 
cusae], adj.,  of  Syracuse,  Syra- 
cusan  ;  as  subst.,  Syracusanus, 
a  Syracusan. 

Syria,  -ae,  F.,  Syria,  a  country  of 
Asia. 


T.,  abbreviation  of  the  Roman  prae- 
nomen  Titus. 

tabellarius,  -I  [tabella],  M.,  letter- 
carrier,  courier. 

Tachos,  -I,  M  ,  Tachos,  King  of 
Egypt. 

taciturnus,  -a,  -um  [taceo],  adj., 
silent. 

taenia,  -ae  [Gk.  raivta],  F.,  head- 
band, ribbon,  fillet. 

talent  um,  -1  [Gk.  TCI\CU/TOJ>],  N., 
talent,  a  Greek  sum  of  money 
equivalent  to  nearly  $1,200. 

talis,  -e,  adj.,  such,  such  a  ;  of  such 
a  kind',  the  following  ;  talis  .  .  . 
qualis,  such  .  .  .  as. 

tarn,  adv.,  so,  to  such  a  degree,  so 
much  ;  tarn  .  .  .  quam,  so  .  .  . 
as,  as  much  .  .  .  as. 

tamen,  adv.,  nevertheless,  yet,  how- 
ever. 


Tamphilianus,  -a,  -um  [Tam- 
philus],  adj.,  of  Tamphilus,  a 
Roman. 

tamquam  [tam-quam],  conj.,  as 
though,  as  if. 

tantum  [tantus],  adv.,  so  much, 
only  so  much  ;  only,  merely. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great,  such  ; 
tantus  .  .  .  quantus,  as  great 
.  .  .  as,  as  much  .  .  .  as  ;  tan- 
to,  adv.,  so  much  ;  tanto  opere, 
greatly. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  tardior, 
adj.,  slow,  sluggish,  late. 

Tarentinus,  -a,  -um  [Tarentum], 
adj.,  of  Tarentum,  a  town  in 
southern  Italy. 

tectum,  -I  [tego],  N.,  shelter,  cov- 
ering, roof',  house,  house  proper. 

tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectus,  3,  cover,  con- 
ceal, protect,  defend. 

telum,  -I,  N.,  spear,  javelin  ;  weap- 
on. 

temere,  adv.,  by  chance,  rashly ; 
non  temere,  not  easily,  hardly. 

tempestas,  -atis  [tempus],  F.,  sea- 
son ;  storm,  tempest. 

templum,  -I,  N.,  temple. 

temporarius,  -a,  -um  [tempus], 
adj.,  timely,  time-serving,  poli- 
tic. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
tendo],  i,  attempt,  try,  test. 

tempus,  -oris,  N.,  time,  season  ;  the 
proper  time,  opportunity,  chance, 
occasion  ;  in  plur.,  the  times,  con- 
ditions. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentus  or  ten- 
sus,  3,  strive,  go,  be  bound. 

teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  hold,  keep  ;  ad- 
versum  tenet,  blows  ahead. 

tenesmos,  -T  [Gk.  reirco-jtufc],  M., 
tenesmus,  straining. 

tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  thin,  slight,  trifiing, 
intrinsically  insignificant. 

Terentius,  -I,  M.,  C.  Terentius 
Varro,  a  Roman  consul. 

term,  -ae,  -a  [ter],  distr.  num., 
three  each. 

terra,  -ae,  F.,  land,  earth,  ground', 
terra,  on  land... 

terrestris,  -e  [terra],  adj.,  on  land, 
land. 


TERROR 


211 


TRANSEO 


terror,  -oris  [terreo],  M.,  fright, 
terror. 

tertio  [tertius],  adv.,  for  the  third 
time. 

tertius,  -a,  -um  [tres],  num.  adj., 
third. 

testa,  -ae,  F.,  tile,  potsherd ;  bal- 
lot. 

testamentum,  -I  [tester],  N.,  tes- 
tament, will. 

testatus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  testa- 
tior  [part,  of  tester],  adj.,  mani- 
fest, evident. 

testimonium,  -I  [testis],  N.,  evi- 
dence, proof,  testimony. 

testis,  -is,  M.,  witness. 

tester,  -an,  -atus  sum  [testis],  I, 
dep.,  declare  :  prove. 

testudo,  -inis  [testa],  F.,  tortoise  ; 
a  movable  roof  for  the  protection 


of  besiegers,  covering. 
"  n.  of  f 
small  tile ;  ballot. 


testula,  -ae  [dim.    of  testa],  F., 


Thasius,  -a,  -um  [Thasus],  adj., 
Thasian,  of  Thasus,  an  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea  ;  as  subst.,  Tha- 
sius, a  Thasian. 

theatrum,  -I  [Gk.  B4a,rpov\,  N., 
theatre. 

Thebae,  -arum,  F.  plur.,  Thebes,  a 
city  of  Boeotia,  in  Greece. 

Thebanus,  -a,  -um  [Thebae],  adj., 
of  Thebes,  Theban  ;  as  subst., 
Thebanus,  a  Theban. 

Themistocles,  -is  or  -I,  ace.  -em 
or -en,  M.,  Themistocles,  an  Athe- 
nian statesman. 

Theopompus,  -I,  M.,  Theopompus, 
a  Greek  historian. 

Theramenes,  -is,  M.,  Theramenes, 
an  Athenian  statesman. 

Thermopylae,  -arum,  F.  plur., 
Thermopylae,  a  pass  in  Thessaly. 

Thracia,  -ae,  F.,  Thrace,  a  coun- 
try northeast  of  Greece. 

Thraessa,  -ae,  F.,  a  Thracian 
woman. 

Thraex,  -cis,  adj.,  Thracian  ;  as 
subst.,  a  Thracian. 

Thrasybulus,  -I,  M.,  Thrasybulus, 
an  Athenian  general. 

Thucydides,  -is,  M.,  Thucydides,  a 
Qreek  historian, 


Thuril,  -orum,  M.  plur.,  Thurii,  a 
city  of  southern  Italy. 

Ti.,  abbreviation  for  the  Roman 
praenomen  Tiberius. 

Tiberis,  -is,  M.,  the  Tiber,  a  river 
of  Italy. 

tibia,  -ae,  ¥.,  flute,  pipe. 

Timaeus,  -I,  M.,  7imaeus,  a  Greek 
historian. 

timeo,  -ere,  -ui,  3,  fear. 

Timoleon,  -ontis,  M.,  Timoleon,  a 
Greek. 

Timoleonteus,  -a,  -um  [Timo- 
leon], adj.,  of  Timoleon  ;  Timo- 
leonteum,  N.,  the  Timoleonteum, 
a  gymnasium  at  Syracuse. 

Timophanes,  -is,  M.,  Timophanes, 
a  Greek. 

timor,  -oris  [timed],  M..,  fear. 

Timotheus,  -I,  M.,  Timotheus,  an 
Athenian  general. 

Tissaphernes,  -is,  M.,  Tissa- 
phernes,  a  Persian  governor. 

tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  3,  take 
away,  remove,  kill. 

Torquatus,  -I,  M.,  A.  Manlius 
Torquatus  and  L.  Manlius  Tor- 
quatus, Romans. 

tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 

totidem,  indecl.  adj.,  the  same  num- 
ber y  just  as  many. 

tot  us,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  all,  the  whole, 
entire. 

tractus,  -us  [traho],  M.,  tract, 
stretch,  extent. 

trado,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [trans-do], 
3,  give  over,  deliver  over,  deliver  ; 
entrust ;  hand  down  ;  surrender  ; 
teach. 

traduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [trans- 
duco],  3,  lead  across. 

traho,  -ere,  traxl,  tractus,  3,  draw ; 
carry,  lead ;  attract. 

traicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [trans- 
iacio],  3,  throw  across,  move  over  ; 
cross. 

tranquillitas,  -atis  [tranquillus], 
F.,  peace  and  quiet,  calm,  rest. 

tranquillo,  -are,  -atus  [tranquil- 
lus], i,  calm,  quiet,  soothe. 

transeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  [trans-eo], 
irr.,  go  over,  go  across,  cross,  pass 
through  \  cover, 


TRANSFERO 


212 


USOUAM 


transfero,  -ferre,  -turi,  -latus  [trans- 
fero],  irr.,  carry  over,  transfer, 
give  over. 

transfugio,  -ere,  -fugi  [trans- 
fugio], 3,  desert. 

transigo,  -ere,  -egT,  actus  [trans- 
ago],  3,  finish,  perform  ;  spend, 
pass. 

transitus,  -us  [transed],  M.,  cross- 
ing, passage. 

transport©,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [trans- 
porto],  I,  carry  across,  take  over, 
transport. 

Trasumenus,  -I,  M.,  Trasumenus, 
a  lake  in  Etruria. 

Trebia,  -ae,  F.,  the  Trebia,  a  river 
in  northern  Italy. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a  [tres  and  centum], 
num.  adj.,  three  hundred. 

tresviri,  -orum  [tres  viri],  M. 
plur.,  triumvirs,  a  commission  of 
three. 

tribunus,  -I  [tribus],  M.,  tribune  ; 
tribunus  plebei,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  a  magistrate  at  Rome ;  tri- 
bunus militaris,  tribune  of  the 
soldiers,  the  commander  of  the 
sixth  of  a  legion. 

tribuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  assign, 
allot,  attribute  ;  devote. 

triennium,  -I  [tres  and  annus], 
N.,  three  years. 

triginta,  indecl.  num.,  thirty. 

trimenstris,  -e  [tres  and  mensis], 
adj.,  lasting  three  months,  for 
three  months. 

triplex,  -icis  [tres  and  plico],  adj., 
threefold,  triple. 

triremis,  -is  [tres  and  remus,  oar\, 
M.,  a  trireme,  a  vessel  with  three 
banks  of  oars. 

tristis,  -e,  adj.,  sad,  gloomy,  melan- 
choly. 

triticum,  -i,  N.,  wheat. 

triumvir,  -I  [tres  and  vir],  M.,  a 
triumvir,  one  of  a  commission  of 
three. 

Troezen,  -enis,  ace.  -ena,  F.,  Troe- 
zen,  a  city  of  Greece. 

tropaeum,  -I  [Gk.  Tp6iraiov]J  N., 
trophy ;  victory. 

tu,  gen.  tui,  dat.  tibi,  ace.  abl.  te, 
plur.  vos,  pers.  pron.,  you. 


tuba,  -ae,  F.,  trumpet. 

tueor,   -eri,   -tutus    sum,    2,    dep., 

watch  over,  look  out  for,  guard, 

protect ;  consider. 
Tullius,  -I,  M.,  M.  Tullius  Cicero, 

a  Roman  orator, 
turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time  ;  turn 

.  .  .  cum,  then  .  .  .  when. 
tumultus,  -us  [turned],  M.,  tumult, 

sudden  war,  riot,  rebellion. 
turpis,     -e,    adj.,     bast,     disgrace- 
ful. 
tutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  tueor],  adj., 

safe,  in  safety,  secure  ;  tuto,  adv., 

safely  ;  tutum,  N.,  safety. 
tuus,  -a,  -um  [tu],  poss.  pron.,  your, 

yours. 
tyrannis,  -idis  [Gk.  rvpavvis],  F., 

tyranny,  tyrannical  power. 
tyrannus,    -I   [Gk.    Tvpawos],    MM 

tyrant,  despot,  ruler. 

U 

ubi,  adv.  and  conj.,  where?  where, 
when. 

ubinam  [ubi-nam],  adv.  inter., 
where  pray  ?  where  ? 

ulciscor,  -I,  ultus  sum,  3,  dep., pun- 
ish ;  avenge. 

ullus,  -a,  -um  [for  unulus,  dim.  of 
unus],  adj.,  any. 

ultimus,  -a,  -um  [superl.  of  ulte- 
rior], adj.,  farthest,  most  distant ; 
oldest ;  last. 

umquam,  adv.,  ever. 

unde,  adv.  and  rel.  conj.,  where? 
whence,  where,  from  which  ;  with 
what. 

undique,  adv.,  from  every  direction  ; 
on  all  sides. 

unguentum,  -i,  N.,  ointment. 

universus,  -a,  -um  [unus  and  ver- 
sus], adj.,  all  together,  all,  whole- 
entire. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  one,  a  single, 
alone  ;  used  to  make  a  superl. 
more  emphatic. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um  [urbs],  adj.,  of 
the  city,  in  the  city. 

urbs,  urbis,  F.,  city,  town,  esp. 
Rome. 

usquam,  adv.,  anywhere, 


USQUE 


213 


VERBOSUS 


usque,  adv  ,  continuously  ;  even  ; 
usque  ad,  up  to,  till,  to  ;  usque 
eo,  so  long,  so  far. 

usura,  -ae  [utor],  F.,  interest,  high 
rate  of  interest,  usury. 

usus,  -us  [utor],  M.,  use,  practice  ; 
association,  intercourse  ;  profit,  ad- 
vantage, value  ;  usu  venire,  oc- 
cur, happen. 

ut  or  uti,  conj.,  that,  so  that ;  that, 
in  order  that ;  as,  when,  for  ;  ut 
si,  as  if. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  adj.,  which  of 
two,  which  one,  which  ;  either  of 
two. 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  adj., 
each,  either,  both. 

Utica,  -ae,  F.,  Utica,  a  city  in 
Africa. 

utilis,  -e,  compar.  utilior,  superl. 
utilissimus  [utor],  adj.,  useful, 
serviceable,  advantageous  ;  prac- 
ticable, advisable. 

utilitas,  -ads  [utilis],  F.,  useful- 
ness ;  advantage. 

utinam,  adv.,  would  that! 

utique,  adv.,  at  any  rate,  certainly. 

utor,  -I,  usus  sum,  3,  dep.,  use,  em- 
ploy, have  the  advantage  of;  en- 
joy ;  practice,  frequent,  associate 
with  ;  experience  ;  seek  ;  choose, 
keep  ;  follow  advice. 

utpote  [ut-pote],  adv.,  of  course, 
namely. 

utrobique  [uter-ubi-que],  adv.,  in 
both  places,  on  both  sides. 

utrum  [uter],  inter,  adv.,  whether  ; 
utrum  .  .  .  an,  whether  .  .  .  or. 

uxor,  -oris,  F.,  wife. 


vacatio,  -onis  [vaco],  F.,  freedom, 

exemption. 
vacuefacid,  -ere,  -feel,  -factus  [va- 

cuus  and  facio],  3,  make  empty, 

make  vacant,  depopulate. 
vadimonium,  -I  [vas],  N.,  bail. 
valens,   -entis,  compar.  valentior, 

superl.   valentissimus    [part,    of 

vale 6],  adj.,  strong,  well,  vigorous. 
valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  be  well,  be  strong, 

be  pozverful ;  be  effective,  prevail, 
15 


have  influence  ;  have  the  force  of, 
mean  ;  plus  valere,  be  stronger, 
avail  more. 

valetudo,  -inis  [valeo],  F.,  health, 
state  of  health,  good  health  ;  ill 
health,  illness. 

vallum,  -I,  N.,  intrenchments,  ram- 
part. 

varietas,  -atis  [varius],  F.,  variety  ; 
variableness,  fickleness. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  diverse,  va- 
ried ;  various  ;  fickle. 

vas,  vasis,  N.,  vessel,  utensil. 

vates,  -is,  M.,  prophet,  seer. 

-ve,  enclitic  conj.,  or. 

vectigal,  -alis,  N.,  revenue,  income, 
tribute. 

vehiculum,  -I  [veho],  N.,  carriage, 
vehicle. 

veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectus,  3,  draw, 
carry  ;  in  pass.,  ride,  sail. 

vel,  conj.,  or,  or  even, perhaps  ;  vel 
.  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or. 

velocitas,  -atis  [velox],  F.,  swift- 
ness, speed. 

velum,  -I,  N.,  sail. 

velut  or  veluti,  adv.,  as  though,  as 
if,  just  as. 

vendito,  -are,  -avi  [freq.  of  vendo], 
i,  sell  repeatedly,  sell. 

vendo,  -ere,  -didl,  -ditus  [venum 
do],  3,  sell. 

venenatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  vene- 
no],  adj.,  poisoned,  poisonous. 

venenum,  -T,  N.,  poison. 

venerius,  -a,  -um  [Venus],  adj., 
of  love,  lascivious  ;  res  veneriae, 
lasciviousness. 

venia,  -ae,  F.,  favor,  indulgence-, 
permission. 

venio,  -ire,  vem,  ventus,  4,  come, 
go  ;  usu  venire,  occur,  happen  ; 
obviam  venire,  meet. 

venor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  i,  dep.,  hunt. 

venter,  -tris,  M.,  stomach  ;  appe- 
tite. 

ventito,  -are,  -avi  [freq.  of  venio], 
I,  come  often,  be  wont  to  come. 

ventus,  -I,  M.,  wind. 

Venusia,  -ae,  F.,  Venusia,  a  town 
in  southern  Italy. 

verbosus,  -a,  -um,  compar.  verbo- 
sior  [verbum],  adj.,  long,  wordy. 


VERBUM 


2I4 


VIVUS 


verbum,  -I,  N.,  word,  saying  ;  term  ; 
verba  facere,  plead. 

vere,  compar.  verius,  superl.  veris- 
sime  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  cor- 
rectly. 

vereor,  -eri,  veritus  sum,  2,  dep., 
reverence,  respect,  fear. 

vergo,  -ere,  3,  turn,  slope,  look. 

veritas,  -atis  [verus],  F.,  truth. 

vero  [verus],  adv.  and  conj.,  truly, 
however,  but. 

versor,  -an,  -atus  sum  [freq.  of 
vertor],  i,  dep.,  be  engaged,  be 
occupied  in,  operate  ;  be  situated, 
stay,  be. 

versura,  -ae  [verto],  F.,  borrowing, 
loan. 

versus,  -us  [verto],  M.,  verse,  line. 

verto,  -ere,  verti,  versus,  3,  turn, 
change  ;  return  ;  vertente  anno, 
in  the  course  of  a  year. 

verum  [verus],  adv.,  but. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true,  real, 
right. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  pron., 
your,  yours. 

vestigium,  -I,  N.,  footprint,  trace, 
vestige. 

vestimentum,  -I  [vestis],  N.,  cloth- 
ing. 

vestio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [vestis],  4, 
clothe,  dress. 

vestis,  -is,  F.,  garment-,  clothing, 
clothes. 

vestltus,  -us  [vestio],  M.,  clothing. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  i,  forbid,  pro- 
hibit. 

Vettones,  -um,  M.  plur.,  Vettones, 
a  people  of  Portugal. 

vetus,  -ens,  adj.,  old,  aged,  original. 

vetustas,  -atis  [vetus],  F.,  old  age, 
age. 

vexo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
veho],  i,  disturb  ;  harass,  waste. 

via,  -ae,  F.,  way,  road ;  journey. 

vicesimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj., 
twentieth. 

viciens,  num.  adv.,  twenty  times. 

vicmitas,  -atis  [vlcinus],  F.,  neigh- 
borhood, vicinity. 

victor,  -oris  [vinco],  M.,  victor, 
conqueror  ;  as  adj.,  victorious. 

victoria,  -ae  [victor],  F.,  victory. 


victus,  -us  [vivo],  M.,  food,  vic- 
tuals •  living,  way  of  living. 

video,  -ere,  visi,  vlsus,  2,  see,  visit ; 
in  pass.,  seem,  appear. 

vigeo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  flourish,  be 
strong. 

vigintl,  indecl.  num.,  twenty. 

vilis,  -e,  adj.,  cheap  ;  poor. 

villa,  -ae,  F.,  summer-house,  villa, 
country-seat. 

vinclum  or  vinculum,  -I  [vincio], 
N.,  bond,  fetter,  chain  ;  imprison- 
ment. 

vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victus,  3,  conquer, 
overcome  ;  exceed  ;  win. 

vindico,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [vindex], 
i,  claim  •  punish  ;  in  Hbertatem 
vindicare,  set  free. 

vinea,  -ae  [vinum],  F.,  vine-shed-, 
shed,  for  the  proiection  of  be- 
siegers. 

vinolentus,  -a,  -um  [vinum],  adj., 
intoxicated ;  intemperate. 

vinum,  -I,  N.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [vis],  i,  use 
force  to,  injure,  harm  ;  violate, 
sacrifice. 

Vipsanius,  -i,  M.,  M.  Vipsanius 
Agrippa,  a  Roman  statesman. 

vir,  viri,  M.,  man,  husband. 

virgo,  -inis,  F.,  maiden,  unmarried 
girl,  before  unwedded,  virgin,  girl. 

virilis,  -e  [vir],  adj.,  manly,  male, 
masculine. 

virtus,  -utis  [vir],  F.,  manliness, 
good  quality,  virtue,  bravery,  val- 
or ;  character. 

vis,  ace.  vim,  abl.  vi,  F.,  force, 
strength,  vigor,  violence ;  vires, 
-ium,  plur.,  strength,  vigor, powers. 

viso,  -ere,  visi,  visus  [freq.  of  vi- 
deo], 3,  see,  go  to  see,  visit. 

visus,  -us  [video],  M.,  sight;  look, 
vision. 

vita,  -ae  [vivo],  F.,  life. 

vitium,  -i,  N.,  fatilt,  failing  ;  vice. 

vlto,  -are,-avi,  -atus,  i,  avoid,  shun. 

vitullnus,  -a,  -um  [vitulus],  adj., 
of  a  calf  \  vitullna,  sc.  caro,  F., 
calf's  meat,  veal. 

vivo,  -ere,  vixT,  victus,  3,  live. 

vivus,  -a,  -um, 'adj.,  alive,  living', 
fresh,  running ;  vigorous. 


VIX 


215 


ZAMA 


vix,    adv.,    with   difficulty,    hardly, 

scarcely. 
vocito,    -are,   -avi,    -atus    [frcq.    of 

voco],  I,  call,  name. 
voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vox],  i,  call, 

name  ;  summon,  invite. 
volo,  velle,  volui,  irr.,   wish,   want, 

desire  ;  choose. 
volumen,  -inis   [volvo],    N.,  fold; 

•volume,  book. 
Volumnius,  -I,    M.,  P.   Volumnius 

Eutrapehis,  a  Roman, 
voluntas,    -atis    [volo],    F.,    will, 

wish,   desire,   consent  ;    good-will, 

inclination  ;  purpose. 
votum,   -I    [voveo],    N.,  promise, 

pledge,  vow. 
vox,  vocis,  F.,  voice,  word,  speech. ' 


vulgo    [vulgus],    adv.,    in   public, 

commonly,  everywhere. 
vulgus,  -I,  N.,  crowd,  common  people, 

populace  ;   world ;   army,   common 

soldiers,  rank  and  file. 
vulnus,  -eris,  N.,  wound',  blow, 

calamity. 

X 

Xenophon,  -ontis,  M.,  Xenophon,  a 

Greek  historian. 
Xerxes,  -is  or  -I,  Xerxes,  King  of 

Persia. 


Zama,    -ae,    F.,   Zama,   a  town  in 
Africa. 


(1) 


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